Nigeria Energy Situation

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Nigeria

Capital:

Abuja

Region:

Coordinates:

8.0000° N, 10.0000° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

923,770

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

218,541,212 (2022)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

46 (2022)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

472,624,597,403 (2022)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

2,162.63 (2022)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

59.50 (2021)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

-93.03 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

18.88 (2014)

Source: World Bank

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Introduction

Nigeria is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. The country has a surface of nearly 1 million km2 and a population of about 170 million growing at an average of 2% annually. The economy, heavily dependent on the export of oil products, grows at an average of 6% annually. The country enjoys a tropical climate in the south and central belt and an arid/semi-arid climate in the north. It is endowed with vast natural resources; oil and gas, solar (particularly in the north), hydropower (incl. 277 small hydro identified sites with a cumulative potential of 3,500 MW) and wind (mainly in the north and along the coastal line).

Energy Situation

According to the statistics from the International Energy Agency (IEA), total Nigerian primary energy supply was 118,325 ktoe (excluding electricity trade) in 2011. As depicted in the figure below, biomass and waste dominated with 82.2%. Renewable energy sources only accounted for a small share of the energy supply. For instance hydropower only accounted for 0.4%. Wind and solar are also utilized, but at a negligible level at present.

File:Energy supply by source in 2011.jpg

Energy supply by source in 2011

Figure missing
Actually, biomass is the dominant energy source in Nigeria due to the fact that most of the country’s population use it for cooking. According to Sustainable Energy For All (SE4ALL), little progress has been made with regards to providing access to non-solid cooking fuels since 1990. As visible in the figure below, in 2010, only 26% of the population had access to non-solid cooking fuels with a big difference between urban and rural areas.
Figure missing
As per the chart below, in terms of the distribution of the energy demand, in 2011, the total final consumption was 108,947 ktoe, of which the residential sector accounted for most of the energy consumed.
Figure missing

Electricity

With a marginal share of 2% in the total final energy consumption, electricity remains a secondary source of energy in Nigeria. Only about 9% of the household’s total energy consumption which, as previously shown, is driven by the use of biomass.
As of 2008, there were a total of 4,747,870 registered customers connected to the distribution grid. Electricity consumption from residential and commercial sectors represented 80% of the total electricity demand. The rest was covered by the Industrial, Street Lighting and Special Tariff sectors. The share of large consumers, such as industry or large commercial areas, only represented 1% of the total electricity consumption. As shown in the graph below, compared to the other West African countries, Nigeria’s electrification rates are relatively high, but have progressed at a relatively slower pace. In 2010, electrification rates were at 48% and had only increased by 5% since the early 1990s.
Figure missing
As it can be seen in the figure below, the gap between rural and urban electrification rates is lower than in other West African countries, but remains significant (Rural: 35% and Urban: 62%).
Figure missing
Access rates also vary substantially amongst the states of Nigeria. For instance, according to the projections of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Taraba State had the lowest electrification rate in 2010 with 21% and Lagos the highest with 96%. Out of the 13 states that registered the lowest electrification rates, 10 were located in the North-West and North-East. The 8 states with the highest electrification rates were located in the South-West or South-South. The table below presents an overview of the state of electrification per state:
Figure missing As a result of high economic growth and demographic pressure, in 2008, the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) together with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) projected a demand of 15,730 MW for 2010 and 119,200 MW for 2030 under the reference scenario (7% yearly economic growth)As a result of high economic growth and demographic pressure, in 2008, the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) together with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) projected a demand of 15,730 MW for 2010 and 119,200 MW for 2030 under the reference scenario (7% yearly economic growth). Other actors like the defunct Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) or or World Alliance for Decentralized Energy (WADE) et al. have also developed scenarios. The results of these studies vary widely, but they all conclude that the current gap between supply and demand is already very substantial (1:3) and that, it will continue widening if under a business as usual scenario.

