Analysis of Renewable Energy in Canada - Revision history

Allen Lee: Add internal links

2023-11-14T03:56:56Z

Add internal links

Allen Lee: Add image

2023-11-14T03:52:16Z

Add image

Allen Lee: Created page with "As of 2019, renewable energy technologies provide about 17.3% of Canada's total primary energy supply. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205512/https://www.nrcan.gc.c..."

2023-11-14T03:44:40Z

Created page with "As of 2019, renewable energy technologies provide about 17.3% of Canada's total primary energy supply. <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205512/https://www.nrcan.gc.c..."

Show changes

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-As of 2019, renewable energy technologies provide about 17.3% of Canada's total primary energy supply. <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205512/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-data/data-analysis/energy-data-analysis/energy-facts/renewable-energy-facts/20069 Renewable energy facts]". ''Natural Resources Canada''. 2019-10-02. Archived from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2019-10-14.</ref>For electricity renewables provide 67%, with 15% from nuclear and 18% from hydrocarbons.
+As of 2019, [[Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency in Tunisia - Employment, Qualification and Economic Effects 2016|renewable]] energy technologies provide about 17.3% of Canada's total primary energy supply. <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205512/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-data/data-analysis/energy-data-analysis/energy-facts/renewable-energy-facts/20069 Renewable energy facts]". ''Natural Resources Canada''. 2019-10-02. Archived from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2019-10-14.</ref>For electricity renewables provide 67%, with 15% from nuclear and 18% from hydrocarbons.
 [[File:Adam Beck Complex.jpg|thumb|Ontario Power Generation's Sir Adam Beck Generating Complex. The largest source of Hydroelectric power in Ontario.]]
 The majority of renewable energy produced in Canada comes from hydroelectricity. It supplied 58% of total electricity production in 2016 making Canada the second largest producer of hydroelectric power globally. Wind power is a fast-growing sector, accounting for 5% of electricity production in 2016. Globally, Canada was the eighth largest producer of wind power in 2016. Canada has also built photovoltaic power stations, mainly in Ontario, with one in Sarnia, being the largest in the world at the time of its construction.
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 == Environmental and clean technology sector ==
-The environmental and clean technology (ECT) sector includes goods and services that reduce environmental impact, such as such as renewable energy, clean electricity from wind, solar energy, and other renewable sources, power generation from nuclear sources, biofuels, waste management, and remediation services. Examples include designing and building structures that are energy-efficient and manufacturing solar panels, and Quebec's "municipal waste-to-energy industry".
+The environmental and clean [[Technology for High Value Use of Biogas & Effluent 2|technology]] (ECT) sector includes goods and services that reduce environmental impact, such as such as renewable energy, clean electricity from wind, solar energy, and other renewable sources, power generation from nuclear sources, biofuels, waste management, and remediation services. Examples include designing and building structures that are energy-efficient and manufacturing solar panels, and Quebec's "municipal waste-to-energy industry".
 In 2019, the value of the Canadian environmental and clean technology products sector was $70.5 billion, compared to $59.3 billion in 2016, representing 3% of the Canadian GDP. From 2010 to 2017, the sector experienced a growth rate that was one-third higher than the rest of the country's economy. The environmental and clean technology (ECT) products sector saw a 3.5% increase in GDP from 2018 to 2019.
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 Main article: Hydroelectricity in Canada
-Canada has 81 gigawatts (GW) of installed hydroelectric capacity, that produced 400 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity in 2019. Manitoba, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon and Quebec produce over 90% of their power from hydroelectricity.
+[[Canada Energy Situation|Canada]] has 81 gigawatts (GW) of installed hydroelectric capacity, that produced 400 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity in 2019. Manitoba, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon and Quebec produce over 90% of their power from hydroelectricity.
 In 2014, Canada had 542 hydroelectric stations with an installed capacity of 78,359 megawatts. Hydroelectricity has developed in Canada where geography and hydrography have permitted, particularly in Quebec which generates half of the hydroelectric power produced in Canada. Yet environmental and social issues will persist if sustainable hydro-power projects are not planned carefully. Some examples of this include stagnation of water, fish migration issues, uprooting of communities, habitat loss and possible extinction of species. Between 2005 and 2019 hydroelectricity continued to dominate the growth of renewables in Canada with 40,000 GWh of new production compared to wind and solar combined with 30,000 GWh of new production.
