Biomass Briquettes - Production - Revision history

Tom Schulze at 12:48, 30 April 2018

2018-04-30T12:48:47Z

Tom Schulze: Text replace - "link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium

[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cook

2018-04-30T12:18:15Z

Text replace - "left|831px|GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|alt=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium<br/><br/>[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cook

Luis Azuaje at 12:35, 27 July 2017

2017-07-27T12:35:28Z

Lisafeldmann at 11:40, 27 July 2017

2017-07-27T11:40:11Z

Show changes

Ranisha: /* Agglomeration */

2015-01-27T14:51:49Z

Agglomeration

Ranisha: /* Agglomeration */

2015-01-27T14:51:25Z

Agglomeration

Ranisha: /* Roller Presses */

2015-01-27T14:49:53Z

Roller Presses

Ranisha: /* Manual */

2015-01-27T14:48:56Z

Manual

Ranisha: /* Manual */

2015-01-27T14:48:32Z

Manual

Ranisha: /* Pan Grinder Presses for Pelletizing */

2015-01-27T14:45:53Z

Pan Grinder Presses for Pelletizing

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-= Overview<br/> =
+-->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Basics |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Basics about Cooking Energy|Basics]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Basics about Cooking Energy|Basics]] {{!}} | }} <!--
 ''„The Art of Briquetting <ref>Advertising slogan of the briquetting company Di piu; www.di-piu.com</ref>“''<br/>
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 {{#set: Hera category=Woodfuel Supply}}
 [[Category:Cooking_Energy]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:18, 30 April 2018
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−	~~{{Hera}}~~	+

	= Overview<br/> =		= Overview<br/> =

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 27 July 2017
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	<br/>This article is part of the [[Biomass Briquettes – Production and Marketing\|Biomass Briquettes - Production and Marketing]] and belongs to the [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium\|GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]].		<br/>This article is part of the [[Biomass Briquettes – Production and Marketing\|Biomass Briquettes - Production and Marketing]] and belongs to the [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium\|GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]].

		+	{{#set: Hera category=Woodfuel Supply}}
		+
		+	[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]
		+	[[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium_(GIZ_HERA)]]
		+	[[Category:Briquettes]]
		+	[[Category:Biomass]]
	[[Category:Charcoal]]		[[Category:Charcoal]]
−	~~[[Category:Biomass]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Briquettes]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium_(GIZ_HERA)]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]~~

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:51, 27 January 2015
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	== <br/>Agglomeration ==		== <br/>Agglomeration ==
−	Agglomeration is a method of increasing particle size by gluing powder particles together. Usually the equipment consists of a rotating volume that is filled with balls of varying sizes and fed with powder and often a binder. The rotation of the agglomerator results in centrifugal, gravitational and frictional forces from the smooth rolling balls. These forces, together with inertial forces, press the balls against the powder, helping them to stick together and grow. NL Agency<ref>NL Agency (2013): Charcoal Production from Alternative Feedstocks; final version 2013</ref> reports applied agglomeration technology in small-scale briquetting processes in several developing countries. The charcoal is milled to powder, binders are added, the components are mixed together, and the mix is then agglomerated. Agglomerated charcoal briquettes are produced using a motor-driven agglomerator, the typical nominal capacity of which is 25-50 kg/hour. Agglomerated charcoal briquettes are spherical and typically have diameters between 20-30 mm. The briquettes can be used for household cooking as well as for fuelling industrial furnaces. Agglomerated briquettes are said to be stronger than most other briquette types '''~~(Reference numbered as "5". It is missing and does not match order)~~.'''	+	Agglomeration is a method of increasing particle size by gluing powder particles together. Usually the equipment consists of a rotating volume that is filled with balls of varying sizes and fed with powder and often a binder. The rotation of the agglomerator results in centrifugal, gravitational and frictional forces from the smooth rolling balls. These forces, together with inertial forces, press the balls against the powder, helping them to stick together and grow. NL Agency<ref>NL Agency (2013): Charcoal Production from Alternative Feedstocks; final version 2013</ref> reports applied agglomeration technology in small-scale briquetting processes in several developing countries. The charcoal is milled to powder, binders are added, the components are mixed together, and the mix is then agglomerated. Agglomerated charcoal briquettes are produced using a motor-driven agglomerator, the typical nominal capacity of which is 25-50 kg/hour. Agglomerated charcoal briquettes are spherical and typically have diameters between 20-30 mm. The briquettes can be used for household cooking as well as for fuelling industrial furnaces. Agglomerated briquettes are said to be stronger than most other briquette types '''.'''