On-grid Generation

State

Installed capacity increased by 5,600 MW over the period 1968 to 1991. However, the lack of significant investment in maintenance of the existing and in the construction of new infrastructure in the 1990s resulted in the decrease of capacity throughout the 1990s and 2000s. As of mid-2014, there were a total of 56 licenses for on-grid generation, 36 on-grid IPP licenses with a total on-grid generation capacity of 19,407 MW, mostly thermal generation installed in the South of the country where the oil and gas fields are located. However, out of this figure, only 11,774 MW have been built. Due to poor maintenance, only 6164.13 MW are currently available. Most of the generation capacity is based on natural gas. The share of large hydropower has decreased due to the Government’s focus on thermal. This trend is expected to continue in the future. The thermal/hydro mix is 85.5/14.5 for the installed capacity and 83.5/16.5 for the available generation capacity. Regular gas supply shortages, which are the result of vandalization and unattractive gas supply tariffs, further contribute to the reduction in the total available generation which was estimated at 3,600 MW in December of 2013. The table below includes the list of on-grid generation plants in Nigeria: Table missing

Challenges

As previously mentioned, the big gap between demand and supply, has led to recurrent power shortcuts. The fast growth in the power demand due to high demographic pressure and economic development make the task of bridging the gap even more challenging. The heavy reliance of Nigeria’s power sector on gas and the issues affecting the regular gas supply to the generation plants represent an additional challenge.

Plans and Potential

In order to bring a solution to this problem, the Government, in its Power Sector Reform Roadmap, sets the ambitious targets to increase installed hydro to 5,690MW, thermal over 20,000 MW, 1000 MW of renewable generation capacities by 2020. The targets also aim at diversifying Nigeria’s energy mix to reduce its gas dependence. As an emergency solution, many Electricity Distribution Companies (through Independent Power Producers – IPPs) and States are currently investing in embedded generation (medium scale generation, generally less than 20MW, directly connected to the distribution network). There are 3 licenses for embedded generation with a total installed capacity of 133 MW. Examples are the Eko Electricity Distribution Company that launched a bidding process for several IPP gas power plants below 20 MW or the Sokoto State Government that is in the process of finalizing the construction of a 38 MW diesel power plant (to be then converted into gas). Another example is NESCO, a company based in Plateau that has been operating a small-hydropower plant as an IPP since 1993 and from which the State Government buys electricity in bulk. Nigeria has vast oil (37.2 billion barrels as of 2012) and gas (5.2 trillion cubic metres as of 2012) resources that could be exploited to increase its generation capacity. As of mid-2014, four thermal power plants were being constructed: Calabar Generation Company Ltd (634 MW), Egbema Generation Company Ltd (381 MW), Gbarain Generation Company Ltd (254 MW) and Omoku Generation Company Ltd (265 MW). Other large gas power plants are being planned such as the 459 MW Azura Edo IPP or the 533 MW Qua Iboe IPP (QIPP) projects. Nigeria also envisages the use of its coal reserves to produce power. The country also aspires to generate power from nuclear. As shown in the table below, in addition, the country is endowed with vast renewable energy wealth which the authorities also intend to utilize for generation purposes. Table missing
A 10 MW pilot wind plant has been built in Katsina and is awaiting commissioning. One major hydropower plant is now under development, the Zungeru 700 MW plant in Niger State. A number of smaller hydropower plants are also being planned such as Gurara (30 MW) or Kashimbilla (40 MW). The 3,050 MW Mambilla hydropower plant project is currently being reviewed. In addition, NERC has issued licenses for 8 solar projects totaling a capacity of 868 MW and a 100 MW wind park. There are many prospectors interested in developing large solar plants.

Transmission and distribution network

State

The National grid has an installed capacity of 5,758 MW, but its effective wheeling capacity lies at about 4,500 MW.
The transmission network has a total length of 12,300 km (330 kV 5,650 km, 132 kV 6.687 km) and and connects 32 330 kV and 105 132 kV substations. It is managed by the Government owned Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN). The Government has contracted Manitoba Hydro International (MHI) to operate it.
The distribution network has a length of 224,838 km (taking into consideration 33KV, 11KV and LV lines overhead and cables. As part of the power sector reform, the network was split into 11 distribution zones, each of them now owned and managed by a different Electricity Distribution Company (DisCo), with the exception of the Kaduna whose privatization process is still ongoing.
Ikeja is the one with the longest grid (36,585 km), while Kano is the one with the shortest (7,404 km) and the highest losses (40%). The Ibadan network is the one with the highest capacity (878 MW) and highest number of customers (812,000 customers), while Ikeja is the one with the highest peak demand (1,400 MW) due to the high concentration of economic activities in Lagos. The table below includes information on the distribution network per DisCo:
Table missing
At the end of 2014, there also were 138 companies with licenses as metering service providers; of which, 5 certified as meter manufacturers; 13 companies as importers, 28 companies as meter vendors, 13 companies as individual meter installers and 79 as corporate installers.

