Lighting - Revision history

Edith Chassein: /* Further Information */

2017-02-15T09:34:52Z

Further Information

Lisafeldmann at 14:40, 3 February 2016

2016-02-03T14:40:13Z

Lisafeldmann: /* Protective Capabilities */

2016-02-03T14:21:34Z

Protective Capabilities

Lisafeldmann: /* Human Capabilities */

2016-02-03T14:00:50Z

Human Capabilities

Lisafeldmann: /* Economic Capabilities */

2016-02-03T12:35:21Z

Economic Capabilities

Lisafeldmann at 11:41, 9 June 2015

2015-06-09T11:41:21Z

Show changes

Ranisha at 12:14, 19 March 2015

2015-03-19T12:14:46Z

Ranisha: /* Lighting Needs in Developing Countries */

2015-03-19T12:13:59Z

Lighting Needs in Developing Countries

Wiki Gardener at 12:30, 29 December 2014

2014-12-29T12:30:38Z

Show changes

Ranisha at 13:15, 15 August 2014

2014-08-15T13:15:35Z

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 <br/>
 = Further Information =
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 *[[:File:GIZ Solar Lamps field Report Uganda Webversion.pdf|Use of Solar Lamps in Uganda:GIZ Field Report]]<br/>
 *[[Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)|Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)]]
 <br/>
 <br/>
 = References =

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 <br/>
 == Economic Capabilities ==
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 <br/>
-A systematic literature review of the impact on livelihoods of interventions providing access to renewable energy by IOB in 2013, revealed that for households, the shift from kerosene, paraffin and candles to PV electricity implies a reduction of 10-12% in expenditure for lighting. In practice, however,&nbsp;household energy expenditure increases by 20 to 50% (Benin, Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia and South Africa) since electricity enables households to use appliances they did not use before.<ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (2013): Renewable Energy: Access and Impact. IOB Study no. 376. ">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (2013): Renewable Energy: Access and Impact. IOB Study no. 376. </ref>
+A systematic literature review of the impact on livelihoods of interventions providing access to renewable energy by IOB in 2013, revealed that for households, the shift from kerosene, paraffin and candles to PV electricity implies a reduction of 10-12% in expenditure for lighting. In practice, however,&nbsp;household energy expenditure increases by 20 to 50% (Benin, Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia and South Africa) since electricity enables households to use appliances they did not use before.<ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (2013): Renewable Energy: Access and Impact. IOB Study no. 376.">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (2013): Renewable Energy: Access and Impact. IOB Study no. 376. </ref>
 == Human Capabilities ==
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 *<span>Asked about their perception of SHS-related changes in their health status, 55% of respondents in a '''Bangladesh '''SHS household sample found no change and 44% asserted an improvement of the family’s health condition since the acquisition of the SHS. Direct impacts were related to less smoke or cleaner living conditions.<ref name="SLE">_</ref></span>
+<br/>
 <span>T</span><span>raditional lighting devices in non-electrified areas of developing countries, like kerosene lamps and candles, do not provide sufficient lighting conditions for studying and reading. Literacy and school performance are often limited due to poor lighting conditions. Household access to electricity as well as to modern fuels has been found to be positively correlated with educational enrolment ratios in a global study based on country-level data<ref name="WHO/UNDP 2009">WHO/UNDP 2009</ref></span><span>. In a comprehensive effort to measure the social benefits of improving educational opportunities and conditions in monetary terms, it has been estimated that there is a potential return of US$80–US$150 per month from provision of access to modern energy to one rural household (ESMAP 2002). Improved lighting offers opportunities to improve studying conditions in the evening to a large numbers of households. This can help enhance the overall '''educational performance '''in developing countries.</span>
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 <br/>
+<br/>
 == Protective Capabilities ==
 Lighting can contribute significantly to feeling more secure in the dark. Security can either be measured in terms of an objective dimension (robbery, theft, harrassment, stumbling outside, etc.) or in terms of a perceived dimension (feeling secure in the dark).&nbsp;
 <u>Examples:</u>
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 <br/>
-*A study in Senegal measured how electric lighting affects security attitudes among Solar Home System-users and households without SHS. While on the objective dimension there was no difference between SHS-users and non-using households, there was a significant difference in the perceived dimension. Members from households with a SHS were leaving the house at night more frequently than those without SHS, especially children and women. Furthermore, a lower share of adults in SHS households (ca. 30%) was afraid when their children would play outside after nightfall.<ref>Bensch, Peters, & Sievert (2012): Fear of the Dark? How Access to electric lighting affects
+*A study in Senegal measured how electric lighting affects security attitudes among Solar Home System-users and households without SHS. While on the objective dimension there was no difference between SHS-users and non-using households, there was a significant difference in the perceived dimension. Members from households with a SHS were leaving the house at night more frequently than those without SHS, especially children and women. Furthermore, a lower share of adults in SHS households (ca. 30%) was afraid when their children would play outside after nightfall.<ref>Bensch, Peters, & Sievert (2012): Fear of the Dark? How Access to electric lighting affects fckLRsecurity attitudes and nighttime activities in rural Senegal. RWI. Essen: RWI</ref>
 = Lighting Initiatives and Organisations =
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 <references />
 [[Category:Lighting]]

