Benin Country Situation Stoves - Revision history

Ranisha at 15:54, 9 December 2015

2015-12-09T15:54:23Z

Ranisha: /* Other Major Activities - Financed by BMZ or DGIS */

2015-09-04T11:22:17Z

Other Major Activities - Financed by BMZ or DGIS

Ranisha at 11:21, 4 September 2015

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Wiki Gardener at 15:42, 12 September 2014

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Wiki Gardener at 17:37, 7 August 2014

2014-08-07T17:37:29Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 15:54, 9 December 2015
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	<references />		<references />

		+	[[Category:Cookstoves]]
		+	[[Category:Benin]]
	[[Category:Cooking]]		[[Category:Cooking]]
−	~~[[Category:Benin]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Cookstoves]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]~~

@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 <u>The Benin-German development cooperation is focussing on three focal areas:</u>
-*Program of [https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/18977.html decentralization and municipal development (PDDC)] that also promotes connecting rural settlements and municipalities to the national power grid. This Programme is supported by [www.government.nl/ministries/bz/organisational-structure/directorates-general|DGIS]
+*Program of [https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/18977.html decentralization and municipal development (PDDC)] that also promotes connecting rural settlements and municipalities to the national power grid. This Programme is supported by [https://www.government.nl/ministries/ministry-of-foreign-affairs/contents/organisational-structure/directorates-general DGIS]
 *Program to integrated water resource management and drinking water supply in urban and rural areas (PEP)
 *Program of conservation and sustainable management of natural resources (ProCGRN)
@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Overview =
@@ Line 106: / Line 105: @@
 <u>The Benin-German development cooperation is focussing on three focal areas:</u>
-*Program of [https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/18977.html decentralization and municipal development (PDDC)] that also promotes connecting rural settlements and municipalities to the national power grid. This Programme is supported by [[www.government.nl/ministries/bz/organisational-structure/directorates-general|DGIS]]
+*Program of [https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/18977.html decentralization and municipal development (PDDC)] that also promotes connecting rural settlements and municipalities to the national power grid. This Programme is supported by [www.government.nl/ministries/bz/organisational-structure/directorates-general|DGIS]
 *Program to integrated water resource management and drinking water supply in urban and rural areas (PEP)
 *Program of conservation and sustainable management of natural resources (ProCGRN)
@@ Line 140: / Line 139: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 <u>Situation Analysis - Energy Situation:</u><br/>
-Biomass energy constitutes a major contribution to the national energy mix of Benin. Main sources are the forests in the North of the country. Wood products – particularly charcoal – are transported to the South of the country to supply the urban energy markets. Sawdust and agro-waste are other biomass energy sources of minor importance. According to the Ministry of Energy, 69% of the energy consumed in Benin is based on biomass. The major consumers are households. While in urban areas charcoal is the main fuel, the rural households predominantly use firewood. Wood is also used for artisanal food processing (e.g. fish smoking, bread baking and in restaurants). Some industries generate their electricity from agro-waste. Biomass as a fuel is still available in all parts of the country. However, in urban settings – particular in the South – it has become an expensive commodity. The Kenyan Ceramic Jiko - locally called Nansu - is the major improved charcoal burning stove available in the country. According to a study implemented in the first [[Energising_Development_(EnDev)|Energising Development (EnDev)]] phase, 23% of the households in the three major cities in the South have at least one improved stove (out of usually 2 stoves usually used parallel in the homes).
