El Salvador Energy Situation - Revision history

Norbert Hackenberg: /* Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations */

2024-10-09T18:10:03Z

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

Norbert Hackenberg: /* Introduction */

2024-10-09T16:31:38Z

Introduction

Norbert Hackenberg: /* Introduction */

2024-10-09T15:53:49Z

Introduction

Norbert Hackenberg: /* Introduction */

2024-08-13T20:53:31Z

Introduction

Lisafeldmann at 06:10, 11 June 2024

2024-06-11T06:10:03Z

Norbert Hackenberg: /* Introduction */

2024-06-08T14:50:32Z

Introduction

Norbert Hackenberg: /* Energy Situation */

2024-06-01T21:08:04Z

Energy Situation

Norbert Hackenberg: /* Energy Situation */

2024-06-01T21:05:09Z

Energy Situation

Norbert Hackenberg: /* Energy Situation */

2024-06-01T20:59:55Z

Energy Situation

Norbert Hackenberg: /* Renewable Energy */

2024-05-31T20:57:02Z

Renewable Energy

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 The charge per kWh varies in accordance with the type of use, power demanded, and voltage level of the connection (low tension, medium tension, and high tension). The charges are revised and adjusted every three months.
-In 2022, the charge as yearly average of all utilities and all types of users was 20.71 ct., but varied between 17.53 ct. for the biggest users and 24.04 ct. for residential users. The monthly electricity bill is subject of additional charges such as for commercialization, distribution, street lighting, and other public interests.
+In 2022, the charge as yearly average of all utilities and all types of users was 20.71 ct., but varied between 17.53 ct. for the biggest users and 24.04 ct. for residential users. The monthly electricity bill is subject of additional charges such as for commercialization, distribution, street lighting, and other public interests. Residential users with a maximum consumption of 105 kWh per month receive a government subsidy of US$ 5.00 that will be discounted from the monthly bill.<ref>SIGET (2022): Boletín de Estadísticas Eléctricas Año 2022. SIGET (24). online: https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/siget/documents/556832/download; reviewed lastly 05-02-05.2024.</ref>
 == Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector ==
-Until the 1990s, the electric power sector in El Salvador maintained a vertically integrated structure. The Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa, CEL) was the only, state-owned electricity company. In 1996, the new General Law of Electricity (Ley General de Electricidad) took effect. It liberalized the electricity market, opened it to other public and private companies.besides the CEL, and introduced free competition in the wholesale and retail market segments.
+As in many other countries the electric power sector in El Salvador maintained a vertically integrated structure until the 1990s. There was a sole public utility company that was the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa, CEL). In 1996, the new General Law of Electricity (Ley General de Electricidad) took effect. It liberalized the electricity market, opened it to other public and private companies.besides the CEL, and introduced free competition in the wholesale and retail market segments.
 The transmission system is operated by the Empresa Transmisora de El Salvador (ETESAL). ETESAL is a state-owned corporation that also owns the transmission infrastructure.
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 == References ==
-<references />
+<references responsive="0" />

