Distributed Renewables for Energy Access in SADC Countries - Revision history

Lisafeldmann at 13:02, 1 April 2025

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Johanna at 13:06, 4 February 2019

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Johanna at 12:44, 4 February 2019

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Ahmed El-Sherbini: /* Rural Electrification And The Role Of Renewable Energy */

2019-01-23T16:01:20Z

Rural Electrification And The Role Of Renewable Energy

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 14:14, 23 January 2019

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Ahmed El-Sherbini at 12:59, 23 January 2019

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Ahmed El-Sherbini: /* Further Information */

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Further Information

Johanna at 15:29, 22 January 2019

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Johanna at 16:57, 17 January 2019

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Johanna at 16:54, 17 January 2019

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 The National University of Lesotho certified 19 solar PV practitioners, and 50% of solar dealers received training.<ref name="Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref> A credit guarantee scheme was provided for off-grid rural areas to enable residents to access loans. Lesotho is implementing an SEforALL project with UNDP/GEF that is aimed at developing cornerstone policies and establishing a financial support scheme to assist in de-risking private sector renewable energy investment and helping the private sector develop bankable projects. Under the project Lesotho plans to increase energy access by developing mini-grids and energy centres. In Malawi , [[Portal:Solid Biomass|biomass]] dominates energy consumption, providing 99.4% of energy use in rural areas and 35% in urban centres.<ref name="Government of Malawi, Malawi Biomass Energy Strategy (Lilongwe: 2009), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/EUEI_PDF_BEST_Malawi_Final_report_Jan_2009_EN.pdf.">Government of Malawi, Malawi Biomass Energy Strategy (Lilongwe: 2009), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/EUEI_PDF_BEST_Malawi_Final_report_Jan_2009_EN.pdf.</ref> (This is followed by liquid fuels at about 6%, electricity at 2.3% and the rest from coal and solar power.<ref name="Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref> ) Households are the main energy market, using up to 83% of the total energy, followed by manufacturing industries at 11.9% and the service industry at less than 2%.<ref name="Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref> Due to the dominance of household uses, there is considerable potential for mini-grids in rural areas of Malawi, where the cost of connecting to the national grid may be prohibitive. With only 30% of the rural population planned to be grid-connected by 2030, the rest will be served through mini-grids and solar PV. <ref name="ECONOLER, “Support to SE4ALL country actions processes in Zimbabwe and Malawi”, http://econoler.com/en/projects/support-to-se4all-country-actions-processes-in-zimbabwe-and-malawi/">ECONOLER, “Support to SE4ALL country actions processes in Zimbabwe and Malawi”, http://econoler.com/en/projects/support-to-se4all-country-actions-processes-in-zimbabwe-and-malawi/</ref> By 2016 an estimated 5,000 solar home systems, 2,000 solar water heaters and more than 7 off-grid mini-grids were supplying electricity to about 900 people nationwide. 14 Based on current sales volumes provided by Sunny Money, pico solar products are rapidly becoming an alternative source for lighting in Malawi’s rural areas, replacing the dominant wick paraffin lamps.<ref name="Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref><br/>
