Community Power - Revision history

Johanna at 12:59, 2 October 2019

2019-10-02T12:59:58Z

Johanna at 12:52, 2 October 2019

2019-10-02T12:52:22Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 15:31, 26 February 2019

2019-02-26T15:31:09Z

Ranisha at 14:25, 26 February 2019

2019-02-26T14:25:37Z

Johanna at 16:10, 13 February 2019

2019-02-13T16:10:47Z

Johanna: /* Global trends */

2018-06-28T08:09:14Z

Global trends

Johanna: /* Objectives and Challenges of Community Energy */

2018-06-27T13:19:30Z

Objectives and Challenges of Community Energy

Johanna: /* Global trends */

2018-06-27T11:57:29Z

Global trends

Johanna at 10:52, 27 June 2018

2018-06-27T10:52:50Z

Johanna: /* Global trends */

2018-06-27T10:44:30Z

Global trends

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 = Global trends<br/> =
-Across the world, community initiatives change our existing energy sector by producing, selling, and distributing renewable energy or delivering energy services. In Europe, more than 3,000energy cooperatives were in operation as of 2015.<ref>In Europe, around 3,000 community energy projects have been registered  as  Renewable  Energy  Cooperatives  (RESCOOPs). https://www.ren21.net/cities/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/190626_REC-PFs-with-new-logo_web-version.pdf</ref> Australia has over 100 community energy projects.<ref>More than 100 community energy projects are active in Australia. https://www.ren21.net/cities/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/190626_REC-PFs-with-new-logo_web-version.pdf</ref> In India, community energy projects (largely micro-hydro) have existed since the 1950s and in Nepal, roughly 15% of electricity is produced by community-owned micro-hydro installations. Costa Rica, with its ambitious goal of becoming carbon-neutral in 2021, is home to four energy co-operatives with over 180,000 members, controlling almost 15% of the energy market. In East Africa, where community energy projects have driven energy access efforts in areas that lack a centralized electricity grid.<ref name="A Record Breaking Year for Renewable Energy – and Community Energy 2016, https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/record-breaking-year-for-renewables-and-community-energy/">A Record Breaking Year for Renewable Energy – and Community Energy 2016, https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/record-breaking-year-for-renewables-and-community-energy/</ref>
+Across the world, community initiatives change our existing energy sector by producing, selling, and distributing renewable energy or delivering energy services. In Europe, more than 3,000energy cooperatives were in operation as of 2015.<ref>In Europe, around 3,000 community energy projects have been registered as Renewable Energy Cooperatives (RESCOOPs). https://www.ren21.net/cities/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/190626_REC-PFs-with-new-logo_web-version.pdf</ref> Australia has over 100 community energy projects.<ref>More than 100 community energy projects are active in Australia. https://www.ren21.net/cities/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/190626_REC-PFs-with-new-logo_web-version.pdf</ref> In India, community energy projects (largely micro-hydro) have existed since the 1950s and in Nepal, roughly 15% of electricity is produced by community-owned micro-hydro installations. Costa Rica, with its ambitious goal of becoming carbon-neutral in 2021, is home to four energy co-operatives with over 180,000 members, controlling almost 15% of the energy market. In East Africa, where community energy projects have driven energy access efforts in areas that lack a centralized electricity grid.<ref name="A Record Breaking Year for Renewable Energy – and Community Energy 2016, https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/record-breaking-year-for-renewables-and-community-energy/">A Record Breaking Year for Renewable Energy – and Community Energy 2016, https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/record-breaking-year-for-renewables-and-community-energy/</ref>
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 Brazil has a strong tradition of cooperatives, with currently more than 6,600 cooperatives and more than 13 million associates. This provides a great opportunity for distributed renewable energy generation. Recently, the national electricity regulator ANEEL introduced a norm that allows the net-metering scheme to be used not only by households but also by cooperatives and condominiums. The German experience with the business model of renewable energy cooperatives has strongly been utilized within a close collaboration with the ''German'' Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation (Deutscher Genossenschafts- und Raiffeisenverband, DGRV). <ref name="https://energypedia.info/wiki/Net_Metering_in_Brazil#Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives">https://energypedia.info/wiki/Net_Metering_in_Brazil#Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives</ref> See <span class="mw-headline" id="Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives">[[Net Metering in Brazil#Renewable Energy Cooperatives|Renewable Energy Cooperatives in Brazil]]</span><br/>
-<br/>
+<br/><br/>
 <br/>
 == USA<br/> ==
 *There are 40&nbsp;states with at least one community solar project on-line, with 1,523&nbsp;cumulative megawatts installed through&nbsp;2018.<ref name="https://www.seia.org/initiatives/community-solar">https://www.seia.org/initiatives/community-solar</ref><br/>
 *The most common models are the utility-sponsored model, on-bill crediting, the special purpose entity model&nbsp; (examples [http://www.universityparksolar.com/ University Park Solar] and the [http://www.easycleanenergy.com/ Clean Energy Collective]), and the "buy a brick"&nbsp;model (non-profit [https://www.gridalternatives.org/ Grid Alternatives] ).<ref name="https://www.seia.org/initiatives/community-solar">https://www.seia.org/initiatives/community-solar</ref><br/>
