Jordan Energy Situation - Revision history

Ranisha at 20:04, 10 July 2018

2018-07-10T20:04:28Z

Ranisha at 13:33, 29 July 2016

2016-07-29T13:33:06Z

Ranisha at 16:09, 9 December 2015

2015-12-09T16:09:48Z

Marit Berchner at 14:06, 8 April 2015

2015-04-08T14:06:21Z

Show changes

Marit Berchner: /* Primary Energy Supply */

2015-03-13T13:09:02Z

Primary Energy Supply

Marit Berchner: /* Biogas */

2015-02-27T14:59:52Z

Biogas

Marit Berchner: /* Wind Energy */

2015-02-27T14:59:13Z

Wind Energy

Marit Berchner: /* Energy Situation */

2015-02-27T14:57:22Z

Energy Situation

Marit Berchner: /* Energy Cooperation */

2015-02-27T14:47:19Z

Energy Cooperation

Marit Berchner at 14:42, 27 February 2015

2015-02-27T14:42:47Z

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 {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Jordan
 |CES Country Capital=Amman
-|CES Country Region=Middle East & North Africa
+|CES Country Region Middle East and North Africa = Middle East & North Africa
 |CES Country Coordinates=31.9500° N, 35.9333° E
 }}
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 <references /><br/>[[Jordan_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 [[Category:MENA_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)]]

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 <references /><br/>[[Jordan_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
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 [[Category:MENA_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)]]

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 == Energy Data<br/> ==
 === Primary Energy Supply<br/> ===
-Jordan has two main challenges regarding its energy situation: the growing energy demand on the one hand and the very limited domestic resources to fulfill this demand on the other hand. In 2013, the local production of energy – including crude oil, natural gas and renewable energy – was 272 ktoe (thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)<ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=JORDAN&product=balances&year=2012</ref>, which was enough to cover only about 5% of the energy consumption.<br/>
+Jordan has two main challenges regarding its energy situation: the growing energy demand on the one hand and the very limited domestic resources to fulfill this demand on the other hand. In 2012, the local production of energy – including crude oil, natural gas and renewable energy – was 272 ktoe (thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)<ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=JORDAN&product=balances&year=2012</ref>, which was enough to cover only about 5% of the energy consumption. Including imports, the primary energy supply was 7,624 ktoe in 2012.<ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=JORDAN&product=balances&year=2012</ref><br/>
 === Consumption<br/> ===
 Final energy consumption in Jordan in 2012 added up to 5,013 ktoe. The share of the individual sectors is shown in table 1.<br/>

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 === Hydropower ===
 Jordan has no notable bodies of flowing water suitable for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The only such plant is at the King Talal dam on the Az Zarqa River, with a capacity of 5 MW. Another hydroelectric generating facility employs a turbine to exploit the head of the cooling water taken from the sea to cool a thermal power station in Aqaba as it flows back to the sea. In 2012, these two stations together generated 61 GWh of electricity and were therefore the source of 0.4% of the electricity generated in the country as a whole.<br/>
 === Biogas ===
-In cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), a project has been developed for utilising the methane gas that arises at the municipal waste disposal site in Amman. With the aid of the Global Environmental Facility (US$ 2.5 million) and the Danish development agency DANIDA (US$1.5 million), a biogas facility has been financed that captures the gases that arise at the landfill and uses a 1-MW generator to generate electricity for the interconnected power grid. The facility has been in service since 2000 and generates some 5 GWh of electricity annually. The installation is run by the Jordan Biogas Company, a joint stock company that is owned by the Central Electricity Generation Company (CEGCo) and the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM). Since 2001, the biogas sector has hardly been expanded, it produced about 6 GWh in 2012.<br/>
+=== Biogas<br/> ===
 === Biomass ===
 Due to the arid climate, there is not a great deal of vegetation in Jordan. This obviously limits the potential use of vegetable biomass. The burning of vegetable biomass serves to a limited extent in rural regions for cooking and heating and is the main source of energy of the Bedouin in the desert. Great energy potential is to be found in household wastes (municipal solid wastes), which has an organic content of roughly 60%, and is estimated to add up to an annual total of 1.1 million tonnes. This equates to a daily per capita figure of between 0.35 and 0.95 kg of waste with a gross calorific value of 7-11 MJ/kg. The figures vary depending on the time of year and also differ between urban and rural regions.<br/>