Challenges

Due to poor maintenance and vandalization, the transmission network is currently overloaded and experiences losses of 25%, which are particularly high in the north. The radial network is unreliable and contributes to a high number of system collapses. The distribution grid also suffers from high technical and non-technical losses, a poor maintenance regime which is further aggravated by the fact that there is not centralized and automatized control system and low fee collection efficiency which results directly from the low number of installed metering systems are the main problems on the distribution level.
Nigeria’s average electricity consumption per inhabitant is only 150 kWh per capita, one of the lowest in the world. It is estimated that, in 2011, grid-connected customers suffered an average of 28 blackouts per day. Regular brown-outs also make necessary the use of stabilizers in order to protect the electronic equipment. This situation does not only affect the population’s living standards, but it is also often mentioned as the biggest barrier to the country’s economic development. The closure of industries such as textile factories in the 1990s in states like Kaduna, Kano or Lagos is often cited as a proof of the effect of de-industrialization caused by an unstable power network. The Council for Renewable Energy of Nigeria (CREN) estimated in 2009 that power outages brought an annual loss of about 126 billion naira (US$ 984.38 million). Additionally, Nigeria remains one of the most difficult countries when it comes to obtaining an electricity connection with an estimated time duration of 260 days and a cost of 960% of income per capita.

Plans

A Network Expansion Blueprint was created in 2013 for the transmission framework. The study estimates the need for a capacity of 16,000 MW by 2017. As a result, TCN is currently refurbishing the transmission network and has launched over 165 on-going projects. Several hundreds of projects are already ongoing, including a project to create a super grid of 700 KV all around Nigeria. The Roadmap for Power Sector Reform also includes targets for the increase in the distribution capacity of 32,774 MW by 2020. While the plans for the realization of the transmission targets are developed on a centralized level at the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), the achievement of distribution capacity targets will require the joint efforts of the 11 distribution companies. Progress made by the distribution company in this regard is the responsibility of the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission which negotiates targets on grid expansion and densification as well as loss reduction on annual basis through the Key Performance Indicators (for more information, please refer to the chapter on regulation).