 *[https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/webinar_20160309_oshaughnessy.pdf Presentation for the EPA Green Power Partnership: An Introduction to Community Solar Programs] 2016
 = Future of Community Power in Afrika<br/> =
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 *[[Community Engagement for Power Projects|Community Engagement for Power Projects]]<br/>
 *EU: ''[https://www.rescoop.eu/ REScoop.eu] is the European federation of renewable energy cooperatives. ''
 *Australia: [https://cpagency.org.au/ Community Power Agency]<br/>
 *USA: [https://www.seia.org/about Solar Energy Industries Association]and [https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/webinar_20160309_oshaughnessy.pdf Presentation for the EPA Green Power Partnership: An Introduction to Community Solar Programs] 2016
-*UK: Ksenia Chmutina, Bouke Wiersma, Chris I. Goodier, Patrick Devine-Wright, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221067071300041 Concern or compliance? Drivers of urban decentralised energy initiatives], Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 10, 2014, Pages 122-129, ISSN 2210-6707,<br/>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.07.001. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670713000413)<br/>Abstract: The UK has set an ambitious plan to substantially cut its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In order to meet this 2050 target of 80% reduction, the UK is facing a significant challenge of restructuring its energy system. One way to do this is via the wider use of decentralised energy (DE) systems in urban areas. A significant lack of understanding exists however, regarding the main factors that drive these energy projects. Following semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, nine UK and four international exemplar cases have been analysed and critiqued in order to investigate the variety and inter-relationship of the drivers employed and involved encouraging their implementation. The role of regulation, and environmental awareness and concern as drivers for implementation are explored, as are the differing impacts of these drivers. Whilst academic literature commonly portrays financial incentives and the impact of policies as the main or initiating driver, many stakeholders investigated here emphasised the role of environmental awareness and concern as a prominent driver. Compliance with regulations and environmental awareness and concern seem not mutually exclusive; instead, environmental concern reinforces the willingness to comply (and over-comply) with the regulations.
+*UK: Ksenia Chmutina, Bouke Wiersma, Chris I. Goodier, Patrick Devine-Wright, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221067071300041 Concern or compliance? Drivers of urban decentralised energy initiatives], Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 10, 2014, Pages 122-129, ISSN 2210-6707,<br/>[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.07.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.07.001]. ([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670713000413 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670713000413])<br/>Abstract: The UK has set an ambitious plan to substantially cut its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In order to meet this 2050 target of 80% reduction, the UK is facing a significant challenge of restructuring its energy system. One way to do this is via the wider use of decentralised energy (DE) systems in urban areas. A significant lack of understanding exists however, regarding the main factors that drive these energy projects. Following semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, nine UK and four international exemplar cases have been analysed and critiqued in order to investigate the variety and inter-relationship of the drivers employed and involved encouraging their implementation. The role of regulation, and environmental awareness and concern as drivers for implementation are explored, as are the differing impacts of these drivers. Whilst academic literature commonly portrays financial incentives and the impact of policies as the main or initiating driver, many stakeholders investigated here emphasised the role of environmental awareness and concern as a prominent driver. Compliance with regulations and environmental awareness and concern seem not mutually exclusive; instead, environmental concern reinforces the willingness to comply (and over-comply) with the regulations.
+*Gordon Walker, Patrick Devine-Wright, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421507004739 Community renewable energy: What should it mean?], Energy Policy, Volume 36, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 497-500, ISSN 0301-4215, [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.019]. ([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421507004739 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421507004739]) Abstract: Community is a much used word that is readily attached to projects, initiatives and policies as part of the discursive politics of modern governance. In this viewpoint, we consider the way in which community has become attached to renewable energy projects in the UK, both in grassroot action and in mainstream energy policy. We ask what those involved have seen as distinctive about community renewable energy projects that makes them different from other renewable energy installations. We identify a diversity of understandings and interpretations that revolve around questions of both process (who the project is by) and outcome (who the project is for). We evaluate the implications of this diversity, identifying the importance of the process of project development for realising the catalytic and learning effects of meaningful and substantial local involvement.
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 &nbsp;<references />
 [[Category:Energy_Access]]