+Biomass energy constitutes a major contribution to the national energy mix of [[Benin_Energy_Situation|Benin]]. Main sources are the forests in the North of the country. Wood products – particularly [[Cooking_with_Woodfuels_(Firewood_and_Charcoal)|charcoal]] – are transported to the South of the country to supply the urban energy markets. Sawdust and agro-waste are other biomass energy sources of minor importance. According to the Ministry of Energy, 69% of the energy consumed in Benin is based on biomass. The major consumers are households. While in urban areas charcoal is the main fuel, the rural households predominantly use firewood. Wood is also used for artisanal food processing (e.g. fish smoking, bread baking and in restaurants). Some industries generate their electricity from agro-waste. Biomass as a fuel is still available in all parts of the country. However, in urban settings – particular in the South – it has become an expensive commodity. The Kenyan Ceramic Jiko - locally called Nansu - is the major improved charcoal burning stove available in the country. According to a study implemented in the first [[Energising Development (EnDev)|Energising Development (EnDev)]] phase, 23% of the households in the three major cities in the South have at least one improved stove (out of usually 2 stoves usually used parallel in the homes).
 <br/>
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 = Key Problems of the Energy Sector<br/> =
-The key problem of the biomass energy sector in Benin is the unsustainable use of the forest resources. This problem has a supply and a demand side. On the supply side, it is first of all not very clear how much forest is left. Studies (FAO, CENATEL) indicated that the area of forest is decreasing every year. There is a loss of about 116.000 ha of forest per year (situation of 2006). However, a new study is currently undertaking under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy to generate an up to date picture of the situation and this study will be the baseline of [[Energising Development (EnDev)|EnDev]] 2 for impact analysing on forests. The exploitation of the forest is at large not planned or controlled. This is the result of a lack of capacity in the national authority responsible for this task. On the demand side, due to low purchase power and cooking habits of larger parts of the population, it is impossible to use other fuels than Biomass-energy. Indeed, according to a study of the Ministry of Energy (2003), 88% of rural population and 85% in urban population use firewood for cooking purpose and 13% of rural population and 36% of urban population uses charcoal for cooking purposes (study made on a national level). The current system of biomass energy-use creates increasingly difficulties for urban and rural households because of rising wood fuel prices. In some areas, cooking and grinding has become one of the biggest items on the list of household expenditures. The government is planning projects on alternative energies to biomass-energy but no concrete actions have been undertaken today. The main ―modern energy‖ alternative for cooking is LPG. However, this is expensive and there are already by now shortages in the supply.
+The key problem of the biomass energy sector in Benin is the unsustainable use of the forest resources. This problem has a supply and a demand side. On the supply side, it is first of all not very clear how much forest is left. Studies<ref name="FAO, CENATEL">FAO, CENATEL</ref> indicated that the area of forest is decreasing every year. There is a loss of about 116.000 ha of forest per year (situation of 2006). However, a new study is currently undertaking under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy to generate an up to date picture of the situation and this study will be the baseline of [[Energising Development (EnDev)|EnDev]] 2 for impact analysing on forests. The exploitation of the forest is at large not planned or controlled. This is the result of a lack of capacity in the national authority responsible for this task. On the demand side, due to low purchase power and cooking habits of larger parts of the population, it is impossible to use other fuels than Biomass-energy. Indeed, according to a study of the Ministry of Energy (2003), 88% of rural population and 85% in urban population use firewood for cooking purpose and 13% of rural population and 36% of urban population uses charcoal for cooking purposes (study made on a national level). The current system of biomass energy-use creates increasingly difficulties for urban and rural households because of rising wood fuel prices. In some areas, cooking and grinding has become one of the biggest items on the list of household expenditures. The government is planning projects on alternative energies to biomass-energy but no concrete actions have been undertaken today. The main ―modern energy‖ alternative for cooking is LPG. However, this is expensive and there are already by now shortages in the supply.
 <br/>
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 == Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> ==
-The Poverty Reduction Strategy is the key document of the Benin development strategy. The final version of April 2007 was updated and the provisional version of June 2009 is available. In both versions it is mentioned that the ―promotion of rational utilization of Energy in all sectors of activities and/or the ―promotion of […] systems to save wood-energy as elements of a sustainable and equilibrated development of the national territory. The provisional version of June 2009 talks about the ―rational management of the biomass-energy and the energies of substitutions. The Energy Policy and Strategy of Benin was formulated under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy in 2003. <u>According to this document, the overall goals of Benin energy policy are:</u>