-Pico solar, if used as a substitute for a paraffin or kerosene lamp, can repay itself in three to four months.<ref name="CONREMA, BIF2 Malawi: Pico Solar Products (PSP): Market Analysis and Strategy (Blantyre, Malawi: May 2014), [http://conrema.org/ http://conrema.org/].">CONREMA, BIF2 Malawi: Pico Solar Products (PSP): Market Analysis and Strategy (Blantyre, Malawi: May 2014), [http://conrema.org/ http://conrema.org/]. </ref> The market for electricity appliances and other services lies in lighting, communication technology (phone charging, TV, radio), ventilation, refrigeration, etc. Malawi’s targets for renewable energy technologies by 2030 are: 75,000 solar home systems, 13,500 mini-grids and 4,500,000 pico solar products.<ref name="CONREMA, BIF2 Malawi: Pico Solar Products (PSP): Market Analysis and Strategy (Blantyre, Malawi: May 2014), [http://conrema.org/ http://conrema.org/].">CONREMA, BIF2 Malawi: Pico Solar Products (PSP): Market Analysis and Strategy (Blantyre, Malawi: May 2014), [http://conrema.org/ http://conrema.org/]. </ref> This presents an opportunity for a growing market of pico solar products and other solar systems as communities become aware of the advantages of the technology, and also as distribution channels and consumer financing services become better developed. In Mozambique , solar PV home systems are used for off-grid electrification and for mini-grids and stand-alone solutions. FUNAE has supported two such mini-grids, each just under 500 kW. After assessing more than 10,000 villages for their potential for small-scale renewable or hybrid systems (5 kW to 100 kW), FUNAE found that [[Solar Hybrid Systems|solar hybrid]] and [[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy|wind hybrid systems]] would be the most economical.<ref name="Green Mini-Grid Market Development Programme, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Mozambique (April 2017), https://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/166/download.">Green Mini-Grid Market Development Programme, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Mozambique (April 2017), https://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/166/download.</ref><br/>
+Pico solar, if used as a substitute for a paraffin or kerosene lamp, can repay itself in three to four months.<ref name="CONREMA, BIF2 Malawi: Pico Solar Products (PSP): Market Analysis and Strategy (Blantyre, Malawi: May 2014), [http://conrema.org/ http://conrema.org/].">CONREMA, BIF2 Malawi: Pico Solar Products (PSP): Market Analysis and Strategy (Blantyre, Malawi: May 2014), [http://conrema.org/ http://conrema.org/]. </ref> The market for electricity appliances and other services lies in lighting, communication technology (phone charging, TV, radio), ventilation, refrigeration, etc. Malawi’s targets for renewable energy technologies by 2030 are: 75,000 solar home systems, 13,500 mini-grids and 4,500,000 pico solar products.<ref name="CONREMA, BIF2 Malawi: Pico Solar Products (PSP): Market Analysis and Strategy (Blantyre, Malawi: May 2014), [http://conrema.org/ http://conrema.org/].">CONREMA, BIF2 Malawi: Pico Solar Products (PSP): Market Analysis and Strategy (Blantyre, Malawi: May 2014), [http://conrema.org/ http://conrema.org/]. </ref> This presents an opportunity for a growing market of pico solar products and other solar systems as communities become aware of the advantages of the technology, and also as distribution channels and consumer financing services become better developed. In Mozambique , solar PV home systems are used for off-grid electrification and for mini-grids and stand-alone solutions. FUNAE has supported two such mini-grids, each just under 500 kW. After assessing more than 10,000 villages for their potential for small-scale renewable or hybrid systems (5 kW to 100 kW), FUNAE found that [[Solar Hybrid Systems|solar hybrid]] and [[Wind Hybrid-Systems|wind hybrid systems]] would be the most economical.<ref name="Green Mini-Grid Market Development Programme, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Mozambique (April 2017), https://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/166/download.">Green Mini-Grid Market Development Programme, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Mozambique (April 2017), https://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/166/download.</ref><br/>
 Several successful biogas projects have been supported, but no structured process is in place to use the learning from these projects to introduce biogas on a larger scale. The vast majority of households in Mozambique use charcoal and fuelwood for cooking at home; less than 5% of households use a modern form of energy. <ref name="Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Energy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref><br/>