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 Seeking for a definition of the word community in the context of renewable energy projects Walker and Devine-Wright identified two main dimensions taking into account the views of project participants, activists, administrators, policy makers and local residents:
-“First, a process dimension, concerned with who a project is developed and run by, who is involved and has influence. Second, an outcome dimension concerned with how the outcomes of a project are spatially and socially distributed—in other words, who the project is for; who it is that benefits particularly in economic or social terms.”<ref name="Walker, G., Devine-Wright, P., 2008. Community renewable energy: What should it mean? Energy Policy 36, 497–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.019">Walker, G., Devine-Wright, P., 2008. Community renewable energy: What should it mean? Energy Policy 36, 497–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.019</ref> (Walker and Devine-Wright, 2008).
+“First, a process dimension, concerned with who a project is developed and run by, '''who is involved '''and has influence. Second, an outcome dimension concerned with how the outcomes of a project are spatially and socially distributed—in other words, '''who the project is for'''; who it is that benefits particularly in economic or social terms.”<ref name="Walker, G., Devine-Wright, P., 2008. Community renewable energy: What should it mean? Energy Policy 36, 497–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.019">Walker, G., Devine-Wright, P., 2008. Community renewable energy: What should it mean? Energy Policy 36, 497–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.019</ref> (Walker and Devine-Wright, 2008).
 Nonetheless, these dimensions do not refer to the technology itself, but to the social arrangements through which a given technology is being implemented (Walker and Cass, 2007).<ref name="Walker, G., Cass, N., 2007. Carbon reduction, “the public” and renewable energy: engaging with socio-technical configurations. Area 39, 458–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00772.x">Walker, G., Cass, N., 2007. Carbon reduction, “the public” and renewable energy: engaging with socio-technical configurations. Area 39, 458–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00772.x</ref><br/>
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 = Global trends<br/> =
-Across the world, community initiatives change our existing energy sector by producing, selling, and distributing renewable energy or delivering energy services. In Europe, more than 2,800 energy cooperatives were in operation as of 2015. Australia has 45 community energy projects and 70 are in planning phase. In India, community energy projects (largely micro-hydro) have existed since the 1950s and in Nepal, roughly 15% of electricity is produced by community-owned micro-hydro installations. Costa Rica, with its ambitious goal of becoming carbon-neutral in 2021, is home to four energy co-operatives with over 180,000 members, controlling almost 15% of the energy market. In East Africa, where community energy projects have driven energy access efforts in areas that lack a centralized electricity grid.<ref name="A Record Breaking Year for Renewable Energy – and Community Energy 2016, https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/record-breaking-year-for-renewables-and-community-energy/">A Record Breaking Year for Renewable Energy – and Community Energy 2016, https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/record-breaking-year-for-renewables-and-community-energy/</ref>
+Across the world, community initiatives change our existing energy sector by producing, selling, and distributing renewable energy or delivering energy services. In Europe, more than 3,000energy cooperatives were in operation as of 2015.<ref>In Europe, around 3,000 community energy projects have been registered  as  Renewable  Energy  Cooperatives  (RESCOOPs). https://www.ren21.net/cities/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/190626_REC-PFs-with-new-logo_web-version.pdf</ref> Australia has over 100 community energy projects.<ref>More than 100 community energy projects are active in Australia. https://www.ren21.net/cities/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/190626_REC-PFs-with-new-logo_web-version.pdf</ref> In India, community energy projects (largely micro-hydro) have existed since the 1950s and in Nepal, roughly 15% of electricity is produced by community-owned micro-hydro installations. Costa Rica, with its ambitious goal of becoming carbon-neutral in 2021, is home to four energy co-operatives with over 180,000 members, controlling almost 15% of the energy market. In East Africa, where community energy projects have driven energy access efforts in areas that lack a centralized electricity grid.<ref name="A Record Breaking Year for Renewable Energy – and Community Energy 2016, https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/record-breaking-year-for-renewables-and-community-energy/">A Record Breaking Year for Renewable Energy – and Community Energy 2016, https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/record-breaking-year-for-renewables-and-community-energy/</ref>
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 = Future of Community Power in Afrika<br/> =
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 *[http://www.ren21.net/gsr-2016/chapter07.php Feature Community: GSR 2016]
-*<span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">[https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf BMZ: Green people’s energy for Africa]</span>
+*<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">[https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf BMZ: Green people’s energy for Africa]</span>
 *[http://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Articles/2018/Jan/Coalition-for-Action_Community-Energy_2018.pdf?la=en&hash=CAD4BB4B39A381CC6F712D3A45E56E68CDD63BCD IRENA: Community Energy]<br/>
 *[http://www.wwindea.org/community-wind/ WWEA: Community Wind]
 *[https://www.conference.community/context-and-background/ World Community Power Conference in Mali, Nov 2018]<br/>
-*<span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">[[Lessons Learnt for Community Based Pico- and Micro-hydropower Schemes|Lessons learnt from community-based pico- and micro-hdyropower schemes]]</span><br/>
+*<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">[[Lessons Learnt for Community Based Pico- and Micro-hydropower Schemes|Lessons learnt from community-based pico- and micro-hdyropower schemes]]</span><br/>
 *[[Participatory Management (PM) Approach for Achieving Rural Electrification|Participatory Management (PM) Approach for Achieving Rural Electrification]]. Nepal
 *[[Kenya: Best Practice Case Studies|Community Based Rural Electrification – Micro Hydro: Tungu-Kabiri Pico-Hydro Project, Kenya]]
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 *[[Community Involvement in Mini-grids|Community Involvement in Mini-grids]]
 *[[Energy Transition in Germany “Energiewende”#Citizen-owned Projects|German Success factors of the Energy transition#Citizen-owned_Projects]] and [[Financial Solutions for Innovation and Sustainable Development in the Energy Sector - FINE Project (BMBF)#Bankability and Project Financing|Citizen participation models in Germany#Bankability_and_Project_Financing]]
-*[[Community Engagement for Power Projects|Community Engagement for Power Projects]]
+*[[Community Engagement for Power Projects|Community Engagement for Power Projects]]<br/>
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 &nbsp;<references />
 [[Category:Renewable_Energy]]