+The Poverty Reduction Strategy is the key document of the Benin development strategy. The final version of April 2007 was updated and the provisional version of June 2009 is available. In both versions it is mentioned that the ―promotion of rational utilization of Energy in all sectors of activities and/or the ―promotion of […] systems to save wood-energy as elements of a sustainable and equilibrated development of the national territory. The provisional version of June 2009 talks about the ―rational management of the biomass-energy and the energies of substitutions. The Energy Policy and Strategy of Benin was formulated under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy in 2003. <u></u>
 *Improve the situation of the commercial balance through the reduction of the energy bill and the improvement of the competitiveness of enterprises producing goods and services,
 *Better control of energy and of the national energetic system through a better valorisation of natural resources and a reduction of negative impacts of energy activities on environment,
@@ Line 73: / Line 75: @@
 <br/>
-= Short Explanation - [http://endev.info/content/Main_Page EnDev]Activities<br/> =
+= Short Explanation - [http://endev.info/content/Main_Page EnDev] Activities<br/> =
-will be coordinated with other donor activities In the Northwest of Benin, there will be no coordination as there are so far no other donors activities in the field of improved stoves. However, activities will be coordinated to a certain extent with activities of the GTZ '''Programme for Conservation and Management of Natura Resources (ProCGRN)''' as this programme intervenes in the agricultural sector and some people transform agricultural products using improved ―institutional stoves. The ProCGRN however does not finance to any extent the activities concerning the improved stoves. In the urban areas of the South, it is important to consider the current interventions of the PFSE World Bank funded programme. As the implementation area is overlapping, it will have a big impact on the baseline situation analysis as well as on the market situation in which the EnDev promoted product will be entering. As the World Bank funded Programme is implemented through the direct partner of the EnDev Programme, there will be exchange of information, synergy of actions and harmonizing of strategies.
+EnDev activities will be coordinated with other donor activities In the Northwest of Benin, there will be no coordination as there are so far no other donors activities in the field of improved stoves. However, activities will be coordinated to a certain extent with activities of the [http://www.giz.de/en/ GTZ] '''Programme for Conservation and Management of Natura Resources (ProCGRN)''' as this programme intervenes in the agricultural sector and some people transform agricultural products using improved ―institutional stoves. The ProCGRN however does not finance to any extent the activities concerning the improved stoves. In the urban areas of the South, it is important to consider the current interventions of the PFSE World Bank funded programme. As the implementation area is overlapping, it will have a big impact on the baseline situation analysis as well as on the market situation in which the EnDev promoted product will be entering. As the World Bank funded Programme is implemented through the direct partner of the EnDev Programme, there will be exchange of information, synergy of actions and harmonizing of strategies.
 <br/>
@@ Line 83: / Line 85: @@
 <u>According to the official document on the ―Energy policy and strategy in Benin elaborated in December 2003 under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy, the directorate of Energy needs capacity development in the following fields:</u>
 *financial facilities
-*Trainings in the following fields:
+*<u>Trainings in the following fields:</u>
 **Processing and organization of information in the energy sector
 **Financial and economic analysis
@@ Line 104: / Line 106: @@
 <u>The Benin-German development cooperation is focussing on three focal areas:</u>
-*Program of decentralization and municipal development (PDDC) that also promotes connecting rural settlements and municipalities to the national power grid. This Programme is supported by DGIS
+*Program of [https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/18977.html decentralization and municipal development (PDDC)] that also promotes connecting rural settlements and municipalities to the national power grid. This Programme is supported by [[www.government.nl/ministries/bz/organisational-structure/directorates-general|DGIS]]