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 To increase energy access, Member States are employing a wide range of strategies, including setting up or continuing their support for dedicated institutions with the mandate to improve electrification and energy access, with a particular focus on rural areas far from the electricity grid.<br/>
 = Rural Electrification And The Role Of Renewable Energy<br/> =
-Rural electrification is a major focus of programme development in the region, and Member States increasingly consider the option of distributed generation and mini-grids as part of their rural electrification programmes. Several SADC Member States have met this challenge by developing specialised agencies to implement these policies. Typically, rural electrification agencies or authorities are based within, or closely associated with, the major national utility. Examples of such agencies are described briefly below.<br/>
+Rural electrification is a major focus of programme development in the region, and Member States increasingly consider the option of distributed generation and mini-grids as part of their [[Rural_Electrification|rural electrification]] programmes. Several SADC Member States have met this challenge by developing specialised agencies to implement these policies. Typically, rural electrification agencies or authorities are based within, or closely associated with, the major national utility. Examples of such agencies are described briefly below.<br/>
 Eswatini has a Rural Electrification Unit within the Department of Energy that aims to electrify a minimum of 10,000 households annually to achieve universal electricity access by 2030.<ref name="Swaziland (Eswatini) submission, SADC Questionnair e.">Swaziland (Eswatini) submission, SADC Questionnair e.</ref> This is subject to the availability of funds on an annual basis.<br/>
-Malawi has developed a slightly different approach, creating a Rural Electrification Fund that is administered by the Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority and funded by a levy on the tariff. Mauritius’ new Renewable Energy Agency (MARENA) is responsible for “creating an enabling environment” for renewable energy in the country.<ref name="Go vernment of the Republic of Mauritius, “The Mauritius Renewable Energy Agency Act No 11 of 2015”, Government Gazette of Mauri - tius , No. 100 (3 October 2015), [http://mauritiusassembly.govmu http://mauritiusassembly.govmu]. org/English/acts/Documents/2015/act1115.pdf.">Go vernment of the Republic of Mauritius, “The Mauritius Renewable Energy Agency Act No 11 of 2015”, Government Gazette of Mauri - tius , No. 100 (3 October 2015), [http://mauritiusassembly.govmu http://mauritiusassembly.govmu]. org/English/acts/Documents/2015/act1115.pdf.</ref> As the population is nearly 100% grid-connected, there is no requirement for an agency promoting grid extension.<br/>
+[[Malawi_Energy_Situation|Malawi]] has developed a slightly different approach, creating a Rural Electrification Fund that is administered by the Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority and funded by a levy on the tariff. [[Mauritius_Energy_Situation|Mauritius]]’ new Renewable Energy Agency (MARENA) is responsible for “creating an enabling environment” for renewable energy in the country.<ref name="Go vernment of the Republic of Mauritius, “The Mauritius Renewable Energy Agency Act No 11 of 2015”, Government Gazette of Mauri - tius , No. 100 (3 October 2015), [http://mauritiusassembly.govmu http://mauritiusassembly.govmu]. org/English/acts/Documents/2015/act1115.pdf.">Go vernment of the Republic of Mauritius, “The Mauritius Renewable Energy Agency Act No 11 of 2015”, Government Gazette of Mauri - tius , No. 100 (3 October 2015), [http://mauritiusassembly.govmu http://mauritiusassembly.govmu]. org/English/acts/Documents/2015/act1115.pdf.</ref> As the population is nearly 100% grid-connected, there is no requirement for an agency promoting grid extension.<br/>
-Mozambique’s Fundo de Energia (FUNAE)i was set up as a financially and administratively autonomous agency to develop renewable energy projects, mostly off-grid. Namibia has a Rural Electrification Programme that is administered by the Electricity Division of the Ministry of Mines and Energy and funded by NamPower and regional electricity distributors ii . In 2017, as part of the Implementation of the Renewable Energy Policy, a proposal was made for the formation of a Rural Energy Agency, but it was rejected by the Cabinet, suggesting that the stakeholders should instead use existing institutions to implement rural electrification, for example the national utility through a special fund maintained by a tariff levy.<ref name="Francis Hangome, Government of Namibia, Windhoek, personal communication with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) and SACREEE, 28 June 2018.">Francis Hangome, Government of Namibia, Windhoek, personal communication with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) and SACREEE, 28 June 2018.</ref> Tanzania’s Rural Energy Agency, which administers the Rural Energy Fund, is independent of the national utility TANESCO and is supported by a 5% levy on commercial energy sales. Zambia’s Rural Electrification Authority is tasked with carrying out the country’s Rural Electrification Master Plan. Zimbabwe’s Rural Electrification Agency operates through a fund derived from an electricity tariff levy of 6% and is administered by a board that reports to the Minister of Energy and Power Development. The use of special tariff levies for funding rural electrification is widespread, and all of the specialised agencies or authorities mentioned above are dependent on a levy of some kind.<br/>