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-El Salvador is a small country in Central America bordering Guatemala to te west, Honduras to the north, Nicaragua to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the south, with a territory of only 21,040 km<sup>2</sup>. In 2022, the total population of El Salvador was 6.3 million, with 61.7 % of the population living in urban areas and 38.3 % in rural areas. Population density is 301 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>; so El Salvador has by far the highest population density among all countries in Central and South America  64.2 % of the total population is concentrated in only five of the 14 departments (San Salvador, La Libertad, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate). In 2022, poverty was 26.6%, and extreme poverty (income of less than US$ 2.15 per day) was 8.6%. However, by 2022, extreme poverty had redoubled in comparison with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. The reason for this observation is at least in part attributable to the rise in the cost of living fueled by high inflation rates of 6.1 % in 2021 and 7.3 % in 2022.<ref>Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2022. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. San Salvador (2023); online available at: https://www.bcr.gob.sv/documental/Inicio/vista/0c0aa5ade233aa9a7345923e9329407a.pdf.</ref>
+El Salvador is a small country in Central America bordering Guatemala to the west, Honduras to the north, Nicaragua to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the south, with a territory of only 21,040 km<sup>2</sup>. In 2022, the total population of El Salvador was 6.3 million, with 61.7 % of the population living in urban areas and 38.3 % in rural areas. Population density is 301 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>; so El Salvador has by far the highest population density among all countries in Central and South America  64.2 % of the total population is concentrated in only five of the 14 departments (San Salvador, La Libertad, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate). In 2022, poverty was 26.6%, and extreme poverty (income of less than US$ 2.15 per day) was 8.6%. However, by 2022, extreme poverty had redoubled in comparison with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. The reason for this observation is at least in part attributable to the rise in the cost of living fueled by high inflation rates of 6.1 % in 2021 and 7.3 % in 2022.<ref>Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2022. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. San Salvador (2023); online available at: https://www.bcr.gob.sv/documental/Inicio/vista/0c0aa5ade233aa9a7345923e9329407a.pdf.</ref>
 Between 2010 and 2022, El Salvador achieved a moderate rate of economic growth averaging 2.4 % per year. In 2020, the gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 7.9 % in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, but recovered in 2021 with a growth rate of 11.2 %, and an additional 2.6 % in 2022. For 2023, the Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador (BCR) expects growth of between 2 % and 3 %, and the inflation rate to be between 3.5 and 4.1 %.<ref><nowiki>https://www.bcr.gob.sv/2023/03/28/la-economia-salvadorena-crecio-2-6-en-2022/</nowiki></ref>
 == Energy Situation ==
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 == Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations ==
 == Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector ==