Off-grid and self-generation

Electrification trends, particularly for rural remote areas, have not progressed as fast as they were expected. In addition to the high demographic pressure, the strong focus on grid extension of the Federal and State Government’s electrification programmes raising substantially project costs for low density and remote areas with low consumption and capacity to pay is often mentioned as one of the reasons. This has been further aggravated by high levels of political interference when it comes to the prioritization of areas to be electrified. Intra- and inter-community conflicts have also resulted in delays in the country’s electrification programme. Recurrent unscheduled blackouts have pushed the population and businesses to invest in self-generation. It is estimated that only 50% of the electricity generated comes from the grid, while the other half is generated from individual power sources, generally small petrol/diesel generators. In 2009 the total capacity of individual power sources from petrol and diesel generators was conservatively estimated at 6000 MW. In 2006, the Federal Capital Territory, Lagos and the South-South and South East, particularly the Niger Delta states (Delta, Bayelsa and Rivers), were the ones with the highest concentration of generators. Businesses are the ones that have invested the most on self-generation. Actually, there are 20 licenses summing up a total capacity of 305.5 MW for off-grid (self) generation, most of them for industries. There is also one license for off-grid distribution which covers certain areas of Ogun State where the National Grid does not reach. Off-grid electrification using conventional sources dates back to the 1970s when the Federal Government through its Rural Electrification Programme decided to electrify all Local Government Areas Headquarters that were off-grid with off-grid diesel powered generated systems. Renewable energy based off-grid electrification is more recent. In the 1990s, the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) and the former Federal Ministry of Power and Steel pioneered the installation of off-grid PV in Nigeria, including mini-grids and stand-alone systems for residential, irrigation and cooling purposes. More recently, the Rural Electrification Agency (REA) and the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) have also started developing these projects. The Federal Ministry of Power also launched the initiative Light-up Rural Nigeria. Although States’ electrification interventions, focus mainly on grid extension, some have also installed off-grid PV water pumping systems and off-grid PV street lighting. Some of them have implemented some off-grid PV village electrification projects together with the private sector. From a preliminary survey including 6 companies carried out by the Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP) in 2014, all together these companies had installed about 1 MW of off-grid PV combining mini-grids and stand-alone systems. Most of them have been installed for residential or commercial purposes in un-electrified rural areas, but there are also some that have been built in grid connected areas as grid backup systems. Most of the mentioned projects were installed using full grants from international donors or the federal, state and local levels Small wind turbines for water pumping have also been installed in some parts of the country for testing. For instance, the Sokoto Energy Research Centre (SERC) installed a turbine in Sayya Gidan Gada Village, Sokoto. SERC, together with the World Bank (WB), ECN and the Sokoto Government, installed a hybrid mini-grid combining 10 kW solar and 2 kW wind in Danjawa Village, Sokoto. Other technologies such as off-grid PV street lighting have also been tested in Danjawa. There are as well some experiences with regards to small hydropower. One of the main actors in this regard is the United Nations Industrial development Organization (UNIDO) and its International Small Hydropower Regional Centre and to a lesser extent the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Examples of projects developed by latter are Evboro II pico-hydropower plant in Edo State, the 70 kW micro-hydropower plant in Osun, installed using NASENI’s local turbine technology, or the 400 kW mini-hydropower plant in Taraba State. All the above mentioned hydropower projects will be used mainly for village electrification with the exception of the last one which will be used for self-generation at a beverage company. Excess power will be sent to the surrounding villages. The Energy Commission of Nigeria has also installed a pico-hydropower pilot project in Nasarawa to test the kinetic turbine technology. With regards to biomass, there is information of a 5 MW biomass powered mini-grid project by UNIDO, but there is no information as to what is the stage of the project.

Challenges

The self-generation sector using diesel/petrol generator sets is at an advance state of maturity and functions strictly on a commercial basis. On the contrary, due to the low retail prices of diesel and petrol and low levels of end-user awareness, the renewable energy sector remains in its infancy and nearly completely dependent on grants. Most of the rural electrification projects have failed due to the lack of sound business models. Systems are normally installed without having carried out a thorough assessment of end-user needs. Systems are generally handed over to beneficiaries for operations and maintenance without prior training. In spite of the high dependence of the off-grid renewable energy sector on public support, the sector’s framework remains unfinished without a rural electrification fund or a regulatory framework.

Plans

There is strong political commitment from the Federal Authorities through the FMP and the REA as well as from the State Authorities. No concrete electrification plans have been developed. However, initiatives such as Light-up Rural Nigeria launched by the FMP are planning on developing a number of solar mini-grids over the next years.

Legislation, policies and regulation

Nigeria’s framework for the on-grid power sector, particularly with regards to the conventional sector, is well consolidated. The policy and regulatory framework on renewable energies has known a lot of progress over the last years. Seemingly, the framework for medium scale interconnected generation (embedded generation) is also being elaborated at a fast pace due to the importance of this aspect for DisCos. On the contrary, most of the documents conforming the one for rural electrification, particularly off-grid, and also energy efficiency still need to be developed or are still in draft form. There is however, a gap between the policy framework and their operationalization through the formulation and effective implementation on plans with a clear roadmap. Below a chart listing all existing legislative, policy and regulatory documents that are then described in more detail in the subsequent subsections:
Figure missing

Legislation

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (CAP. C23 L.F.N. 2004) gives the National Assembly the power to legislate over the power sector (Part II, Paragraph 13) and the Houses of Assembly of the States over areas not covered by the national grid (Part II, paragraph 14). The Electricity Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA) from 2005 is the key legislation that allowed for the ongoing power sector reforms. The Act also makes provision for the creation of key entities in the liberalized power sector like the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC). It also gives guidance with regards to the issuance of licenses, calculation of tariffs, land access rights etc. It also allows for the unbundling of the sector with the creation of Transmission Company of Nigeria and the Nigerian Electricity Bulk Trader (NBET) and makes provisions for the creation of the Rural Electrification Agency, including the Rural Electrification Fund.