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 = Overview<br/> =
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 *[http://www.ren21.net/gsr-2016/chapter07.php Feature Community: GSR 2016]
-*<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">[https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf BMZ: Green people’s energy for Africa]</span>
+*<span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">[https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf BMZ: Green people’s energy for Africa]</span>
 *[http://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Articles/2018/Jan/Coalition-for-Action_Community-Energy_2018.pdf?la=en&hash=CAD4BB4B39A381CC6F712D3A45E56E68CDD63BCD IRENA: Community Energy]<br/>
 *[http://www.wwindea.org/community-wind/ WWEA: Community Wind]
 *[https://www.conference.community/context-and-background/ World Community Power Conference in Mali, Nov 2018]<br/>
-*<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">[[Lessons Learnt for Community Based Pico- and Micro-hydropower Schemes|Lessons learnt from community-based pico- and micro-hdyropower schemes]]</span><br/>
+*<span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">[[Lessons Learnt for Community Based Pico- and Micro-hydropower Schemes|Lessons learnt from community-based pico- and micro-hdyropower schemes]]</span><br/>
 *[[Participatory Management (PM) Approach for Achieving Rural Electrification|Participatory Management (PM) Approach for Achieving Rural Electrification]]. Nepal
 *[[Kenya: Best Practice Case Studies|Community Based Rural Electrification – Micro Hydro: Tungu-Kabiri Pico-Hydro Project, Kenya]]
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 [[Category:Energy_Access]]