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
-El Salvador is a small country in Central America with a territory of only 21,040 km<sup>2</sup>. In 2022, El Salvador's total population was 6.3 million, with 61.7 % of the population living in urban areas and 38.3 % in rural areas. Population density is 301 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>; El Salvador has by far the highest population density among all countries in Central and South America  64.2 % of the total poulation is concentrated in only five of the 14 departments (San Salvador, La Libertad, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate). In 2022, poverty was 26.6%, and extreme poverty (income of less than US$ 2.15 per day) was 8.6%. However, by 2022, extreme poverty had redoubled in comparison with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. The reason for this observation is at least in part attributable to the rise in the cost of living fueled by high inflation rates of 6.1 % in 2021 and 7.3 % in 2022.<ref>Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2022. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. San Salvador (2023); online available at: https://www.bcr.gob.sv/documental/Inicio/vista/0c0aa5ade233aa9a7345923e9329407a.pdf.</ref>
+El Salvador is a small country in Central America bordering Guatemala to te west, Honduras to the north, Nicaragua to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the south, with a territory of only 21,040 km<sup>2</sup>. In 2022, the total population of El Salvador was 6.3 million, with 61.7 % of the population living in urban areas and 38.3 % in rural areas. Population density is 301 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>; so El Salvador has by far the highest population density among all countries in Central and South America  64.2 % of the total population is concentrated in only five of the 14 departments (San Salvador, La Libertad, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate). In 2022, poverty was 26.6%, and extreme poverty (income of less than US$ 2.15 per day) was 8.6%. However, by 2022, extreme poverty had redoubled in comparison with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. The reason for this observation is at least in part attributable to the rise in the cost of living fueled by high inflation rates of 6.1 % in 2021 and 7.3 % in 2022.<ref>Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2022. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. San Salvador (2023); online available at: https://www.bcr.gob.sv/documental/Inicio/vista/0c0aa5ade233aa9a7345923e9329407a.pdf.</ref>
-Between 2010 and 2022, El Salvador achieved a moderate rate of economic growth averaging 2.4 % per year. In 2020, the gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 7.9 % in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, but recovered in 2021 with growth of 11.2 %, and an additional 2.6 % in 2022. For 2023, the Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador (BCR) expects growth of between 2 % and 3 % and the inflation rate between 3.5 and 4.1 %.<ref><nowiki>https://www.bcr.gob.sv/2023/03/28/la-economia-salvadorena-crecio-2-6-en-2022/</nowiki></ref>
+Between 2010 and 2022, El Salvador achieved a moderate rate of economic growth averaging 2.4 % per year. In 2020, the gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 7.9 % in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, but recovered in 2021 with a growth rate of 11.2 %, and an additional 2.6 % in 2022. For 2023, the Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador (BCR) expects growth of between 2 % and 3 %, and the inflation rate to be between 3.5 and 4.1 %.<ref><nowiki>https://www.bcr.gob.sv/2023/03/28/la-economia-salvadorena-crecio-2-6-en-2022/</nowiki></ref>
 == Energy Situation ==
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 ''Access to electricity''
-On national average, 98.2 % of the households have access to electricity by being connected to the power grid. In urban areas electrification rate is 99.3 % and in rural areas 96.4 % of all households.<ref>Encuesta.</ref>[[El Salvador Energy Situation#footnote1|<sup>1</sup>]]
+On national average, 98.2 % of the households have access to electricity by being connected to the power grid. In urban areas electrification rate is 99.3 %, and in rural areas 96.4 % of all households.<ref>Encuesta.</ref>[[El Salvador Energy Situation#footnote1|<sup>1</sup>]]
-However, having access to electricity does not necessarily imply being the owner of a connection. Particularly in the rural areas a considerable number of households (21.5 %) do not have an own connection in their own dwelling but receive electricity by makeshift installations from neighbors (typically they are relatives) who are connected to the grid. In the urban areas the percentage of those makeshift installations is 10.7 %. The reason for this is to share the costs of installing the connection and the fixed costs that are charged on the monthly utility bill.
+However, having access to electricity does not necessarily imply being the owner of a connection. Particularly in the rural areas a considerable number of households (21.5 %) do not have an own connection in their own dwelling but receive electricity by makeshift installations from neighbors (they are typically relatives) who are connected to the grid. In the urban areas the percentage of those makeshift installations is 10.7 %. The reason for this is to share the costs of installing the connection and the fixed costs that are charged on the monthly utility bill.
 ----[[El Salvador Energy Situation#footnote1back|<sup>1</sup>]]  Encuesta.
 ''Rural electrification''
-The necessity of huge investments, and high operation and maintenance costs in conjunction with low demand from the potential beneficiaries, have discouraged the private sector from showing interest in electrifying communities outside the concession zones. The local utilities do not consider service provision to last-mile users as a profitable business. So, rural electrification has relied mainly on public investments and subsidies, but these are insufficient to reach the most remote users.
+The necessity of huge investments, and high operation and maintenance costs in conjunction with low demand from the potential beneficiaries, have discouraged the private sector from showing interest in electrifying communities outside the concession zones. Service provision to a small number of last-mile users with very low demand in remote areas is not profitable for the local utilities. So, rural electrification has relied mainly on public investments and subsidies, but these are insufficient to reach the most remote users.
-In 2021, a geospatial planning model (Plan Georeferenciado de Acceso Universal a la Electricidad, PGAUE) was implemented, identifying homes and other community or productive uses without access to electricity. A total of 8,759 households were identified as lacking access to electricity. The plan considers three possible alternatives for their electrification: (i) extension of the existing local power grid, (ii) isolated systems such as mini grids, and (iii) individual solar-photovoltaic systems (solar home systems). The plan estimates the investments necessary to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030, at approximately US$ 65.7 million.
+In 2021, a geospatial planning model for access to electricity (Plan Georeferenciado de Acceso Universal a la Electricidad, PGAUE) was implemented. One purpos of PGAUE was to identify homes (househoöds) and other community or productive uses without access to electricity. A total of 8,759 households were identified as lacking access to electricity. The plan considers three possible alternatives for their electrification: (i) extension of the existing local power grid, (ii) isolated systems such as mini grids, and (iii) individual solar-photovoltaic systems (solar home systems). The plan estimates the investments necessary to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030 at approximately US$ 65.7 million.
-In order to serve this market and close the gap in electricity access, the government of El Salvador, through the CEL, has acquired one of the utilities, namely the Distribuidora Eléctrica Cuscatlán (DEC).
+In order to serve this market and close the gap in electricity access, the government of El Salvador, through the CEL, has acquired one of the utilities, namely the Distribuidora Eléctrica Cuscatlán (DEC) with headquarters in Santa Tecla..
 == Renewable Energy ==
 ''PV Potential''
-Based on data derived from the Global Solar Atlas the World Bank indicates the average practical photovoltaic power output of a utility scale PV system with optimum tilt on all lands that exclude physical obstacles to utility-scale pv plants (“level 1”) as of 4.827 kWh/kWp per day; that is 1762 kWh/kWp per year with a minimum of 1602 kWh/kWp and a maximum of 1832 kWh/kWp per year.
+Based on data derived from the Global Solar Atlas the World Bank indicates the average practical photovoltaic power output of a utility scale PV system with optimum tilt on all lands that exclude physical obstacles to utility-scale pv plants (“level 1” zones) as of 4.827 kWh per kWp per day; that is 1,762 kWh per kWp per year with a minimum of 1,602 kWh and a maximum of 1,832 kWh per kWp per year.
 == Fossil Fuels ==

