Jan Wiegner: 1 revision

2016-09-20T07:30:39Z

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Raphael Schneider at 12:08, 28 March 2011

2011-03-28T12:08:37Z

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There exist three main approaches to determine gross energy savings.

#[[#Measurement_and_verification_.28M.26V.29_approaches|Measurement and Verification (M&V)]]: Here do [[#Methodology_AM_0046_.E2.80.93_Large_scale_methodology|AM 0046]] and [[#AMS_II:C_-_Small_scale_methodology_.28also_a_registered_PoA.29|AMS II.C]] belong to. They possess complex statistical monitoring procedures and thus require a lot of resources but are very accurate.
#[[#Deemed_savings_approach|Deemed Savings]]: It is meant to simplify as it is based on stipulated (“deemed”) values coming from historical savings values of typical projects - only installation and operation is verified. Therefore the calculated energy savings are less complex and less resource intensive but are also less accurate.
#[[#Gross_billing_analysis|Gross Billing Analysis]]: It conducts statistical analyses on the energy usage data for all or most of the participants and non-participants of the program. There it is mostly used for residential programs with homogenous participants. 

 

=== Measurement and verification (M&V) approaches ===

==== Methodology AM 0046 – Large scale methodology ====

For distribution of CFLs to households. It took from 2004 – 2006 to be approved by [[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|UNFCCC ]](developed by CDM consultancy Perspectives)

Very complex and time and monitoring intensive procedure (questionable if ever applied):

*Utilization hours of each lamp in sampling groups should be metered individually 
*Metering equipment has to be attached to lamp or cable 
*Social lottery be introduced to provide incentives 

Determination of emission reduction:

*Difference in absolute lighting energy use between baseline sample group and project sample group, multiplied by grid emission factor (determined by methodology ACM 0002)
*If significant differences exist between sample groups and cross-check groups adjustments take place
*Power correction factor is applied
**Takes into account that lamp electricity use depend on actual grid voltage achieved
*Information requirements: household names, addresses, GPS coordinates, dates of return of [[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|GLS]] and distribution of [[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|CLS]], number of installed lamps at each spot check etc.

 '''Baseline Methodology''' 

Step 1: Determination of the project area(s) i

Step 2: Establish project activity implementation plan

:type of bulbs, number of bulbs distributed, Eligible household etc.)

Step 3: Determination of size of the household pool to establish [[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|BSG]] and [[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|PSG]]

:Minimum size (for statistical representation) of 200 households for sampling

Step 4: Selection of the households to be included in the BSG and the PSG

:Formula to select randomly and representative

Step 5: Installation of measurement equipment

Step 6: Allocation of households to the BSG and PSG

:By coin toss allocate households to pool of BSG or PSG

Step 7: Establishment of Baseline sample buffer group ([[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|BSBG]]) and project sample buffer group ([[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|PSBG]]) (not mandatory)

:To participate if households of BSG/PSG number decreases or else

Step 8: Establishment of project database

:For each spot check at household: lighting appliance documentation

Step 9: Monitoring of utilization hours/electricity

:Spot checks every 3-6 months at all participating BSG and PSG households (are all lighting appliances still there and/or if there are additional ones, are all measurement equipments functioning appropriately, document electricity consumption meter or the utilization hour meter into database)

Step 10: Determination of the power correction factor ([[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|PCF]])

:The PCF is applied in order to reflect the effect of varying grid voltage on electricity consumption

Step 11: Calculation of the mean and standard deviation of household electricity consumption for lighting

Step 12: Estimation of technical distribution losses in the electricity grid

Step 13: Cross-check of monitoring results by random sampling of households not included in the BSG, PSB, BSBG and PSBG

Step 14: Calculation of emission reductions

 

'''Monitoring Methodology''' A lot of ex-post surveys and spot-checks

==== AMS II:C - Small scale methodology (also a registered PoA) ====

“Demand-side energy efficiency activities for specific technologies” 

*Has a threshold of participants – compared to large scale
*Meant to make implementation and monitoring less complex (less statistics etc.) than large scale - but adapting the methodology to real-life projects conditions and requirements rose
*Still distribution and monitoring are highly sophisticated

==== Programs of Activities ====

Allows to submit an unlimited number of projects during 28 years – thus a reduction of monitoring costs occurs because only a sample of all projects has to be monitored. Still, if this is really working has to be proved. Based on AMS II.C.