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 = Overview<br/> =
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 == Kenya Mini-grids ==
-In Kenya’s community owned mini - grids, the community is '''responsible''' for the operation and maintenance of the whole system, from generation to transmission and collection of dues. In general, the communities have management committees comprising of a chairman, vice chairman, a treasurer and a manager responsible for technical operation of the whole system. Further, '''payment collection is face - to - face''' where by member(s) of the committee move from house to house collecting payments. Collecting revenue this way presents challenges owing to '''high rates of default'''. Therefore there is good potential for the application of remote monitoring, control and payment technologies for community owned mini - grids in Kenya though '''important barriers exist related to skills and capacity as well as the cost of the technology'''.<ref name="Study by Economic Consulting Associates (ECA) titl ed “ Project Design Study on the Renewable Energy Development for Off - Grid Power Supply in Rural Regions of Kenya">Study by Economic Consulting Associates (ECA) titl ed “ Project Design Study on the Renewable Energy Development for Off - Grid Power Supply in Rural Regions of Kenya", cited in Practical Action 2016 https://infohub.practicalaction.org/bitstream/handle/11283/620304/Market+Analysis+Kenya+and+Rwanda.pdf;jsessionid=C50C3EB31F410EC72E2737A640A04435?sequence=1</ref><br/>
+In Kenya’s community owned mini - grids, the community is '''responsible''' for the operation and maintenance of the whole system, from generation to transmission and collection of dues. In general, the communities have management committees comprising of a chairman, vice chairman, a treasurer and a manager responsible for technical operation of the whole system. Further, '''payment collection is face - to - face''' where by member(s) of the committee move from house to house collecting payments. Collecting revenue this way presents challenges owing to '''high rates of default'''. Therefore there is good potential for the application of remote monitoring, control and payment technologies for community owned mini - grids in Kenya though '''important barriers exist related to skills and capacity as well as the cost of the technology'''.<ref name="Study by Economic Consulting Associates (ECA) titl ed “ Project Design Study on the Renewable Energy Development for Off - Grid Power Supply in Rural Regions of Kenya">Study by Economic Consulting Associates (ECA) titl ed “ Project Design Study on the Renewable Energy Development for Off - Grid Power Supply in Rural Regions of Kenya", cited in Practical Action 2016 https://bit.ly/2EeCXf7</ref><br/>
 == Brazil<br/> ==