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 == Renewable Energy<br/> ==
 The use in Jordan of renewable energy sources has until now been marginal, accounting for a share of less than 1% of electricity generation. In 2012, of the 16.5 MW generated by renewable energy resources, 60.4% were hydropower, 21.1% biomass, 9.7% PV and 8.8% wind<ref name="RCREEE (2013): Jordan 2012. Renewable Energy Country Profile.">http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/jordan_fact_sheet_re_print.pdf</ref>. Potentials for generating power from renewable energy resources in the country are to be found primarily in the areas of wind and solar energy.<br/>
 === Wind Energy<br/> ===
-Jordan has a number of regions that enjoy wind speeds suitable for generating electricity. Those regions with the greatest potential are located in the North and South of the country. A wind atlas, which was drawn up by the Danish Risø research centre in cooperation with the Jordanian authorities, has been available for Jordan since 1989. According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, this wind atlas is in the process of being updated with results taken from recent measurements.<br/>So far, two wind farms have been built and connected to the grid in Jordan. One has a generating capacity of 320 kW (4 x 80 kW) and was constructed in 1998, in cooperation with a Danish company, in Ibrahimyya near Hofa, as a pilot project. The second was completed in 1996 in Hofa (financed with funds from the German Eldorado programme) and has a capacity of 1.2 MW (5 x 225 kW). They generated around 3 GWh of electricity in 2012<ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=JORDAN&product=RenewablesandWaste</ref>.The share of electricity from wind is supposed to significantly increase. In 2013, a contract was signed with a consortium of Jordanian and international companies for the 117 MW Tafila wind farm. It is supposed to increase the country's total power capacity by 3%, with commercial operation envisioned to start by mid-2015<ref>http://www.memr.gov.jo/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=B495BBqcNs4%3d&tabid=111</ref>.<br/>A second contract has been signed on an EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) basis with the Spanish company Elecnor. This wind park in Maan, a city in the South of Jordan, is supposed to produce 33 x 2 MW and to start supplying energy by the end of 2015<ref>http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/1370753/Elecnor-Gamesa-in-Jordan-wind-joy</ref>.<br/>
+Jordan has a number of regions that enjoy wind speeds suitable for generating electricity. Those regions with the greatest potential are located in the North and South of the country. A wind atlas, which was drawn up by the Danish Risø research centre in cooperation with the Jordanian authorities, has been available for Jordan since 1989. According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, this wind atlas is in the process of being updated with results taken from recent measurements.<br/>So far, two wind farms have been built and connected to the grid in Jordan. One has a generating capacity of 320 kW (4 x 80 kW) and was constructed in 1998, in cooperation with a Danish company, in Ibrahimyya near Hofa, as a pilot project. The second was completed in 1996 in Hofa (financed with funds from the German Eldorado programme) and has a capacity of 1.2 MW (5 x 225 kW). They generated around 3 GWh of electricity in 2012<ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=JORDAN&product=RenewablesandWaste</ref>. The share of electricity from wind is supposed to significantly increase. In 2013, a contract was signed with a consortium of Jordanian and international companies for the 117 MW Tafila wind farm. It is supposed to increase the country's total power capacity by 3%, with commercial operation envisioned to start by mid-2015<ref>http://www.memr.gov.jo/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=B495BBqcNs4%3d&tabid=111</ref>.<br/>A second contract has been signed on an EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) basis with the Spanish company Elecnor. This wind park in Maan, a city in the South of Jordan, is supposed to produce 33 x 2 MW and to start supplying energy by the end of 2015<ref>http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/1370753/Elecnor-Gamesa-in-Jordan-wind-joy</ref>.<br/>
 === Solar Energy ===
 In Jordan, natural conditions for solar are excellent, with an intensity of direct solar radiation with 5 to7 kWh/m²<ref>http://www.memr.gov.jo/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=B495BBqcNs4%3d&tabid=111</ref>. So far, solar PV has mainly been used for powering off-grid installations such as telecommunication towers, water pumping, and desalination of brackish water, as well as to provide dwellings in remote areas that are not connected to the electricity grid and where desalination had not been installed. Until the publication of the Renewable Energy Law in 2012, an estimated 236.4 kWp had been installed in Jordan<ref>GIZ (2014): Enabling PV in the MENA Region. The Emerging PV Market in Jordan.</ref>.<br/>In late April 2014, around 3 to 4 MW of PV systems had been installed on a decentralized level, with around 5 MW more under construction, all connected to the distribution grid under the net-metering scheme. It was estimated that more than 400 registered installation companies exist in Jordan, although only around 10 companies are actively doing business in the field for on-grid markets in early 2014. In addition, 12 projects with 170 MWp were to be constructed under the first round of Direct Proposals for PPAs that was initiated in October 2011. By April 2014 none of these projects had been realized yet, but negotiations were in their final stage, with financial closure to be accomplished by autumn 2014<ref>GIZ (2014): Enabling PV in the MENA Region. The Emerging PV Market in Jordan.</ref>.<br/>In addition, two tendered PV projects, one totaling 2 MWp, financed by Spain in the Azraq area, and another totaling 65 – 75 MWp in Quweirah (Aqaba), financed through a fund of Abu Dhabi, were to be evaluated by the Ministry for Energy and Mining Resources (MEMR) in 2014<ref>GIZ (2014): Enabling PV in the MENA Region. The Emerging PV Market in Jordan.</ref>.<br/>