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 == Introduction ==
-'''''NOTE''': This article is being rewrittenn and will be completed soon.''
+'''''NOTE''': This article is being rewritten and will be completed soon.''
-Between 2010 and 2022, El Salvador achieved a moderate rate of economic growth averaging 2.4 % per year. 1 In 2020, the gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 7.9 % in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, but recovered in 2021 with growth of 11.2 %, and an additional 2.6 % in 2022. For 2023, the Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador (BCR) expects growth of between 2 % and 3 % and the inflation rate between 3.5 and 4.1 %.<ref><nowiki>https://www.bcr.gob.sv/2023/03/28/la-economia-salvadorena-crecio-2-6-en-2022/</nowiki></ref>
+El Salvador is a small country in Central America with a territory of only 21,040 km<sup>2</sup>. In 2022, El Salvador's total population was 6.3 million, with 61.7 % of the population living in urban areas and 38.3 % in rural areas. Population density is 301 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>; El Salvador has by far the highest population density among all countries in Central and South America  64.2 % of the total poulation is concentrated in only five of the 14 departments (San Salvador, La Libertad, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate). In 2022, poverty was 26.6%, and extreme poverty (income of less than US$ 2.15 per day) was 8.6%. However, by 2022, extreme poverty had redoubled in comparison with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. The reason for this observation is at least in part attributable to the rise in the cost of living fueled by high inflation rates of 6.1 % in 2021 and 7.3 % in 2022.<ref>Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2022. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. San Salvador (2023); online available at: https://www.bcr.gob.sv/documental/Inicio/vista/0c0aa5ade233aa9a7345923e9329407a.pdf.</ref>
 == Energy Situation ==
-n-grid power generation capacity installed totals 2,848 MW in 2022<ref name=":1">SIGET (2022): Boletín de Estadísticas Eléctricas Año 2022. SIGET (24). Online verfügbar unter <nowiki>https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/siget/documents/556832/download</nowiki>, zuletzt geprüft am 02.05.2024.</ref>; by 2023 it has increased by another 41 MW to 2,889 MW.<ref name=":0">IRENA (2024): Renewable capacity statistics 2024. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Abu Dhabi. Online verfügbar unter <nowiki>https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024</nowiki>, zuletzt geprüft am 30.05.2024.</ref>
+On-grid power generation capacity installed totals 2,848 MW in 2022<ref name=":1">SIGET (2022): Boletín de Estadísticas Eléctricas Año 2022. SIGET (24). Online verfügbar unter <nowiki>https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/siget/documents/556832/download</nowiki>, zuletzt geprüft am 02.05.2024.</ref>; by 2023 it has increased by another 41 MW to 2,889 MW.<ref name=":0">IRENA (2024): Renewable capacity statistics 2024. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Abu Dhabi. Online verfügbar unter <nowiki>https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024</nowiki>, zuletzt geprüft am 30.05.2024.</ref>
 In 2022, electric power generation totaled 7.07 TWh from which 5.5 TWh (77.4 %) came from renewable energy sources.<ref name=":1" />
-Off-grid capacity totals 5.2 MW. It is basically hydropower (1.1 MW) and solar-photovoltaic (4.1 MW).<ref name=":0" />
+Large off-grid or isolated systems do not exist in El Salvador. Off-grid capacity totals 5.2 MW; its share in total capacity installed is a mere 0.2 per cent. Off-grid capacity is basically hydropower (1.1 MW) and solar-photovoltaic (4.1 MW).<ref name=":0" />
 ''Access to electricity''
-Electrification rate is 98.2 % on national average, but there is a significant disparity between urban and rural areas (99.3 % versus 96.4 %, respectively). According to the PEN 2020–2050, the government of El Salvador aims to achieve universal access to electricity with a national electrification rate of 100 % by 2030.
+On national average, 98.2 % of the households have access to electricity by being connected to the power grid. In urban areas electrification rate is 99.3 % and in rural areas 96.4 % of all households.<ref>Encuesta.</ref>[[El Salvador Energy Situation#footnote1|<sup>1</sup>]]
 ''Rural electrification''
@@ Line 33: / Line 37: @@
 In order to serve this market and close the gap in electricity access, the government of El Salvador, through the CEL, has acquired one of the utilities, namely the Distribuidora Eléctrica Cuscatlán (DEC).
 == Renewable Energy ==
 == Fossil Fuels ==
@@ Line 51: / Line 58: @@
 ==<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span>==