@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 |2,043
 |}
-Bioenergy is a source of renewable energy that uses a variety of organic materials, referred to as biomass. Biomass is any biological material in liquid, solid, or gaseous form that is either a product of direct-photosynthesis or indirect-photosynthesis. These products include: wood[wastes], municipal solid waste, manures, agricultural substances, separated household waste and sewage sludge, wastes streams, and also remaining substances found in forestry and related industries. However, the most commonly employed biomass is wood pellet<ref>The process of manufacturing wood pellets by [https://www.richipelletmachine.com/wood-pelletizer-machine/ wood pelletizer].[https://www.richipelletmachine.com/ pellet line]. Retrieved 2015-08-25.</ref>; wood waste is used to produce heat for industrial facilities, create steam for electricity production, and also for water and space heating.
+[[Bioenergy: Deployment and Good Practices|Bioenergy]] is a source of renewable energy that uses a variety of organic materials, referred to as biomass. Biomass is any biological material in liquid, solid, or gaseous form that is either a product of direct-photosynthesis or indirect-photosynthesis. These products include: wood[wastes], municipal solid waste, manures, agricultural substances, separated household waste and sewage sludge, wastes streams, and also remaining substances found in forestry and related industries. However, the most commonly employed biomass is wood pellet<ref>The process of manufacturing wood pellets by [https://www.richipelletmachine.com/wood-pelletizer-machine/ wood pelletizer].[https://www.richipelletmachine.com/ pellet line]. Retrieved 2015-08-25.</ref>; wood waste is used to produce heat for industrial facilities, create steam for electricity production, and also for water and space heating.
 Canada has been in a fortunate position, as it has abundant amounts of biomass products available (mainly from the forestry industry). This renewable energy source has been growing within the Canadian industry, providing a variety of new jobs to replace the lost jobs that were formerly reliant on traditional forest-related jobs.
@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 ==== Biofuel ====
-Biofuel is a term that is often used to describe liquid bio-energies, and is a renewable energy that is made from biological material. Biomass from agricultural waste, and crops are predominantly used to make biofuel. Biofuel may be classified into two categories, dependent on their source. Primary biofuel are made from unprocessed, natural materials (e.g. wood chips). Secondary biofuel are made from processed primary energy sources to better adapt them to a broader range of applications (e.g. ethanol). Canada is considered to be a major biofuel producer in the world. Canada produces over 250 million L per year. In recent years, the Canadian government has begun funding the research and development of biofuel production. A 5% biofuel mandate was implemented with coordination between federal and provincial governments back in 2010. Agriculture Canada has provided funding for the sector as well, totalling CAD $10 million through the Biofuel Opportunities for Producers Initiative (BOPI). These funds will aid developers gather the necessary capital to commence biofuel projects nationwide. Today, production of renewable energy such as biofuels contributes CAD$2 billion annually to the Canadian economy.
+[[Biofuels|Biofuel]] is a term that is often used to describe liquid bio-energies, and is a renewable energy that is made from biological material. [[Biomass (energy)|Biomass]] from agricultural waste, and crops are predominantly used to make biofuel. Biofuel may be classified into two categories, dependent on their source. Primary biofuel are made from unprocessed, natural materials (e.g. wood chips). Secondary biofuel are made from processed primary energy sources to better adapt them to a broader range of applications (e.g. ethanol). Canada is considered to be a major biofuel producer in the world. Canada produces over 250 million L per year. In recent years, the Canadian government has begun funding the research and development of biofuel production. A 5% biofuel mandate was implemented with coordination between federal and provincial governments back in 2010. Agriculture Canada has provided funding for the sector as well, totalling CAD $10 million through the Biofuel Opportunities for Producers Initiative (BOPI). These funds will aid developers gather the necessary capital to commence biofuel projects nationwide. Today, production of renewable energy such as biofuels contributes CAD$2 billion annually to the Canadian economy.