Policies, strategies and plans

Vision 20-2020 of 2009 developed by the National Planning Commission is Nigeria’s long term development strategy designed to ensure that Nigeria becomes one of the top 20 economies of the world by 2020. It emphasizes the importance of the development of energy infrastructure as a means to attain the final objective. The target of 40,000 MW by 2020 is mentioned in the document. Envisaged as a medium term plan (2003-2007), the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) was developed by the National Planning Commission approved in 2004 with the ultimate aim of achieving macroeconomic stability and supporting more efficient use of resources for economic growth. As for the vision, the strategy places high priority on the development of the power sector. The basis for the energy sector is theNational Energy Policy (NEP) of 2003 developed and implemented by the Energy Commission of Nigeria. It covers all aspects of the energy sector, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and rural electrification, and sets the target of 75% electrification by 2020. Created by a National Committee, the National Energy Master Plan (NEMP) of 2007 sets the implementation framework of the National Energy Policy. It covers all energy source, energy utilization, manpower development, energy financing, energy databank and the project cycle (planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation). The National Electric Power Policy (NEPP) of 2001 sets the specific framework for the power sector. It was developed and approved by the former Ministry of Power and Steel. Building on the Electricity Master Plan (EMP) of 2008, EPSRA and Vision 20-2020, the Presidential Taskforce on Power (PTFP) created the Roadmap for Power Sector Reform in 2010 which was reviewed in 2013. It estimates that $3.5 billion will be needed annually in the power sector in the next ten years and also establishes short, medium and long-term milestones in order to achieve this objective. The plan identifies the main barriers affecting progress towards the full liberalization and the reduction in the supply/demand gap of the power sector. There have been several attempts to create a renewable energy policy and master plans. The latest is the National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP) which was finalized as a draft in 2013. The Nigerian Energy Support Programme helped improve the document and is supporting the approval process. It aims to provide an overarching framework for renewable energy and energy efficiency, thereby functioning as an umbrella policy for the various existing documents and serving as a reference document (anchor) for concrete implementation measures. The Energy Commission of Nigeria together with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) created the Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) in 2006 which was reviewed in 2012. The Former Ministry of Power and Steel together with the International Centre for Energy, Environment and Development (ICEED) created the Renewable Electricity Policy Guidelines in 2006, focusing on the use of small scale renewables for rural electrification, regarded as a predecessor of REMP. Also in 2006, the same two actors launched the Renewable Electricity Action Programme (REAP) operationalizing the guidelines. JICA together with the Ministry of Water Resources has created several Hydropower Master Plans (1993, 1995, 2013) and, in 2007, the Solar Energy Master Plan. The National Nigerian Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) also issued in 2007 the National Bio-fuel Policy and Incentives which formulates a biofuel support programme aiming at integrating the agricultural sector of the economy with the downstream petroleum sector. The Rural Electrification Policy Paper (REPP) created by the Federal Ministry of Power (FMP) and approved in 2009 establishes the framework and objectives for a rural electrification programme. It sets the target of 10% of RE mix by 2025. The EPSRA gives the mandate to the REA to develop its own Strategy and Implementation Plan (in close collaboration with NERC and operationalize the Rural Electrification Fund (REF) and to submit them to the Minister of Power for approval. A committee gathering the main actors involved in the power sector was established to review the preliminary draft of the Rural Electrification Strategy and Implementation Plan (RESIP) which is expected to establish a clear institutional step-up for the sector and set a roadmap that results in the establishment of an enabling framework. The draft of the strategy is ready and awaiting approval. Seemingly, the draft guidelines to operationalize the Rural Electrification Fund (REF) is also ready. In 2012, the FMP in close collaboration with Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN), Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) and UNDP also created a National Energy Efficiency Policy identifying the main challenges, setting targets and an institutional set-up. The document is still in a draft form. As part of the Sustainable Energy For All (SE4All) initiative, the Federal ministry of Power jointly with the ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) and the Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP) are in the process of elaborating National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Action Plans.