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 = Introduction<br/> =
 The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan covers an area of 89,342 km² on the northern Arabian Peninsula. It borders with Syria, Israel, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the West Bank (Palestine) as well as the Red Sea, with only 1.5% of its surface being arable land<ref>GIZ (2014): Enabling PV in the MENA Region. The Emerging PV Market in Jordan.</ref>. The climate is semi-dry in summer and cool in winter.<br/><br/>
 = Energy Situation<br/> =
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 === Consumption<br/> ===
 Final energy consumption in Jordan in 2012 added up to 5,013 ktoe. The share of the individual sectors is shown in table 1.<br/>
-<p style="text-align: center;"><u>Table 1: Final energy consumption in Jordan in 2012 (ktoe)</u><ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=JORDAN&product=balances&year=2012</ref><br/></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;"><u>Table 1: Final energy consumption in Jordan in 2012 by sector (ktoe)</u><ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=JORDAN&product=balances&year=2012</ref><u></u><br/></p>
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 |-
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 === Electricity Prices<br/> ===
 The electricity tariff structure in Jordan takes into account social aspects as well as the economic capacities of consumers. In 2014, the electricity prices for the end consumer ranged from JD 0.033 per kWh for small residential consumers with less than 150 kWh per month demand to JD 0.292 per kWh for the banking sector. In 2012, the generation and distribution costs were JD 0.146 per kWh, whereas the average selling price was JD 0.0636 per kWh. The difference in price had to be covered by the state-owned National Electric Power Company (NEPCO), thereby creating a substantial deficit of JD 2.3 billion by the end of 2012. In order to reduce the losses, a National Strategic Plan has been developed. It foresees the adjustment of electricity tariffs and other measures to enhance the efficiency of the electricity system. By the end of 2017, NEPCO is supposed to be able to cover its costs. The plan prescribes the electricity price development for different consumer categories until the year 2017. Nevertheless, electricity is subsidized for many categories, e.g. for consumers with low electricity consumption<ref>GIZ (2014): Enabling PV in the MENA Region. The Emerging PV Market in Jordan.</ref>.<br/>The electricity tariff schedule for the period from 2013 to 2017 is available here: [http://www.memr.gov.jo/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=PHxs463H8U0=&tabid=255 http://www.memr.gov.jo/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=PHxs463H8U0=&tabid=255]<br/>[[Jordan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 = Energy Policy<br/> =