 *Program to integrated water resource management and drinking water supply in urban and rural areas (PEP)
 *Program of conservation and sustainable management of natural resources (ProCGRN)
@@ Line 110: / Line 112: @@
 <br/>
-Benin is part of the regional Public Private Partnership ―Cotton made in Africa‖. The objective is that an alliance of major retail businesses regularly buys ‗Cotton made in Africa‘, that African cotton producers practice sustainable cultivation methods and that Cotton growers turn in a greater profit thanks to higher demand and improved productivity. The BMZ also finances a project in Macroeconomic advising on poverty. The objective is that the project‘s partner ministries are successful in formulating, implementing and monitoring the national poverty reduction strategy. They initiate reforms in the management of public finances and harmonise the various development projects in accordance with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005). The Netherlands are among the most important technical and financial partners of Benin. In 2001 Benin was added to the 19 + 3 list of partner countries. The bilateral development programme has been under construction since then and seeks to harmonise with the PRSP. The following organisations are also active in Benin: SNV, whose programmes have been running there for the past 30 years, IUCN Netherlands, Agriterra, the National Federation of Christian Trade Unions‘ World Solidarity Programme (CNV/AKO), Plan International, ICCO, VNG and the Netherlands Management Cooperation Programme (PUM). Benin is an active partner to the Netherlands in promoting policy coherence on cotton subsidies.
+Benin is part of the regional Public Private Partnership ―Cotton made in Africa‖. The objective is that an alliance of major retail businesses regularly buys 'Cotton made in Africa‘, that African cotton producers practice sustainable cultivation methods and that Cotton growers turn in a greater profit thanks to higher demand and improved productivity. The BMZ also finances a project in Macroeconomic advising on poverty. The objective is that the project‘s partner ministries are successful in formulating, implementing and monitoring the national poverty reduction strategy. They initiate reforms in the management of public finances and harmonise the various development projects in accordance with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005). The Netherlands are among the most important technical and financial partners of Benin. In 2001 Benin was added to the 19 + 3 list of partner countries. The bilateral development programme has been under construction since then and seeks to harmonise with the PRSP.
 <u>The embassy of the Netherlands focuses on four main fields:</u>
@@ Line 127: / Line 131: @@
 *[http://endev.info/content/Main_Page EnDev Homepage]
-*[[Benin_Energy_Situation|Benin Energy Situation]]
+*[[Benin Energy Situation|Benin Energy Situation]]
-*[[GIZ_HERA_Cooking_Energy_Compendium|GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]]
+*[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|Cooking Energy Compendium]]
 = References<br/> =
@@ Line 136: / Line 140: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Cooking]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-= Situation Analysis - Energy Situation<br/> =
+= Overview =
-Biomass energy constitutes a major contribution to the national energy mix of Benin. Main sources are the forests in the North of the country. Wood products – particularly charcoal – are transported to the South of the country to supply the urban energy markets. Sawdust and agro-waste are other biomass energy sources of minor importance. According to the Ministry of Energy, 69% of the energy consumed in Benin is based on biomass. The major consumers are households. While in urban areas charcoal is the main fuel, the rural households predominantly use firewood. Wood is also used for artisanal food processing (e.g. fish smoking, bread baking and in restaurants). Some industries generate their electricity from agro-waste. Biomass as a fuel is still available in all parts of the country. However, in urban settings – particular in the South – it has become an expensive commodity. The Kenyan Ceramic Jiko - locally called Nansu - is the major improved charcoal burning stove available in the country. According to a study implemented in the first [[Energising Development (EnDev)|EnDev]] phase, 23% of the households in the three major cities in the South have at least one improved stove (out of usually 2 stoves usually used parallel in the homes).
+<u>Situation Analysis - Energy Situation:</u><br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 125: / Line 127: @@
 *[http://endev.info/content/Main_Page EnDev Homepage]
 = References<br/> =
@@ Line 130: / Line 136: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:20, 18 June 2013
Line 130:		Line 130:
	<references />		<references />