 In 2011, fossil fuels accounted for the majority of energy consumption in Canada. Petroleum and natural gas accounted for 56.2% of the country's total energy consumption. The depletion of non renewable energy and its increasing costs have been fueling Canada's shift towards finding sustainable and environmentally-friendly alternatives. Biofuels are considered to have many benefits when compared to more traditional fuels. Biofuel reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and also reduce the reliance on fossil fuels. Canada is well-placed to become one of the top producers of biofuel in the world, however has experienced a relatively slow start to biofuel production. Canada's potential growth as a global leader in biofuel production exists thanks to a robust agricultural sector, which can produce significant amounts of biofuel feedstocks. Canada produces about 1.4hm of ethanol per year. The implementation of the Environmental Protection Act by the Canadian government in 2008 requires that gasoline in the country consist of at least 5% biofuel. There are additional mandates in place that require at least 2% biodiesel content in diesel and heating oil. That would require that Canada produce at least 2hm of ethanol per year, therefore opening the door to a significant increase in ethanol production in the coming years. This would equate to an additional 1.9 billion liters of ethanol that is needed to be produced to meet demand. Ethanol in Canada is produced from cereal grains. Corn and wheat account for virtually all ethanol output. Quebec has been shifting from ethanol being produced by corn to cellulosic ethanol from forests and household waste. The federal government started the Ethanol Expansion Program back in 2008, with an objective to kick-start its production across the country. Subsidies were given to producers to entice them in continuing ethanol production, while reducing GHG emissions. The developments in the biofuel sector will have major impacts on the Canadian economy, especially the agricultural sector in the years to come, according the authors of a 2009 book entitled ''Biofuels-- at what cost?'', which questioned multi-billion dollar government subsidies because of environmental concerns such as water usage, land usage and habitat loss, and nitrogen runoff. The authors questioned the robustness of governmental bi-annual reviews of the environmental impacts of biofuel production. The authors suggest that electric cars, and more efficient engines were preferable to the use of biofuels.
@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 === Northwest Territories ===
-Energy use in the NWT can be split roughly into thirds – 1⁄3 electricity, 1⁄3 heating and 1⁄3 transportation. <ref>Robinson, Andrew, ed. (October 2016). "[http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/td_220-182.pdf 100% Renewable Energy in the NWT by 2050 - Starting the Conversation]" (PDF). Alternatives North: 11 & 12. Retrieved 2018-01-12.</ref>Roughly 1/3 of electricity generated in the NWT is renewable, with the majority coming from hydro-electricity. and smaller contributions from wind and solar PV. Roughly 10% of heating energy in the NWT is renewable, with the majority coming from wood pellets and smaller contributions from cordwood. The Northwest Territories has a high potential to generate energy through hydro and wind power. Initiatives were in place to expand and promote the use of biomass, wind power, and solar energy.
+Energy use in the NWT can be split roughly into thirds – 1⁄3 electricity, 1⁄3 heating and 1⁄3 transportation. <ref>Robinson, Andrew, ed. (October 2016). "[http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/td_220-182.pdf 100% Renewable Energy in the NWT by 2050 - Starting the Conversation]" (PDF). Alternatives North: 11 & 12. Retrieved 2018-01-12.</ref>Roughly 1/3 of electricity generated in the NWT is renewable, with the majority coming from hydro-electricity. and smaller contributions from wind and solar PV. Roughly 10% of heating energy in the NWT is renewable, with the majority coming from wood [[Pellet mill|pellets]] and smaller contributions from cordwood. The Northwest Territories has a high potential to generate energy through hydro and wind power. Initiatives were in place to expand and promote the use of biomass, wind power, and solar energy.
 === Nunavut ===
@@ Line 177: / Line 177: @@
 === Yukon ===
-Most electricity is generated by hydro but province also relies on diesel and Liquefied natural gas (LNG) to meet demand. Biomass energy strategies are in place to contribute towards home heating.
+Most electricity is generated by hydro but province also relies on diesel and Liquefied natural gas (LNG) to meet demand. [[Lignocellulosic biomass|Biomass]] energy strategies are in place to contribute towards home heating.
 == Responsibilities of levels of government ==
-In Canada, the authority to legislate and put in place policies on renewable energy is divided between three levels of government — the federal, provincial, and local / municipal governments. Since the enactment of the Constitution Act of 1867, the power to legislate the use of natural resources remains mainly in the hands of the provincial governments as they have the power to govern and manage the natural resources that fall within its territorial boundaries. Accordingly, section 92(a) of the Constitution Act and its amendments from 1982 entails that provinces have total control over the forestry, electricity and other non-renewable energy sources. Furthermore, this also includes the power to put in place taxes and royalties against resource extraction operations. Moreover, provinces also obtained the authority to explore and develop both renewable and non-renewable sources of energy as well as manage facilities (and sites) responsible for generating electricity. Provinces were given authority to manage and plan for the use of provincial lands and thus acquired the right to develop their strategic energy market.