+[[Mozambique_Energy_Situation|Mozambique]]’s Fundo de Energia (FUNAE)i was set up as a financially and administratively autonomous agency to develop renewable energy projects, mostly off-grid. [[Namibia_Energy_Situation|Namibia]] has a Rural Electrification Programme that is administered by the Electricity Division of the Ministry of Mines and Energy and funded by NamPower and regional electricity distributors ii . In 2017, as part of the Implementation of the Renewable Energy Policy, a proposal was made for the formation of a Rural Energy Agency, but it was rejected by the Cabinet, suggesting that the stakeholders should instead use existing institutions to implement rural electrification, for example the national utility through a special fund maintained by a tariff levy.<ref name="Francis Hangome, Government of Namibia, Windhoek, personal communication with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) and SACREEE, 28 June 2018.">Francis Hangome, Government of Namibia, Windhoek, personal communication with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) and SACREEE, 28 June 2018.</ref> [[Tanzania_Energy_Situation|Tanzania]]’s Rural Energy Agency, which administers the Rural Energy Fund, is independent of the national utility TANESCO and is supported by a 5% levy on commercial energy sales. [[Zambia_Energy_Situation|Zambia]]’s Rural Electrification Authority is tasked with carrying out the country’s Rural Electrification Master Plan. [[Zimbabwe_Energy_Situation|Zimbabwe]]’s Rural Electrification Agency operates through a fund derived from an electricity tariff levy of 6% and is administered by a board that reports to the Minister of Energy and Power Development. The use of special tariff levies for funding rural electrification is widespread, and all of the specialised agencies or authorities mentioned above are dependent on a levy of some kind.<br/>
 Table 9 summarises trends in rural electrification in the SADC region and indicates which countries have appointed specialised agencies to address it, and what targets have been established to expand it.<ref name="from REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), p. 43, [http://www.ren21.net/ http://www.ren21.net/] wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf , and from additional updates from Member States.">from REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), p. 43, [http://www.ren21.net/ http://www.ren21.net/] wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf , and from additional updates from Member States.</ref><br/>
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 [[File:REN21 SADC Table 9.png|border|700px|Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States|alt=Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States]]
-Countries with specific rural electrification targets include Angola, Botswana, the DRC, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The target date for South Africa’s rural electrification plans has shifted to 2025 considering the universal access date stated in the National Development Plan of 2013.
+Countries with specific rural electrification targets include [[Angola_Energy_Situation|Angola]], [[Botswana_Energy_Situation|Botswana]], [[Congo_(Democratic_Republic)_Energy_Situation|the DRC]], [[Madagascar_Energy_Situation|Madagascar]], [[Mozambique_Energy_Situation|Mozambique]], [[Namibia_Energy_Situation|Namibia]], [[South_Africa_Energy_Situation|South Africa]], [[Tanzania_Energy_Situation|Tanzania]],[[Zambia_Energy_Situation|Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe_Energy_Situation|Zimbabwe]]. The target date for South Africa’s rural electrification plans has shifted to 2025 considering the universal access date stated in the National Development Plan of 2013.
-Many Member States have specifically included renewable energy as part of efforts to meet their targets. For example, Zimbabwe includes [[Photovoltaic_(PV)|solar PV]], small-scale hydropower, and bagasse-based and [[Portal:Biogas|biogas]] generation, while Zambia includes mini-hydropower, solar PV systems and solar mini-grids. Lesotho has received support from UNDP/GEF for a Renewable Energy-Based Rural Electrification Project and also from Japan for using renewable energy in income-generating activities in off-grid area.
+Many Member States have specifically included renewable energy as part of efforts to meet their targets. For example, Zimbabwe includes [[Photovoltaic (PV)|solar PV]], small-scale hydropower, and bagasse-based and [[Portal:Biogas|biogas]] generation, while Zambia includes mini-hydropower, solar PV systems and solar mini-grids. [[Lesotho_Energy_Situation|Lesotho]] has received support from UNDP/GEF for a Renewable Energy-Based Rural Electrification Project and also from [[Japan_Energy_Situation|Japan]] for using renewable energy in income-generating activities in off-grid area.
 The trend in rural electrification in the SADC region is moving strongly towards the use of mini-grids and/or household solar systems and other mini- and pico-scale technologies, as national utilities face significant financial constraints that have hampered their capacity to meet government targets for energy access and grid extension.
 = Off-Grid Power Generation<br/> =

