Environmental Frame Conditions of Biogas Technology - Revision history

Ranisha at 12:00, 9 April 2015

2015-04-09T12:00:35Z

Ranisha at 11:58, 9 April 2015

2015-04-09T11:58:23Z

Ranisha at 11:58, 9 April 2015

2015-04-09T11:58:11Z

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Ranisha: /* Overview */

2015-04-09T11:57:57Z

Overview

Wiki Gardener at 05:42, 14 November 2014

2014-11-14T05:42:10Z

Wiki Gardener at 13:12, 22 September 2014

2014-09-22T13:12:05Z

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Wiki Gardener at 13:23, 8 September 2014

2014-09-08T13:23:23Z

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Frank Helbig: /* Environmental Aspects */

2014-01-26T16:54:25Z

Environmental Aspects

Frank Helbig: /* References */

2014-01-26T16:53:13Z

References

Frank Helbig: /* Firewood Consumption and Soil Erosion */

2014-01-25T19:21:43Z

Firewood Consumption and Soil Erosion

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 = Overview<br/> =
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 ► [[Portal:Biogas|Biogas Portal on energypedia]]
 = Climatic Conditions for Biogas Dissemination - Temperatures<br/> =
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 = Further Information =
-*[[Portal:Biogas|Biogas Portal on energypedia]]
+*[[:Category:Biogas|All Biogas Articles on energypedia]]
 <div></div>
 = References =
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Wood_Energy]]

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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biogas]]

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 = Overview<br/> =
 ► [[Portal:Biogas|Biogas Portal on energypedia]]
 <br/>
 = Climatic Conditions for Biogas Dissemination - Temperatures<br/> =

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-= Overview <br/> =
+= Overview<br/> =
 = Climatic Conditions for Biogas Dissemination - Temperatures<br/> =
-Biogas technology is feasible in principle under almost all climatic conditions. As a rule, however, it can be stated that costs increase for biogas production with sinking temperatures. Either a heating system has to be installed, or a larger digester has to be built to increase the retention time. Unheated and un-insulated plants do not work satisfactory when the mean temperature is below 15 °C. Heating systems and insulation can provide optimal digestion temperatures even in cold climates and during winter, but the investment costs and the gas consumption for heating may render the biogas system not viable economically.
+[[Biogas Basics|Biogas technology]] is feasible in principle under almost all climatic conditions. As a rule, however, it can be stated that costs increase for biogas production with sinking temperatures. Either a heating system has to be installed, or a larger digester has to be built to increase the retention time. Unheated and un-insulated plants do not work satisfactory when the mean temperature is below 15 °C. Heating systems and insulation can provide optimal digestion temperatures even in cold climates and during winter, but the investment costs and the gas consumption for heating may render the biogas system not viable economically.
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-| [[File:Climatecond.gif|796px|RTENOTITLE]]<small class="IMGLEGEND">'''Global 15<sup>o</sup>C isotherms for January and July, indicating the biogas-conducive temperature zone'''</small><ref name="OEKOTOP">OEKOTOP</ref>
+| [[File:Climatecond.gif|thumb|right|700px|Global 15oC isotherms for January and July, indicating the biogas-conducive temperature zone]]
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 According to empirical data gathered in India, the consumption of firewood in rural households equipped with a biogas system is much lower than before, but has not been fully eradicated.
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 <u>This is chiefly attributable to a number of technical and operational short-comings. At present,</u>
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 Until now, instruments to reduce the greenhouse effect considered primarily the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub>-emissions, due to their high proportion in the atmosphere. Though other greenhouse gases appear to a smaller extend in the atmosphere, they cause much more harm to the climate. Methane is not only the second most important greenhouse gas (it contributes with 20% to the effect while carbon dioxide causes 62%), it has also a 25 times higher global warming potential compared with carbon dioxide in a time horizon of 100 years (Table 1).
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 Eastern Europe, Asia and Far East contribute with the highest amount of 6,2 Mil t methane emissions/year each. While in Eastern Europe the emissions are caused by anaerobic animal waste management system, in the Far East they are caused by the high numbers of livestock (Figure 1).
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-| [[File:Methanemiss.gif|597px|RTENOTITLE]] <small class="IMGLEGEND">'''Fig. 1<ref name="Cassada M. E., Safley L.M.Jr., 1990:">Cassada M. E., Safley L.M.Jr., 1990: "Global Methane Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Manure". EPA CX-816200-010.</ref>: Methane-emissions from different animal waste management systems'''</small>
+| [[File:Methanemiss.gif|thumb|right|597px|Fig. 1: Methane-emissions from different animal waste management systems]]
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 If fossil fuels and firewood is replaced by biogas additional CO<sub>2</sub>-emissions can be avoided including a saving of forest resources which are a natural CO<sub>2</sub> sink. Including all these effects about 420 Mil t of CO<sub>2</sub>-equivalents are avoidable (Table 2).
+<br/>
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 = Reduction Potential of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agriculture =
-The relative climatic change potential of nitrous oxide is up to 320 times higher as that of CO<sub>2</sub> (see [[Environmental_Frame_Conditions_of_Biogas_Technology#The_Impact_on_the_Greenhouse_Effect|The impact on the greenhouse effect, Table 1]]). Nitrous oxide generation is a natural microbial process. It is produced during nitrification and de-nitrification processes in soils, stables and animal waste management systems. In general, nitrous oxides emissions appear in soils without anthropogenic influence. Fertilizing as well as special conditions during storage can immensely increase the emissions.
+The relative climatic change potential of nitrous oxide is up to 320 times higher as that of CO<sub>2</sub> (see [[Environmental Frame Conditions of Biogas Technology#The Impact on the Greenhouse Effect|The impact on the greenhouse effect, Table 1]]). Nitrous oxide generation is a natural microbial process. It is produced during nitrification and de-nitrification processes in soils, stables and animal waste management systems. In general, nitrous oxides emissions appear in soils without anthropogenic influence. Fertilizing as well as special conditions during storage can immensely increase the emissions.
 Little detailed information is available about the reduction potential of nitrous oxides through anaerobic digestion of animal waste. There is still a big need for further research.
-<u></u>
+<br/>
 <u>Nevertheless, ongoing research results indicate that anaerobic digestion of animal waste significantly reduces nitrous oxide emissions by:</u>
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 <u>If the forest has been used economically, several procedures of shadow pricing can be carried out, like:</u>
-*Value of saved forest via price of firewood<blockquote></blockquote>
+*'''Value of saved forest via price of firewood''': Given the price of cut firewood on the local market, the savings of forest by substitution of biogas can be determined by multiplication of the number of trees cut, its tree growth ratio per year and the average price of firewood.
+*'''Value of saved forest as an area for nourishment (hunting, collecting fruits, etc.)''': The value of the forest equals the sum of income forgone from these activities. The correct shadow pricing would be based on the prices of the goods on the formal consumer markets (i.e. price of meat).
-Given the price of cut firewood on the local market, the savings of forest by substitution of biogas can be determined by multiplication of the number of trees cut, its tree growth ratio per year and the average price of firewood.
+*'''Value of saved forest as a recreation area''': The value of the forest equals the sum of the incomes obtained by charges for admission to National Parks, Wildlife Areas, etc.
 <br/>
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 *[[Portal:Biogas|Biogas Portal on energypedia]]
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 <div></div>
 = References =
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biogas]]