+In Canada, the authority to legislate and put in place policies on [[Renewable energy in the Netherlands|renewable energy]] is divided between three levels of government — the federal, provincial, and local / municipal governments. Since the enactment of the Constitution Act of 1867, the power to legislate the use of natural resources remains mainly in the hands of the provincial governments as they have the power to govern and manage the natural resources that fall within its territorial boundaries. Accordingly, section 92(a) of the Constitution Act and its amendments from 1982 entails that provinces have total control over the forestry, electricity and other non-renewable energy sources. Furthermore, this also includes the power to put in place taxes and royalties against resource extraction operations. Moreover, provinces also obtained the authority to explore and develop both renewable and non-renewable sources of energy as well as manage facilities (and sites) responsible for generating electricity. Provinces were given authority to manage and plan for the use of provincial lands and thus acquired the right to develop their strategic energy market.
 Responsibilities of the Federal Government differ completely. They include creating national legislation that regulates the trade and sale of renewable and non-renewable energy both nationwide and internationally. The federal authority also maintains and develops policies regarding fisheries. Moreover, it is tasked to create and enact laws to raise money and taxes of any sort, and as well as manage land resources owned by the Federal Government. Hypothetically, the Federal Government can neither interfere nor act on any territories owned or operated by the province but can indirectly influence them by setting the national agenda.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 As of 2019, renewable energy technologies provide about 17.3% of Canada's total primary energy supply. <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205512/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-data/data-analysis/energy-data-analysis/energy-facts/renewable-energy-facts/20069 Renewable energy facts]". ''Natural Resources Canada''. 2019-10-02. Archived from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2019-10-14.</ref>For electricity renewables provide 67%, with 15% from nuclear and 18% from hydrocarbons.
+[[File:Adam Beck Complex.jpg|thumb|Ontario Power Generation's Sir Adam Beck Generating Complex. The largest source of Hydroelectric power in Ontario.]]
 The majority of renewable energy produced in Canada comes from hydroelectricity. It supplied 58% of total electricity production in 2016 making Canada the second largest producer of hydroelectric power globally. Wind power is a fast-growing sector, accounting for 5% of electricity production in 2016. Globally, Canada was the eighth largest producer of wind power in 2016. Canada has also built photovoltaic power stations, mainly in Ontario, with one in Sarnia, being the largest in the world at the time of its construction.
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 == Overview ==
 According to a 2017 Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN) document, renewable energy refers to energy sources that are replenished naturally and at a rate that is equal to or faster than the rate at which they are utilized. A variety of techniques and equipment in the environmental and clean technologies (ECT) sector have been developed and used to harness renewable resources for energy production.
+[[File:Share-electricity-renewables.png|thumb|Share of electricity production from renewables from 1985 to 2019 in Canada]]
 ''The Daily'' reported in 2017, that the strong sales in renewable energy technologies and equipment reflected transitions made by Canada's towards a low-carbon economy. Companies engaged in these power generating projects including wind, solar, and hydro, reported revenues of $1.3 billion which represented 38% of total ECT sales.
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 === Wind power ===
-Main article: Wind power in Canada
+[[File:FusionMaps-canadawind-jan12.png|thumb|Installed wind power capacity by Canadian province as of January 2012]]
 Wind power represents 4.6% of Canada's total renewable energy capacity, with many optimal locations for wind energy across Canada and an installed wind capacity of 12,239 MW. Wind power generation does not generate GHG emissions and has no fuel cost. In remote Canadian communities projects with wind-diesel hybrid systems have shown limited success over the past 25 years. This is mostly due to the expensive installation, maintenance, and transportation logistics required when providing power to remote sites. Ideal locations for turbines are based on wind speeds at locations which may or may not be near a local power line. In the latter case, transmission lines are necessary to tie into the local power grid, increasing the total cost.