 The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) approved on 11 October 2023 a loan of US$ 93 million to the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa, CEL) for the purpose of the implementation of the Universal Energy Access Program in El Salvador. The general objective of the first individual operation is to contribute to the universalization of the electrical energy service in El Salvador, through the implementation of sustainable electrification modes that maximize the use of renewable energies. The specific objectives are: (i) increase access to the electricity service in the country; (ii) strengthen the technical capacity of the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (CEL) to plan and manage electrification projects; and (iii) promote productive uses of energy in the beneficiary communities of electrification projects.<ref>https://www.iadb.org/en/project/ES-L1158</ref>
 == Further Information ==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 }}
-= Introduction =
+== Introduction ==
 '''''NOTE''': This article is being rewrittenn and will be completed soon.''
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 Between 2010 and 2022, El Salvador achieved a moderate rate of economic growth averaging 2.4 % per year. 1 In 2020, the gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 7.9 % in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, but recovered in 2021 with growth of 11.2 %, and an additional 2.6 % in 2022. For 2023, the Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador (BCR) expects growth of between 2 % and 3 % and the inflation rate between 3.5 and 4.1 %.<ref><nowiki>https://www.bcr.gob.sv/2023/03/28/la-economia-salvadorena-crecio-2-6-en-2022/</nowiki></ref>
-= Energy Situation =
+== Energy Situation ==
 n-grid power generation capacity installed totals 2,848 MW in 2022<ref name=":1">SIGET (2022): Boletín de Estadísticas Eléctricas Año 2022. SIGET (24). Online verfügbar unter <nowiki>https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/siget/documents/556832/download</nowiki>, zuletzt geprüft am 02.05.2024.</ref>; by 2023 it has increased by another 41 MW to 2,889 MW.<ref name=":0">IRENA (2024): Renewable capacity statistics 2024. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Abu Dhabi. Online verfügbar unter <nowiki>https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024</nowiki>, zuletzt geprüft am 30.05.2024.</ref>
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 In order to serve this market and close the gap in electricity access, the government of El Salvador, through the CEL, has acquired one of the utilities, namely the Distribuidora Eléctrica Cuscatlán (DEC).
-= Renewable Energy =
+== Renewable Energy ==
-= Fossil Fuels =
+== Fossil Fuels ==
-= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
+== Key Problems of the Energy Sector ==
-= Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations =
+== Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations ==
-= Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector =
+== Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector ==
 Until the 1990s, the electric power sector in El Salvador maintained a vertically integrated structure. The Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa, CEL) was the only, state-owned electricity company. In 1996, the new General Law of Electricity (Ley General de Electricidad) took effect. It liberalized the electricity market, opened it to other public and private companies.besides the CEL, and introduced free competition in the wholesale and retail market segments.
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 The sector regulatory authority is the General Superintendency of Electricity and Telecommunications (Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones, SIGET). SIGET is responsible for enforcement of the General Law of Electricity; among other functions it issues norms  and  technical  standards, determines the rates  and  charges  for  using the  national transmission  system; and supervises  compliance  with  technical  standards  and the quality.of the services.
-=<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span>=
+==<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span>==
 The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) approved on 11 October 2023 a loan of US$ 93 million to the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa, CEL) for the purpose of the implementation of the Universal Energy Access Program in El Salvador. The general objective of the first individual operation is to contribute to the universalization of the electrical energy service in El Salvador, through the implementation of sustainable electrification modes that maximize the use of renewable energies. The specific objectives are: (i) increase access to the electricity service in the country; (ii) strengthen the technical capacity of the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (CEL) to plan and manage electrification projects; and (iii) promote productive uses of energy in the beneficiary communities of electrification projects.<ref>https://www.iadb.org/en/project/ES-L1158</ref>
-= Further Information =
+== Further Information ==
-= References =
+== References ==
 <references />