		+	[[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]
		+	[[Category:Cookstoves]]
		+	[[Category:Benin]]
	[[Category:Cooking]]		[[Category:Cooking]]
−	~~[[Category:Benin]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Situation Analysis - Energy Situation<br/> =
-Biomass energy constitutes a major contribution to the national energy mix of Benin. Main sources are the forests in the North of the country. Wood products – particularly charcoal – are transported to the South of the country to supply the urban energy markets. Sawdust and agro-waste are other biomass energy sources of minor importance. According to the Ministry of Energy, 69% of the energy consumed in Benin is based on biomass. The major consumers are households. While in urban areas charcoal is the main fuel, the rural households predominantly use firewood. Wood is also used for artisanal food processing (e.g. fish smoking, bread baking and in restaurants). Some industries generate their electricity from agro-waste. Biomass as a fuel is still available in all parts of the country. However, in urban settings – particular in the South – it has become an expensive commodity. The Kenyan Ceramic Jiko - locally called Nansu - is the major improved charcoal burning stove available in the country. According to a study implemented in the first [[Energising_Development_(EnDev)|EnDev]] phase, 23% of the households in the three major cities in the South have at least one improved stove (out of usually 2 stoves usually used parallel in the homes).
+Biomass energy constitutes a major contribution to the national energy mix of Benin. Main sources are the forests in the North of the country. Wood products – particularly charcoal – are transported to the South of the country to supply the urban energy markets. Sawdust and agro-waste are other biomass energy sources of minor importance. According to the Ministry of Energy, 69% of the energy consumed in Benin is based on biomass. The major consumers are households. While in urban areas charcoal is the main fuel, the rural households predominantly use firewood. Wood is also used for artisanal food processing (e.g. fish smoking, bread baking and in restaurants). Some industries generate their electricity from agro-waste. Biomass as a fuel is still available in all parts of the country. However, in urban settings – particular in the South – it has become an expensive commodity. The Kenyan Ceramic Jiko - locally called Nansu - is the major improved charcoal burning stove available in the country. According to a study implemented in the first [[Energising Development (EnDev)|EnDev]] phase, 23% of the households in the three major cities in the South have at least one improved stove (out of usually 2 stoves usually used parallel in the homes).
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 = Key Problems of the Energy Sector<br/> =
-The key problem of the biomass energy sector in Benin is the unsustainable use of the forest resources. This problem has a supply and a demand side. On the supply side, it is first of all not very clear how much forest is left. Studies (FAO, CENATEL) indicated that the area of forest is decreasing every year. There is a loss of about 116.000 ha of forest per year (situation of 2006). However, a new study is currently undertaking under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy to generate an up to date picture of the situation and this study will be the baseline of [[Energising_Development_(EnDev)|EnDev]] 2 for impact analysing on forests. The exploitation of the forest is at large not planned or controlled. This is the result of a lack of capacity in the national authority responsible for this task. On the demand side, due to low purchase power and cooking habits of larger parts of the population, it is impossible to use other fuels than Biomass-energy. Indeed, according to a study of the Ministry of Energy (2003), 88% of rural population and 85% in urban population use firewood for cooking purpose and 13% of rural population and 36% of urban population uses charcoal for cooking purposes (study made on a national level). The current system of biomass energy-use creates increasingly difficulties for urban and rural households because of rising wood fuel prices. In some areas, cooking and grinding has become one of the biggest items on the list of household expenditures. The government is planning projects on alternative energies to biomass-energy but no concrete actions have been undertaken today. The main ―modern energy‖ alternative for cooking is LPG. However, this is expensive and there are already by now shortages in the supply.
+The key problem of the biomass energy sector in Benin is the unsustainable use of the forest resources. This problem has a supply and a demand side. On the supply side, it is first of all not very clear how much forest is left. Studies (FAO, CENATEL) indicated that the area of forest is decreasing every year. There is a loss of about 116.000 ha of forest per year (situation of 2006). However, a new study is currently undertaking under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy to generate an up to date picture of the situation and this study will be the baseline of [[Energising Development (EnDev)|EnDev]] 2 for impact analysing on forests. The exploitation of the forest is at large not planned or controlled. This is the result of a lack of capacity in the national authority responsible for this task. On the demand side, due to low purchase power and cooking habits of larger parts of the population, it is impossible to use other fuels than Biomass-energy. Indeed, according to a study of the Ministry of Energy (2003), 88% of rural population and 85% in urban population use firewood for cooking purpose and 13% of rural population and 36% of urban population uses charcoal for cooking purposes (study made on a national level). The current system of biomass energy-use creates increasingly difficulties for urban and rural households because of rising wood fuel prices. In some areas, cooking and grinding has become one of the biggest items on the list of household expenditures. The government is planning projects on alternative energies to biomass-energy but no concrete actions have been undertaken today. The main ―modern energy‖ alternative for cooking is LPG. However, this is expensive and there are already by now shortages in the supply.