For example, Bachat Lamp Yojana, India is a PoA<ref>http://cdm.unfccc.int/ProgrammeOfActivities/Validation/DB/WOW1YYO9VEFAM3D6H2GJ4BZ4AW9YJL/view.html, accessed 2011-02-22</ref>

'''Calculation:'''

*Calculates lighting hours and number of functioning CFLs by monitoring randomly sampled households
*Calculation of lighting usage hours:
**Technology: a monitoring equipment that transmits the lighting usage hour data to a central server (was difficult to get this costly equipment and is not clear how reliable it is)
*Calculation of number of functioning CFLs
**Spot checks of randomly selected households at the end of each monitoring interval (every 6 months)
**Supported by [[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|DISCOMs]]
*Power rating of replaced lamps and distributed CFLs together with number of lamps and usage hours determine energy savings – multiplied by relevant grid emission factor determines emission reductions
*Because of sampling: adjustment by sampling errors (but smaller sample size leads to higher margin of error

[[Image:Icon arrow right.png]] Trade-off between sample size (less transaction costs) and [[List of abbreviations SP EE-Lighting|CER]] volume

[[Image:Icon arrow right.png]] careful contemplation of optimal sample size is necessary to maximize CER volume under transaction costs constraints

=== Deemed savings approach ===

====  General ====

Most widely used approach to quantify energy savings from DSM programs that promote the uptake of small electrical end-use equipment.

'''Gross energy savings:'''

*estimated based on stipulated values coming from historical savings values of typical projects - only installation and operation is verified
*Only valid for fixed operating conditions and well-known, documented stipulation values
*Calculation: Multiplying number of installed measures by estimated savings per measure

Adjustment by '''net-to-gross (NTG) ratio''' taking into account:

*Free ridership: energy savings that would have taken place in absence of program
*Spillover: program-induced adoption of measure by non-participants/participants not claiming financial or technical assistance

'''Net energy savings:''' Multiplying gross energy savings by NTG ratio

==== AMS II.J - Small scale methodology ====

“Demand-side activities for efficient lighting technologies” 

Approved August 2008 based on World Bank. Follows deemed savings approach.

*Reduces monitoring requirements as it supposes certain parameters to be “deemed” - still the CDM Executive Board (EB) did not approve all parameters that the World Bank wanted to be “deemed” and requests some ex-ante and follow-up surveys
*Accepted “deemed” parameters by EB: lighting usage hours (3.5 h), type of baseline technology, power rating of the baseline equipment
*'''But:''' Trade-off between accuracy in emission reduction calculation and practicability of the methodology application
*Generates significantly less CERs than other methodologies based on monitoring: If e.g. daily operation is set at 3.5 h, but in reality is at 5.1 h that leads in 10 years to a reduction in CER by over 30%

=== Gross billing analysis ===

*Conducts statistical analyses on the energy usage data for all or most of the participants and non-participants of the program
*Is mostly used for residential programs with homogenous participants

 

=== Footnotes  ===

Axel Michaelowa & Daisuke Hayashi & Marc Marr: Challenges for energy efficiency improvement under the CDM—the case of energy-efficient lighting; Energy Efficiency (2009) 2:353–367

<references />

 

[[Category:Service_Package_EE-Lighting]] [[Category:Financing_EE-Lighting]]

CDM EE-Lighting - Revision history

Jan Wiegner: 1 revision

Raphael Schneider at 12:08, 28 March 2011