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 = Objectives and Challenges of Community Energy =
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 = Conclusion: Supporting Structures are needed =
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+<br/>
 = Global trends<br/> =
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 == Brazil<br/> ==
-Brazil has a strong tradition of cooperatives, with currently more than 6,600 cooperatives and more than 13 million associates. This provides a great opportunity for distributed renewable energy generation. Recently, the national electricity regulator ANEEL introduced a norm that allows the net-metering scheme to be used not only by households but also by cooperatives and condominiums. The German experience with the business model of renewable energy cooperatives has strongly been utilized within a close collaboration with the ''German'' Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation (Deutscher Genossenschafts- und Raiffeisenverband, DGRV). <ref name="https://energypedia.info/wiki/Net_Metering_in_Brazil#Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives">https://energypedia.info/wiki/Net_Metering_in_Brazil#Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives</ref> See <span class="mw-headline" id="Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives">[[Net_Metering_in_Brazil#Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives|Renewable Energy Cooperatives in Brazil]]</span><br/>
+Brazil has a strong tradition of cooperatives, with currently more than 6,600 cooperatives and more than 13 million associates. This provides a great opportunity for distributed renewable energy generation. Recently, the national electricity regulator ANEEL introduced a norm that allows the net-metering scheme to be used not only by households but also by cooperatives and condominiums. The German experience with the business model of renewable energy cooperatives has strongly been utilized within a close collaboration with the ''German'' Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation (Deutscher Genossenschafts- und Raiffeisenverband, DGRV). <ref name="https://energypedia.info/wiki/Net_Metering_in_Brazil#Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives">https://energypedia.info/wiki/Net_Metering_in_Brazil#Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives</ref> See <span class="mw-headline" id="Renewable_Energy_Cooperatives">[[Net Metering in Brazil#Renewable Energy Cooperatives|Renewable Energy Cooperatives in Brazil]]</span><br/>
 = Future of Community Power in Afrika<br/> =
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 In addition to large power plants, Africa will also need decentralized mini-grids and “green people’s energy” in order to build anrenewables-based energy supply. The German Development Coopertation wants to help set up thosewith enhancing the energy cooperation with African countries during the next 5 years. "Green people’s energy” for Africa is the answer that can help meet the rising demand for energy across the African continent while preventing the devel - opment of a high-carbon energy sector. Sun, wind, biomass and hydropower are available in abundance. Everyone can benefit from these sources of energy and from the expansion of energy access.<ref name="Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 2017, BMZ POSITION PAPER 06 | 2017 GREEN PEOPLE’S ENERGY FOR AFRICA. https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf">Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 2017, BMZ POSITION PAPER 06 | 2017 GREEN PEOPLE’S ENERGY FOR AFRICA. https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf</ref>
-Germany can draw from its own experience: In the 19th century, energy cooperatives were a driving force behind rural electrification in Germany. And also the recent energy transition was only thanks to the dedicated efforts of citizens, municipalities and SMEs that renewable energy sources were developed on a massive scale. Nearly 900 energy cooperatives are active in energy projects of this kind. Bioenergy villages, municipalities that are energy self-sufficient, municipal utilities that belong to the people, and citizens who produce their own energy form the backbone of the energy transition: Most of Germany’s renewable energy installations are owned by individuals, municipalities or farmers.<ref name="Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 2017, BMZ POSITION PAPER 06 | 2017 GREEN PEOPLE’S ENERGY FOR AFRICA. https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf">Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 2017, BMZ POSITION PAPER 06 | 2017 GREEN PEOPLE’S ENERGY FOR AFRICA. https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf</ref><br/>
+Germany can draw from its own experience: In the 19th century, energy cooperatives were a driving force behind rural electrification in Germany. And also the recent energy transition was only thanks to the dedicated efforts of citizens, municipalities and SMEs that renewable energy sources were developed on a massive scale. Nearly 900 energy cooperatives are active in energy projects of this kind. Bioenergy villages, municipalities that are energy self-sufficient, municipal utilities that belong to the people, and citizens who produce their own energy form the backbone of the energy transition: Most of Germany’s renewable energy installations are owned by individuals, municipalities or farmers.<ref name="Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 2017, BMZ POSITION PAPER 06 | 2017 GREEN PEOPLE’S ENERGY FOR AFRICA. https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf">Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 2017, BMZ POSITION PAPER 06 | 2017 GREEN PEOPLE’S ENERGY FOR AFRICA. https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf</ref><ref>Since 2006, 855 cooperatives were founded. In total, 183.000 citizen are involved and provided 682 Mio. Euro capital. Furthermore, a total of 2,5 billion Euro was invested in renewable energies. https://www.genossenschaften.de/sites/default/files/Umfrage_Energiegenossenschaften_2018_DGRV.pdf</ref><br/>
 Germany wants to pass on the lessons we have learned. Green people’s energy is possible, especially in Africa, but it requires an '''appropriate regulatory environment and proper design'''. Germany has a strategy how to incorporate their expertise into development cooperation at all levels for the benefit of Africa, based on '''strong partnerships for people’s energy and intermunicipal cooperation arrangements'''.<ref name="Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 2017, BMZ POSITION PAPER 06 | 2017 GREEN PEOPLE’S ENERGY FOR AFRICA. https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf">Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 2017, BMZ POSITION PAPER 06 | 2017 GREEN PEOPLE’S ENERGY FOR AFRICA. https://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier395_06_2017.pdf</ref>
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 &nbsp;<references />
 [[Category:Renewable_Energy]]