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 = Introduction<br/> =
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 '''Table 7: Renewable Energy Share Targets in Selected SADC Member States, 2020/30'''<ref name="Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.">Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.</ref><br/>
-[[File:REN21 SADC Table 7.png|border|700px|Renewable Energy Share Targets in Selected
+[[File:REN21 SADC Table 7.png|border|700px|Renewable Energy Share Targets in Selected SADC Member States, 2020/30|alt=Renewable Energy Share Targets in Selected   SADC Member States, 2020/30]]
 As shown in table 8, the national targets are not uniform across Member States and are set for different time frames, with some Member States not having specific targets. Overall, average electricity access in the region in 2016 was 48%.<ref name="Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.">Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.</ref><br/>
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 '''Table 8: Electricity Access in SADC Member States, 2016, and Targets for Energy Access for 2020/2030'''<ref name="Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.">Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.</ref><br/>
-[[File:REN21 SADC Table 8.png|border|700px|Electricity Access in SADC Member States, 2016, and Targets for Energy Access for 2020/2030]]
+[[File:REN21 SADC Table 8.png|border|700px|Electricity Access in SADC Member States, 2016, and Targets for Energy Access for 2020/2030|alt=Electricity Access in SADC Member States, 2016, and Targets for Energy Access for 2020/2030]]
 To increase energy access, Member States are employing a wide range of strategies, including setting up or continuing their support for dedicated institutions with the mandate to improve electrification and energy access, with a particular focus on rural areas far from the electricity grid.<br/>
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 '''Table 9: Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States'''<ref name="from REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), p. 43, [http://www.ren21.net/ http://www.ren21.net/] wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf , and from additional updates from Member States.">from REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), p. 43, [http://www.ren21.net/ http://www.ren21.net/] wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf , and from additional updates from Member States.</ref><br/>
-[[File:REN21 SADC Table 9.png|border|700px|Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States]]
+[[File:REN21 SADC Table 9.png|border|700px|Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States|alt=Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States]]
 Countries with specific rural electrification targets include Angola, Botswana, the DRC, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The target date for South Africa’s rural electrification plans has shifted to 2025 considering the universal access date stated in the National Development Plan of 2013.
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 Table 10: Estimated Market Sizes in Mozambique for Grid Extension, Mini-grids and Stand-alone Systems<ref name="Green Mini-Grid Market Development Programme, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Mozambique (April 2017), https://green-minigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/166/download .">Green Mini-Grid Market Development Programme, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Mozambique (April 2017), https://green-minigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/166/download . </ref><br/>
-[[File:REN21 SADC Table 10.png|border|700px|Estimated Market Sizes in Mozambique for Grid Extension, Mini-grids and Stand-alone Systems]]
+[[File:REN21 SADC Table 10.png|border|700px|Estimated Market Sizes in Mozambique for Grid Extension, Mini-grids and Stand-alone Systems|alt=Estimated Market Sizes in Mozambique for Grid Extension, Mini-grids and Stand-alone Systems]]
-<br/>In Namibia, a country with low population density, the challenge is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.<ref name="Ministr y of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan , http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/ pdf/National/REDMP%20National%20Overview%20&%20Methodol- ogy%20-50%20Part%201.pdf .">Ministr y of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan , http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/ pdf/National/REDMP%20National%20Overview%20&%20Methodol- ogy%20-50%20Part%201.pdf . </ref><br/>
+<br/><br/>In Namibia, a country with low population density, the challenge is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.<ref name="Ministr y of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan , http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/ pdf/National/REDMP%20National%20Overview%20&%20Methodol- ogy%20-50%20Part%201.pdf .">Ministr y of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan , http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/ pdf/National/REDMP%20National%20Overview%20&%20Methodol- ogy%20-50%20Part%201.pdf . </ref><br/>
 So far the country has developed several pilot mini-grids, including three off-grid systems: Gobabeb, Tsumkwe Mini Grid and Gam Solar PV Mini Grid. In rural and remote areas where neither the main grid nor mini- grids are available, consumers depend on stand-alone electricity sources, mainly diesel generators. The use of solar technologies has been increasing, and hybrid solar/diesel systems have proved to be technically sound off-grid solutions.<ref name="European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip .">European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip . </ref><br/>
@@ Line 129: / Line 128: @@
 == SIDEBAR: Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves ==
 <div class="box_content">Six SADC Member States are now designated as “partner countries” in the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC) – the DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe – as compared to four in 2015. Partnership requires a commitment to support the adoption of clean cook stoves and fuels within national borders, taking a leadership role in employing clean cooking best practices and disseminating clean cook stoves and fuels. Two Member States working with GACC also have established Lead Organisations that will guide their efforts to introduce improved cook stoves: the DRC (Alliance Congolaise pour les Foyers et Combustibles Améliorés i ) and Malawi (the National Cook Stove Steering Committee). GACC also distributes a Partner Country Toolkit that aims to assist partner countries by promoting a “10 Step Plan for Catalysing a Clean Cook Stoves and Fuels Market”, including a number of specific policy initiatives, such as periodic status assessments and adopting technology standards and product testing.<ref name="Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Annual Report 2017 (Harare, Zimbabwe: 2017), http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de- http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de-] fault/files/SAPP.pdf .">Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Annual Report 2017 (Harare, Zimbabwe: 2017), http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de- http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de-] fault/files/SAPP.pdf . </ref><br/></div></div>
 = Further Information =
 *REN21, 2018. SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat) [http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf]
-*[[Portal:Energy_Access|Energy Access Portal]]
+*[[Portal:Energy Access|Energy Access Portal]]
-*[[Rural_Electrification|Rural Electrification]]
+*[[Rural Electrification|Rural Electrification]]
 *[[Portal:Mini-grid|Mini-Grid Portal]]
 *[[Portal:Solar|Solar]]
-*[[Portal:Improved_Cooking|Cooking Portal]]
+*[[Portal:Improved Cooking|Cooking Portal]]
 = References =
@@ Line 144: / Line 143: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Renewable_Energy]]