 As of December 2017, wind power generating capacity was 12,252 megawatts (MW), representing about 6% of Canada's generating capacity. In 2009 the Canadian Wind Energy Association, the wind industry lobby group, outlined a future strategy for wind energy that would reach a capacity of 55 GW by 2025, meeting 20% of the country's energy needs.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318232442/http://www.canwea.ca/images/uploads/File/Windvision_summary_e.pdf Wind Vision 2025]". Archived from the original on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2019-03-14.</ref>
@@ Line 106: / Line 105: @@
 |2,043
 |}
-Bioenergy is a source of renewable energy that uses a variety of organic materials, referred to as biomass. Biomass is any biological material in liquid, solid, or gaseous form that is either a product of direct-photosynthesis or indirect-photosynthesis. These products include: wood[wastes], municipal solid waste, manures, agricultural substances, separated household waste and sewage sludge, wastes streams, and also remaining substances found in forestry and related industries. However, the most commonly employed biomass is wood; wood waste is used to produce heat for industrial facilities, create steam for electricity production, and also for water and space heating.
+Bioenergy is a source of renewable energy that uses a variety of organic materials, referred to as biomass. Biomass is any biological material in liquid, solid, or gaseous form that is either a product of direct-photosynthesis or indirect-photosynthesis. These products include: wood[wastes], municipal solid waste, manures, agricultural substances, separated household waste and sewage sludge, wastes streams, and also remaining substances found in forestry and related industries. However, the most commonly employed biomass is wood pellet<ref>The process of manufacturing wood pellets by [https://www.richipelletmachine.com/wood-pelletizer-machine/ wood pelletizer].[https://www.richipelletmachine.com/ pellet line]. Retrieved 2015-08-25.</ref>; wood waste is used to produce heat for industrial facilities, create steam for electricity production, and also for water and space heating.
 Canada has been in a fortunate position, as it has abundant amounts of biomass products available (mainly from the forestry industry). This renewable energy source has been growing within the Canadian industry, providing a variety of new jobs to replace the lost jobs that were formerly reliant on traditional forest-related jobs.
@@ Line 154: / Line 153: @@
 === Ontario ===
 Ontario led Canada with its wind and solar power capacity. The province phased out coal in 2014. The majority of the population used biomass energy. As of 2018 the Doug Ford administration cancelled the cap and trade program: "Effective July 3, 2018, we cancelled the cap and trade regulation and prohibited all trading of emission allowances." Current Provincial goals indicate a desire to increase renewable energy to over 20,000 MW by 2025 (half of the current generation).
@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 === Northwest Territories ===
-Energy use in the NWT can be split roughly into thirds – 1⁄3 electricity, 1⁄3 heating and 1⁄3 transportation. <ref>Robinson, Andrew, ed. (October 2016). "[http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/td_220-182.pdf 100% Renewable Energy in the NWT by 2050 - Starting the Conversation]" (PDF). Alternatives North: 11 & 12. Retrieved 2018-01-12.</ref>Roughly 1/3 of electricity generated in the NWT is renewable, with the majority coming from hydro-electricity. and smaller contributions from wind and solar PV. Roughly 10% of heating energy in the NWT is renewable, with the majority coming from wood pellets<ref>The process of manufacturing wood pellets by [https://www.richipelletmachine.com/wood-pelletizer-machine/ wood pelletizer].[https://www.richipelletmachine.com/ pellet line]. Retrieved 2015-08-25.</ref> and smaller contributions from cordwood. The Northwest Territories has a high potential to generate energy through hydro and wind power. Initiatives were in place to expand and promote the use of biomass, wind power, and solar energy.
+Energy use in the NWT can be split roughly into thirds – 1⁄3 electricity, 1⁄3 heating and 1⁄3 transportation. <ref>Robinson, Andrew, ed. (October 2016). "[http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/td_220-182.pdf 100% Renewable Energy in the NWT by 2050 - Starting the Conversation]" (PDF). Alternatives North: 11 & 12. Retrieved 2018-01-12.</ref>Roughly 1/3 of electricity generated in the NWT is renewable, with the majority coming from hydro-electricity. and smaller contributions from wind and solar PV. Roughly 10% of heating energy in the NWT is renewable, with the majority coming from wood pellets and smaller contributions from cordwood. The Northwest Territories has a high potential to generate energy through hydro and wind power. Initiatives were in place to expand and promote the use of biomass, wind power, and solar energy.
 === Nunavut ===