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 = Objectives and Challenges of Community Energy =
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 *'''policy''' support is crucial; often inconsistent and hard-to-access grant funding; possible difficulties with planning and other legal issues<ref name="Seyfang, G., Park, J.J., Smith, A., 2013. A thousand flowers blooming? An examination of community energy in the UK. Energy Policy 61, 977–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.030">Seyfang, G., Park, J.J., Smith, A., 2013. A thousand flowers blooming? An examination of community energy in the UK. Energy Policy 61, 977–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.030</ref>(Seyfang et al., 2013)
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+"In some circumstances, community-managed and -operated mini-grids may be able to provide cheaper electricity to rural communities (Yadoo, 2012). They also give the opportunity for multiple advantages to accrue to the local population such as: empowerment through local management; payment for feedstock; or, if grid-connected at a later stage, income from feed-in tariffs and the potential to leapfrog into a more resilient electricity network (Yadoo and Cruickshank, 2012)."<ref name="https://e4sv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TR9.pdf">https://e4sv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TR9.pdf</ref><br/>"There is usually a lack of technical expertise within the community, therefore planning, design, and implementation is done by third parties. To ensure the sustainability of such models, it is important to charge tariffs that at least cover some of the main operation, maintenance, and depreciation costs. Decision making is likely to be localised in such models, however, this depends on the scale of operation. Furthermore, it is important to ensure that the requisite skills to operate and maintain the mini-grids are available in the local area. In the absence of adequately trained human capital such grids are likely to be unsustainable. It will provide opportunities for what Tenenbaum et al. (2014: 25) refer to as “boutique electrification”, which implies that it does not lead to sustained and significant electrification (ibid.)."<ref name="https://e4sv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TR9.pdf">https://e4sv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TR9.pdf</ref>
 == Dynamics of Community-based Energy Projects ==
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 = Conclusion: Supporting Structures are needed =

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 = Global trends<br/> =
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 = Future of Community Power in Afrika<br/> =

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 *international finance organisation could establish a facility dedicated to community power
 *networking event to foster learnings from pilots and among different countries
 = Global trends<br/> =
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 SharedSolar provides electric infrastructure and service to off-grid communities through a combination of renewable energy, smart metering and storage management, and has built micro-grids for communities in Mali (since 2010) and Uganda (since 2011). Local energy co-operatives and community-owned partnerships are established under a pay-as-you-go model.<ref name="“SharedSolar combines solar energy with smart metering to provide reliable electric service to off-grid communities,” 2014, http://sel.columbia.edu/assets/uploads/blog/2014/10/SharedSolar.pdf.">“SharedSolar combines solar energy with smart metering to provide reliable electric service to off-grid communities,” 2014, http://sel.columbia.edu/assets/uploads/blog/2014/10/SharedSolar.pdf.</ref>
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+== India<br/> ==