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 Within the above mentioned ―Energy policy and strategy in Benin‖, there are two specific quotes related to Biomass Energy: ―…the introduction of improved cooking stove in rural and urban areas is marginal in our country. The programs of promotion of improved stoves have not succeeded to increase rapidly the penetration of this kind of stoves. This statement was made before the start of EnDev 1 (end of 2005). ―…the policy of the Benin government in the sector of biomass-energy is to improve the efficiency of the consumption of wood-energy at household level and in the sector of artisanal production by a policy to favouring the access to improved cooking stoves (page 44). The national directorate of forests and of natural resources is mandated with the control of the forest exploitation. However, the current tax policy does not allow for a substantial control of the wood exploitation as the commercial value of wood remains low.
 <u>Also the laws are not enforced by the state servants. Some actions are planned with Directorate of Forests and Natural Resources together with Directorate of Energy:</u>
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 == Governmental Institutions<br/> ==
 The Ministry of Energy will be the direct partner of the EnDev Programme. The project will share information with that Ministry and will establish a memorandum of partnership with that Ministry. Under the Ministry of Energy is the General Directorate of Energy.
 <u>It is responsible for:</u>
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
-The [[Energising_Development_(EnDev)|EnDev]] programme will closely work with this directorate. Another important player in the field of biomass-energy is the Ministry of Environment. <u>This Ministry intervenes in: </u>Environmental policy
+The [[Energising Development (EnDev)|EnDev]] programme will closely work with this directorate. Another important player in the field of biomass-energy is the Ministry of Environment. <u>This Ministry intervenes in: </u>Environmental policy
 *Policy for conservation of natural resources, Elaboration and follow documents on environment,
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
-= Short explanation to which degree EnDev will be in line with capacity development needs of the partner =
+= Short Explanation - EnDev in Line with Capacity Development Needs of the Partner<br/> =
 <u>According to the official document on the ―Energy policy and strategy in Benin elaborated in December 2003 under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy, the directorate of Energy needs capacity development in the following fields:</u>
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
-Benin is part of the regional Public Private Partnership ―Cotton made in Africa‖. The objective is that an alliance of major retail businesses regularly buys ‗Cotton made in Africa‘, that African cotton producers practice sustainable cultivation methods and that Cotton growers turn in a greater profit thanks to higher demand and improved productivity. The BMZ also finances a project in Macroeconomic advising on poverty. The objective is that the project‘s partner ministries are successful in formulating, implementing and monitoring the national poverty reduction strategy. They initiate reforms in the management of public finances and harmonise the various development projects in accordance with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005). The Netherlands are among the most important technical and financial partners of Benin. In 2001 Benin was added to the 19 + 3 list of partner countries. The bilateral development programme has been under construction since then and seeks to harmonise with the PRSP. The following organisations are also active in Benin: SNV, whose programmes have been running there for the past 30 years, IUCN Netherlands, Agriterra, the National Federation of Christian Trade Unions‘ World Solidarity Programme (CNV/AKO), Plan International, ICCO, VNG and the Netherlands Management Cooperation Programme (PUM). Benin is an active partner to the Netherlands in promoting policy coherence on cotton subsidies. <u></u>
+Benin is part of the regional Public Private Partnership ―Cotton made in Africa‖. The objective is that an alliance of major retail businesses regularly buys ‗Cotton made in Africa‘, that African cotton producers practice sustainable cultivation methods and that Cotton growers turn in a greater profit thanks to higher demand and improved productivity. The BMZ also finances a project in Macroeconomic advising on poverty. The objective is that the project‘s partner ministries are successful in formulating, implementing and monitoring the national poverty reduction strategy. They initiate reforms in the management of public finances and harmonise the various development projects in accordance with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005). The Netherlands are among the most important technical and financial partners of Benin. In 2001 Benin was added to the 19 + 3 list of partner countries. The bilateral development programme has been under construction since then and seeks to harmonise with the PRSP. The following organisations are also active in Benin: SNV, whose programmes have been running there for the past 30 years, IUCN Netherlands, Agriterra, the National Federation of Christian Trade Unions‘ World Solidarity Programme (CNV/AKO), Plan International, ICCO, VNG and the Netherlands Management Cooperation Programme (PUM). Benin is an active partner to the Netherlands in promoting policy coherence on cotton subsidies.
 <u>The embassy of the Netherlands focuses on four main fields:</u>