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 Four main generators are active in Jordan: The private company '''Central Electricity Generating Company (CEGCO)''', with a nominal capacity of 1,669 MW (2011), which produces around 52% of the electricity in Jordan (2010).<br/>The '''Samra Electric Power Generation Company (SEPGCO) '''is responsible for the operation of the conventional energy power plant in Al-Risha. In 2011 it had a nominal capacity of around 880 MW.<br/>'''IPP1 (AES Jordan) '''and '''IPP2 (Al-Qatraneh Power Generation Company)''' are combined cycle plants with a nominal capacity of 380 MW each.<ref>GIZ (2014): Enabling PV in the MENA Region. The Emerging PV Market in Jordan.</ref><br/>
 In the pipeline are two more IPP projects: IPP3 is implemented by the Korean KEPCO, the Japanese company Mitsubishi and the Finnish company Wartsilla. IPP4 is implemented AES and Mitsue, the same companies which run IPP1. Both IPP3 and IPP4 are on a Build, Own, Operate basis (BOO) and include the construction of generating plants run by heavy fuel oil, diesel oil and natural gas situated in the Amman East area.<br/>[[Jordan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 = Energy Cooperation<br/> =
-In 2004, the Jordanian Government submitted an application for a US$ 6 million grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF/World Bank) for a development project in the field of wind power. Part of the remit of this “Promotion of a Wind Power Market Project” is to eliminate obstacles that stand in the way of the commercial use of wind power in Jordan. The aim on the one hand is to improve the legislative and administrative preconditions for the use of renewable energy resources. On the other hand, the project is also to comprise the construction of a 60-MW wind farm that is to financed by private investors. So far, however, only US$ 350,000 has been approved for feasibility studies.<br/>Since 2005, the Japanese Government, together with the Jordanian Government, has been sponsoring four studies investigating the potentials of renewable energy resources in Jordan within the framework of the “Policy and Human Resources Development Fund” (PHRD) of the World Bank. The Japanese share amounts to US$ 1 million, while Jordan is contributing a further US$ 312,000. One particular focus here too is on the wind power segment. Furthermore, the United States Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) is funding (US$ 180,000) a feasibility study into the expansion of the existing wind farms in Hofa and Al-Ibrahimiya.<br/>[[Jordan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
+In 2004, the Jordanian Government submitted an application for a US$ 6 million grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF/World Bank) for a development project in the field of wind power. Part of the remit of this “Promotion of a Wind Power Market Project” is to eliminate obstacles that stand in the way of the commercial use of wind power in Jordan. The aim on the one hand is to improve the legislative and administrative preconditions for the use of renewable energy resources. On the other hand, the project is also to comprise the construction of a 60-MW wind farm that is to financed by private investors. So far, however, only US$ 350,000 has been approved for feasibility studies.<br/>Since 2005, the Japanese Government, together with the Jordanian Government, has been sponsoring four studies investigating the potentials of renewable energy resources in Jordan within the framework of the “Policy and Human Resources Development Fund” (PHRD) of the World Bank. The Japanese share amounts to US$ 1 million, while Jordan is contributing a further US$ 312,000. One particular focus here too is on the wind power segment. Furthermore, the United States Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) is funding (US$ 180,000) a feasibility study into the expansion of the existing wind farms in Hofa and Al-Ibrahimiya.<br/>
 = Publications<br/> =
 [[File:Energy policy framework for renewable energy and electricity market in Jordan.pdf|border|180px|En-windenergy-jordan-study-2007.pdf|alt=En-windenergy-jordan-study-2007.pdf]] [[File:Enabling PV in the MENA Region - Jordan.pdf|border|180px|Enabling_PV_in_the_MENA_Region_-_Jordan.pdf|alt=Enabling_PV_in_the_MENA_Region_-_Jordan.pdf]]<br/><br/>