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:50, 8 June 2024
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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =
		+	'''''NOTE''': This article is being rewrittenn and will be completed soon.''
		+
		+
	El Salvador is a small country in Central America with a territory of only 21,040 km<sup>2</sup>. In 2022, El Salvador's total population was 6.3 million, with 61.7 % of the population living in urban areas and 38.3 % in rural areas. Population density is 301 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>; El Salvador has by far the highest population density among all countries in Central and South America 64.2 % of the total poulation is concentrated in only five of the 14 departments (San Salvador, La Libertad, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate). In 2022, poverty was 26.6%, and extreme poverty (income of less than US$ 2.15 per day) was 8.6%. However, by 2022, extreme poverty had redoubled in comparison with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. The reason for this observation is at least in part attributed to the rise in the cost of living fueled by high inflation rates of 6.1 % in 2021 and 7.3 % in 2022.<ref>Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2022. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. San Salvador (2023); online available at: https://www.bcr.gob.sv/documental/Inicio/vista/0c0aa5ade233aa9a7345923e9329407a.pdf.</ref>		El Salvador is a small country in Central America with a territory of only 21,040 km<sup>2</sup>. In 2022, El Salvador's total population was 6.3 million, with 61.7 % of the population living in urban areas and 38.3 % in rural areas. Population density is 301 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>; El Salvador has by far the highest population density among all countries in Central and South America 64.2 % of the total poulation is concentrated in only five of the 14 departments (San Salvador, La Libertad, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate). In 2022, poverty was 26.6%, and extreme poverty (income of less than US$ 2.15 per day) was 8.6%. However, by 2022, extreme poverty had redoubled in comparison with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. The reason for this observation is at least in part attributed to the rise in the cost of living fueled by high inflation rates of 6.1 % in 2021 and 7.3 % in 2022.<ref>Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2022. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. San Salvador (2023); online available at: https://www.bcr.gob.sv/documental/Inicio/vista/0c0aa5ade233aa9a7345923e9329407a.pdf.</ref>

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 In 2022, electric power generation totaled 7.07 TWh from which 5.5 TWh (77.4 %) came from renewable energy sources.<ref name=":1" />
-[[File:Capacaty installed and energy generated 2022.jpg|thumb]]
+[[File:Table 1. On-grid capacity installed by type and technology, 2022..png|thumb]]
 Off-grid capacity totals 5.2 MW. It is basically hydropower (1.1 MW) and solar-photovoltaic (4.1 MW).<ref name=":0" />