@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 == SIDEBAR: Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves ==
 <div class="box_content">Six SADC Member States are now designated as “partner countries” in the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC) – the DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe – as compared to four in 2015. Partnership requires a commitment to support the adoption of clean cook stoves and fuels within national borders, taking a leadership role in employing clean cooking best practices and disseminating clean cook stoves and fuels. Two Member States working with GACC also have established Lead Organisations that will guide their efforts to introduce improved cook stoves: the DRC (Alliance Congolaise pour les Foyers et Combustibles Améliorés i ) and Malawi (the National Cook Stove Steering Committee). GACC also distributes a Partner Country Toolkit that aims to assist partner countries by promoting a “10 Step Plan for Catalysing a Clean Cook Stoves and Fuels Market”, including a number of specific policy initiatives, such as periodic status assessments and adopting technology standards and product testing.<ref name="Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Annual Report 2017 (Harare, Zimbabwe: 2017), http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de- http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de-] fault/files/SAPP.pdf .">Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Annual Report 2017 (Harare, Zimbabwe: 2017), http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de- http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de-] fault/files/SAPP.pdf . </ref><br/></div></div>
 = Further Information =
 *REN21, 2018. SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat) [http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf]
-*Energy Access Portal
+*[[Portal:Energy_Access|Energy Access Portal]]
-*Rural Electrification
+*[[Rural_Electrification|Rural Electrification]]
-*Mini-Grid Portal
+*[[Portal:Mini-grid|Mini-Grid Portal]]
-*Solar
+*[[Portal:Solar|Solar]]
-*Cooking Portal
+*[[Portal:Improved_Cooking|Cooking Portal]]
 = References =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Introduction<br/> =
@@ Line 98: / Line 97: @@
 Additionally, a 1 MW small-scale hydropower plant at Shiwang’andu in the Chinsali District links reliable energy services with productive use activities to enhance employment opportunities in the rural areas of Zambia. <ref name="Luc Payen at al., Developing Mini-grids in Zambia: How to Build Sustainable and Scalable Business Models? prepared for Practical Action by ENEA (Paris: February 2016), www.enea-consulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ENEA-Practical-Action-Developing-mini-grids-in-Zambia2.pdf . ">Luc Payen at al., Developing Mini-grids in Zambia: How to Build Sustainable and Scalable Business Models? prepared for Practical Action by ENEA (Paris: February 2016), www.enea-consulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ENEA-Practical-Action-Developing-mini-grids-in-Zambia2.pdf . </ref> SNV has instigated a revival of the biogas industry in Zambia. <ref name="Jobs In Zambia, “Consultant – Str engthening Investment Climate for Biomass Technology In Zambia”, 16 May 2016, http://www.zambia.jobsportal-career.com/2016/05/19/consultant-strengthen-ing-investment-climate-for-biomass-technology-in-zambia/ . ">Jobs In Zambia, “Consultant – Str engthening Investment Climate for Biomass Technology In Zambia”, 16 May 2016, http://www.zambia.jobsportal-career.com/2016/05/19/consultant-strengthen-ing-investment-climate-for-biomass-technology-in-zambia/ . </ref> For example, the Energy for Agriculture project, implemented during 2015-2018, has supported the construction of 3,375 bio- digesters in the Southern, Lusaka, Western, Central, Northern, Eastern and Copperbelt provinces. Its purpose is to provide farming households with access to clean energy, increased employment and income, and improved