@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 == <br/>Agglomeration ==
-Agglomeration is a method of increasing particle size by gluing powder particles together. Usually the equipment consists of a rotating volume that is filled with balls of varying sizes and fed with powder and often a binder. The rotation of the agglomerator results in centrifugal, gravitational and frictional forces from the smooth rolling balls. These forces, together with inertial forces, press the balls against the powder, helping them to stick together and grow. NL Agency<ref>NL Agency (2013): Charcoal Production from Alternative Feedstocks; final version 2013</ref> reports applied agglomeration technology in small-scale briquetting processes in several developing countries. The charcoal is milled to powder, binders are added, the components are mixed together, and the mix is then agglomerated. Agglomerated charcoal briquettes are produced using a motor-driven agglomerator, the typical nominal capacity of which is 25-50 kg/hour. Agglomerated charcoal briquettes are spherical and typically have diameters between 20-30 mm. The briquettes can be used for household cooking as well as for fuelling industrial furnaces. Agglomerated briquettes are said to be stronger than most other briquette types '''(Reference numbered as "5". It is missing and does not match order).'''<br/><br/>
+Agglomeration is a method of increasing particle size by gluing powder particles together. Usually the equipment consists of a rotating volume that is filled with balls of varying sizes and fed with powder and often a binder. The rotation of the agglomerator results in centrifugal, gravitational and frictional forces from the smooth rolling balls. These forces, together with inertial forces, press the balls against the powder, helping them to stick together and grow. NL Agency<ref>NL Agency (2013): Charcoal Production from Alternative Feedstocks; final version 2013</ref> reports applied agglomeration technology in small-scale briquetting processes in several developing countries. The charcoal is milled to powder, binders are added, the components are mixed together, and the mix is then agglomerated. Agglomerated charcoal briquettes are produced using a motor-driven agglomerator, the typical nominal capacity of which is 25-50 kg/hour. Agglomerated charcoal briquettes are spherical and typically have diameters between 20-30 mm. The briquettes can be used for household cooking as well as for fuelling industrial furnaces. Agglomerated briquettes are said to be stronger than most other briquette types '''(Reference numbered as "5". It is missing and does not match order).'''
 {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="center" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-| [[File:Figure 11a agglomerator.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Small-scale agglomerator|alt=Figure 11a agglomerator.jpg]]
+| [[File:Figure 11a agglomerator.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Figure 9.1: Small-scale agglomerator<ref name="NL 2013"> Picture: NL Agency (2013): Charcoal Production from Alternative Feedstocks; final version 2013</ref>|alt=Figure 11a agglomerator.jpg]]
+|
-<p style="text-align: center"><br/></p>[[File:Figure 11b agglomerator.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Small-scale agglomerator|alt=Figure 11b agglomerator.jpg]]<p style="text-align: center"><br/></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><br/></p>[[File:Figure 11b agglomerator.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Figure 9.2: <ref name="NL 2013"> Picture: NL Agency (2013): Charcoal Production from Alternative Feedstocks; final version 2013</ref>Small-scale agglomerator|alt=Figure 11b agglomerator.jpg]]<p style="text-align: center"><br/></p>
 |}
 <br/>As seen above, there are different technologies to produce densified biomass briquettes. The following table 1 summarizes their main characteristics.
@@ Line 120: / Line 119: @@
 *[http://cenbio.iee.usp.br/download/documentos/apresentacoes/swedendensificationpaperfinal.pdf Bhattacharya, S.C.: biomass energy and densification: A Global Review with Emphasis on Developing Countries; Energy Program, Asian Institute of Technology; Thailand gives an overview on different technologies used for briquetting in many countries in Asia, South America and Africa.]<br/>
 *When searching for “briquetting” in the internet a huge number of producers will appear. ► [http://www.tfz.bayern.de/mam/cms08/festbrennstoffe/dateien/pelletier_briketiertechologie.pdf. A list of mainly European briquetting machines sellers.]<br/>
 = Auxiliary Equipment<br/> =