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 <references />
 = Environmental Aspects =
-Biogas technology is feasible in principle in most climatic zones under all climatic conditions, where temperature or precipitation are not too low. (see: [[Environmental Frame Conditions of Biogas Technology|"Environmental Frame Conditions"]])<br/>
+Biogas technology is feasible in principle in most climatic zones under all climatic conditions, where temperature or precipitation are not too low. (see: '''"Environmental Frame Conditions"''')<br/>
 Using biogas technology is, besides direct thermal or photovoltaic use and hydropower, a form of using solar energy, mediated through the processes of photosynthesis (for build-up of organic material) and [[Microbiological Methanation|anaerobic decomposition]]. As such it is a renewable energy source. In many regions of the world, the consumption of firewood exceeds natural regrowth. This leads to deforestation and degradation of forests and woodlands with adverse effects on climate, water budget, soil fertility and natural products supply. Biogas is one of the solutions to this problem, because it substitutes firewood as a fuel and helps sustaining favourable soil conditions. It is also an important contribution to the [[Environmental Benefits of Biogas Technology|mitigation of the global greenhouse effect]].
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 The success of biogas technology also depends on the influence of potential allies in the environmental NGO scene. Biogas programs can, if environmental policies are favorable, be perceived as "status projects" for environmental authorities.<br/>
 <br/>
 [[Category:Biogas]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:21, 25 January 2014
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−	= Firewood Consumption ~~and Soil Erosion~~ =	+
		+	= Firewood Consumption =

	A unique feature of biogas technology is that it simultaneously reduces the need for firewood and improves soil fertilization, thus substantially reducing the threat of soil erosion. Firewood consumption in rural households is one of the major factors contributing to deforestation in developing countries. Most firewood is not acquired by actually cutting down trees, but rather by cutting off individual branches, so that the tree need not necessarily suffers permanent damage. Nonetheless, large amounts of firewood are also obtained by way of illegal felling.		A unique feature of biogas technology is that it simultaneously reduces the need for firewood and improves soil fertilization, thus substantially reducing the threat of soil erosion. Firewood consumption in rural households is one of the major factors contributing to deforestation in developing countries. Most firewood is not acquired by actually cutting down trees, but rather by cutting off individual branches, so that the tree need not necessarily suffers permanent damage. Nonetheless, large amounts of firewood are also obtained by way of illegal felling.