living conditions through the productive use of waste products (biogas and bio-slurry). Dairy farmers are expected to be able to use biogas as a fuel for powering milk chillers, and households will be able to use biogas for cooking. The size of the digesters ranges from 4 cubic metres (m 3 ) to 100 m 3 , producing 1 m 3 to 25 m3 of biogas per day at a cost of between USD 600 and USD 7,000, depending on the size and location of the installation. <ref name="Kabanda Chulu, “Sweden, SNV sign biogas pact”, Zambia Daily Mail , 22 September 2015, https:/ /www.daily-mail.co.zm/sweden-snv- sign-biogas-pact/ . ">Kabanda Chulu, “Sweden, SNV sign biogas pact”, Zambia Daily Mail , 22 September 2015, https:/ /www.daily-mail.co.zm/sweden-snv- sign-biogas-pact/ . </ref><br/>
-Zimbabwe offers a 100% subsidy for rural electrification at schools, health centres and chief's homesteads, although in practice a lack of funding has slowed implementation. The Rural Electrification Agency provides for the extension of the national grid to rural communities and also supports off-grid renewable energy solutions, such as solar mini-grids and biomass activities, through the Rural Electrification Fund. The Fund aimed to erect 50 mini-grids during 2018 in areas located at least 20 kilometres from the national grid. Numerous potential micro-hydropower sites exist in Zimbabwe, particularly in the Eastern Highlands and at agricultural dams throughout the country. Practical Action has helped to install at least five schemes that are now operational: Himalaya (75 kW); NyaMWanga (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Hlabiso (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Ngarura (20 kW, with 5,500 beneficiaries); and Chipendeke (25 kW, with 4,000 beneficiaries and connecting 35 households, 5 businesses, a clinic, a school and a health centre). <ref name="Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Ac-tion_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Em-ploying_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . ">Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Ac-tion_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Em-ploying_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . </ref><br/>
+Zimbabwe offers a 100% subsidy for rural electrification at schools, health centres and chief's homesteads, although in practice a lack of funding has slowed implementation. The Rural Electrification Agency provides for the extension of the national grid to rural communities and also supports off-grid renewable energy solutions, such as solar mini-grids and biomass activities, through the Rural Electrification Fund. The Fund aimed to erect 50 mini-grids during 2018 in areas located at least 20 kilometres from the national grid. Numerous potential micro-hydropower sites exist in Zimbabwe, particularly in the Eastern Highlands and at agricultural dams throughout the country. Practical Action has helped to install at least five schemes that are now operational: Himalaya (75 kW); NyaMWanga (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Hlabiso (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Ngarura (20 kW, with 5,500 beneficiaries); and Chipendeke (25 kW, with 4,000 beneficiaries and connecting 35 households, 5 businesses, a clinic, a school and a health centre). <ref name="Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Action_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Employing_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . ">Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Action_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Employing_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . </ref><br/>
 However, these community-based schemes often struggle to deliver effective service due to challenges of governance and lack of professionalisation of the service. The role of the private sector is important in such schemes, but the absence of economies of scale makes them unattractive for private companies.