@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 == Roller Presses ==
-Densification of biomass using roller presses works on the principle of pressure and agglomeration, where pressure is applied between two counter-rotating rolls. Ground biomass, when forced through the gap between the two rollers, is pressed into a die, or small pockets, forming the densified product. Roller presses are considered the world standard technology to produce ovoid (pillow-shaped) charcoal briquettes from a variety of biomass types. In a roller press, a mixture of charcoal and binder is fed to the tangential pockets of two rollers to produce briquettes. The smooth production of charcoal briquettes using this technology requires high-quality rollers with smooth surfaces on which the briquettes are shaped. The type of roller determines the shape of the briquettes. Currently, roll presses available in developed countries have production capacities of 1 t/hr and more. The 1 tonne/hr capacity press with controlled feeding device costs about $ 320,000. Much cheaper roller-type charcoal briquetting machines can be sourced in India and China: Seboka (2009) indicates that a roller press with a capacity of 1.5 tonne/hr costing $ 19,000 can be found in India<ref>Seboka, Y. (2009): Charcoal Production: Opportunities and Barriers for Improving Efficiency and Sustainability. In: Bio-carbon Opportunities in Eastern & Southern Africa, UNDP, 2009</ref>.<br/><br/>
+Densification of biomass using roller presses works on the principle of pressure and agglomeration, where pressure is applied between two counter-rotating rolls. Ground biomass, when forced through the gap between the two rollers, is pressed into a die, or small pockets, forming the densified product. Roller presses are considered the world standard technology to produce ovoid (pillow-shaped) charcoal briquettes from a variety of biomass types. In a roller press, a mixture of charcoal and binder is fed to the tangential pockets of two rollers to produce briquettes. The smooth production of charcoal briquettes using this technology requires high-quality rollers with smooth surfaces on which the briquettes are shaped. The type of roller determines the shape of the briquettes. Currently, roll presses available in developed countries have production capacities of 1 t/hr and more. The 1 tonne/hr capacity press with controlled feeding device costs about $ 320,000. Much cheaper roller-type charcoal briquetting machines can be sourced in India and China: Seboka (2009) indicates that a roller press with a capacity of 1.5 tonne/hr costing $ 19,000 can be found in India<ref>Seboka, Y. (2009): Charcoal Production: Opportunities and Barriers for Improving Efficiency and Sustainability. In: Bio-carbon Opportunities in Eastern & Southern Africa, UNDP, 2009</ref>.
-[[File:Figure 10 roller press.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Roller presses|alt=Figure 10 roller press.jpg]]
+[[File:Figure 10 roller press.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure 8: Roller Presses<ref name="Eriksson 1990">Picture: Eriksson, S. and Prior, M. (1990): The briquetting of agricultural wastes for fuel, FAO Environment and Energy Paper 11, FAO of the UN, Rome, 1990</ref>|alt=Figure 10 roller press.jpg]]
 == <br/>Agglomeration ==

@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 |-
 | style="width: 3px" | [[File:Figure 9a low cost briquetting machines.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure 7.1:Biomass Molds (Examples of low cost briquetting machines)<ref>Pictures: http://home.fuse.net/engineering/ </ref>|alt=Figure 9a low cost briquetting machines.jpg]]
-| style="width: 1px" | [[File:Figure 9b low cost briquetting machines.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure:7.2: Biomass Presses (Examples of low cost briquetting machines)<ref>Pictures: http://home.fuse.net/engineering/ </ref>|alt=Figure 9b low cost briquetting machines.jpg]]
+| style="width: 1px" | [[File:Figure 9b low cost briquetting machines.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure 7.2: Biomass Presses (Examples of low cost briquetting machines)<ref>Pictures: http://home.fuse.net/engineering/ </ref>|alt=Figure 9b low cost briquetting machines.jpg]]
 |}
 <br/>However, it remains unclear, whether any manual densification process can ever be commercially viable even in circumstances where labour is very cheap. Considering their very low throughput, such techniques often require almost as much capital investment as the mechanical processes. The savings achieved are essentially a labour for electricity substitution rather than labour for capital.<br/><br/><br/>

@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 == Manual<br/> ==
-For sure the simplest way to produce small briquettes is hand-shaped briquettes: a slurry of biomass in water is left soaking for some days to enhance binding properties. The pulp is either squeezed by hand or pressed into a mould e.g. an ice-cube tray. Rearranged fibres assisted by a binder like paper pulp keep the briquette in shape during drying and use. A part of hand-shaped briquettes there are plenty of small manual briquetting machines which were developed by different producers and scientists all over the world. A very good overview on existing low cost briquetting machines, from perforated bottles to wooden lever presses, can be found in the manual “Micro-gasification: Cooking with gas from biomass” by Christa Roth (2011)<ref>https://energypedia.info/wiki/File:Micro_Gasification_Cooking_with_gas_from_biomass.pdf</ref>.<br/><br/>
+For sure the simplest way to produce small briquettes is hand-shaped briquettes: a slurry of biomass in water is left soaking for some days to enhance binding properties. The pulp is either squeezed by hand or pressed into a mould e.g. an ice-cube tray. Rearranged fibres assisted by a binder like paper pulp keep the briquette in shape during drying and use. A part of hand-shaped briquettes there are plenty of small manual briquetting machines which were developed by different producers and scientists all over the world. A very good overview on existing low cost briquetting machines, from perforated bottles to wooden lever presses, can be found in the manual “Micro-gasification: Cooking with gas from biomass” by Christa Roth (2011)<ref>https://energypedia.info/wiki/File:Micro_Gasification_Cooking_with_gas_from_biomass.pdf</ref>
 {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="center" style="height:0px; width:100%"
 |-
-| style="width: 3px" | [[File:Figure 9a low cost briquetting machines.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Biomass Molds|alt=Figure 9a low cost briquetting machines.jpg]]
+| style="width: 3px" | [[File:Figure 9a low cost briquetting machines.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure 7.1:Biomass Molds (Examples of low cost briquetting machines)<ref>Pictures: http://home.fuse.net/engineering/ </ref>|alt=Figure 9a low cost briquetting machines.jpg]]
-| style="width: 1px" | [[File:Figure 9b low cost briquetting machines.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Biomass Presses|alt=Figure 9b low cost briquetting machines.jpg]]
+| style="width: 1px" | [[File:Figure 9b low cost briquetting machines.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure:7.2: Biomass Presses (Examples of low cost briquetting machines)<ref>Pictures: http://home.fuse.net/engineering/ </ref>|alt=Figure 9b low cost briquetting machines.jpg]]
 |}
 <br/>However, it remains unclear, whether any manual densification process can ever be commercially viable even in circumstances where labour is very cheap. Considering their very low throughput, such techniques often require almost as much capital investment as the mechanical processes. The savings achieved are essentially a labour for electricity substitution rather than labour for capital.<br/><br/><br/>
 == Roller Presses ==

@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 Pellets are the result of a process which is closely related to the briquetting processes described above. The main difference is that the dies have smaller diameters and each machine has a number of dies arranged as holes bored in a thick steel disk or ring. The material is forced into the dies by means of rollers moving over the surface on which the raw material is distributed. The pressure is built up by the compression of this layer of material as the roller moves perpendicular to the centerline of the dies. Thus the main force applied results in shear stresses in the material. The pellets will still be hot when leaving the dies, where they are cut to lengths normally about one or two times the diameter. Successful operation demands that a rather elaborate cooling system is arranged after the densification process.<br/>There are two main types of pellet presses: flat and ring types. The flat die type has a circular perforated disk on which rollers rotate whereas the ring die press features a rotating perforated ring on which rollers press on the inner perimeter. The output of pellet presses range from about 200 kg/hr up to 8 ton/hr. Their specific energy consumption is reported to be around 1,5% of the energy content of the final peletts<ref name="Kaltschmitt 2009"> Kaltschmitt, M.; Hartmann, H. und Hofbauer, H. (2009): Energie aus Biomasse. Grundlagen, Techniken und Verfahren; Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001, 2009, korrigierter Nachdruck 2009</ref>.<br/><br/>
 {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="center" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-| [[File:Figure 8a pan grinders.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Pan grinder|alt=Figure 8a pan grinders.jpg]]
+| [[File:Figure 8a pan grinders.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure 6.1: Pan Grinder<ref name="Kaltschmitt 2009">Picture: The original German version: Kaltschmitt, M.; Hartmann, H. und Hofbauer, H. (2009): Energie aus Biomasse. Grundlagen, Techniken und Verfahren; Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001, 2009, korrigierter Nachdruck 2009</ref>|alt=Figure 8a pan grinders.jpg]]
-| [[File:Figure 8b pan grinders.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Pan grinder|alt=Figure 8b pan grinders.jpg]]
+| [[File:Figure 8b pan grinders.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure 6.2: Pan Grinder<ref name="Kaltschmitt 2009">Picture: The original German version: Kaltschmitt, M.; Hartmann, H. und Hofbauer, H. (2009): Energie aus Biomasse. Grundlagen, Techniken und Verfahren; Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001, 2009, korrigierter Nachdruck 2009</ref>|alt=Figure 8b pan grinders.jpg]]
 |}
 == Manual<br/> ==

Biomass Briquettes - Production - Revision history

Tom Schulze at 12:48, 30 April 2018

Tom Schulze: Text replace - "link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cook

Luis Azuaje at 12:35, 27 July 2017

Lisafeldmann at 11:40, 27 July 2017

Ranisha: /* Agglomeration */

Ranisha: /* Agglomeration */

Ranisha: /* Roller Presses */

Ranisha: /* Manual */

Ranisha: /* Manual */

Ranisha: /* Pan Grinder Presses for Pelletizing */

Tom Schulze: Text replace - "link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium

[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cook