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 <br/>
 == Protective Capabilities ==
-Lighting can contribute significantly to improving '''safety from robbery and theft '''for businesses and households.
+Lighting can contribute significantly to feeling more secure in the dark. Security can either be measured in terms of an objective dimension (robbery, theft, harrassment, stumbling outside, etc.) or in terms of a perceived dimension (feeling secure in the dark).&nbsp;
 <u>Examples:</u>
 *<div><span>Around 40% of the interviewees in '''Bangladesh''' that commented on their perception of safety find their safety improved since the acquisition of the SHS, while 60% do not. Different reasons were revealed why people feel safer due to electric light in and outside their house: they expect that thieves will refrain from breaking into a lit home, and they feel less insecure going out to the yard at night to receive a guest, or to use the bathroom, which is often located outside at some distance from the house.<ref name="SLE">_</ref></span></div>
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 <br/>
-<br/>
+*A study in Senegal measured how electric lighting affects security attitudes among Solar Home System-users and households without SHS. While on the objective dimension there was no difference between SHS-users and non-using households, there was a significant difference in the perceived dimension. Members from households with a SHS were leaving the house at night more frequently than those without SHS, especially children and women. Furthermore, a lower share of adults in SHS households (ca. 30%) was afraid when their children would play outside after nightfall.<ref>Bensch, Peters, & Sievert (2012): Fear of the Dark? How Access to electric lighting affects
 = Lighting Initiatives and Organisations =

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 A systematic literature review of the impact on livelihoods of interventions providing access to renewable energy by IOB in 2013, revealed that for households, the shift from kerosene, paraffin and candles to PV electricity implies a reduction of 10-12% in expenditure for lighting. In practice, however,&nbsp;household energy expenditure increases by 20 to 50% (Benin, Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia and South Africa) since electricity enables households to use appliances they did not use before.<ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (2013): Renewable Energy: Access and Impact. IOB Study no. 376. ">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (2013): Renewable Energy: Access and Impact. IOB Study no. 376. </ref>
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 <u><span>Examples:</span></u>
-<br/>
+*<span>Asked about their perception of SHS-related changes in their health status, 55% of respondents in a '''Bangladesh '''SHS household sample found no change and 44% asserted an improvement of the family’s health condition since the acquisition of the SHS. Direct impacts were related to less smoke or cleaner living conditions.<ref name="SLE">_</ref></span>
 <span>T</span><span>raditional lighting devices in non-electrified areas of developing countries, like kerosene lamps and candles, do not provide sufficient lighting conditions for studying and reading. Literacy and school performance are often limited due to poor lighting conditions. Household access to electricity as well as to modern fuels has been found to be positively correlated with educational enrolment ratios in a global study based on country-level data<ref name="WHO/UNDP 2009">WHO/UNDP 2009</ref></span><span>. In a comprehensive effort to measure the social benefits of improving educational opportunities and conditions in monetary terms, it has been estimated that there is a potential return of US$80–US$150 per month from provision of access to modern energy to one rural household (ESMAP 2002). Improved lighting offers opportunities to improve studying conditions in the evening to a large numbers of households. This can help enhance the overall '''educational performance '''in developing countries.</span>
 <u>Examples:</u>
 *<span>A great number of interviewees in '''Bangladesh''' stated the improvement of study conditions for their children in the evenings as a main reason to buy a SHS and as one of its major benefits. Statistical analysis reveals that on average, primary school boys read 1.7 and girls 1.9 hours per day with electric light, and boys/girls at secondary school age read 3 and 2.5 hours respectively with electric light. While electric light does enhance the reading comfort and the conditions for pupils to do their homework, it is difficult to judge the role this plays in achieving more highly aggregated impacts, e.g. an improvement in the educational status. In a group discussion in one of the research sites, teachers pointed out that the performance of pupils who could now study over electric light had not improved in comparison to former times. However, the improvement of study conditions through electric light is a significant impact on the human dimension of poverty.<ref name="SLE">_</ref></span>
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 <br/>
 == Protective Capabilities ==

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 <br/>
 == Economic Capabilities ==
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 <u>Examples:</u>
 *Household energy expenditures for lighting in '''Honduras''' were reduced from 5 US$ for kerosene and candles to 1,3 US$ monthly instalments for the Solar Home System.
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 <u><span>Examples:</span></u>
 <br/>
-*<span>In '''[[Bangladesh Energy Situation|Bangladesh]]''' SHS are used for lighting of small shops. The electric light allows for longer opening hours in the evening and increased customer attraction. More than hald of the shop owners with SHS stated that their income has increased since the installation of the SHS.<ref name="SLE">_</ref></span>
+A systematic literature review of the impact on livelihoods of interventions providing access to renewable energy by IOB in 2013, revealed that for households, the shift from kerosene, paraffin and candles to PV electricity implies a reduction of 10-12% in expenditure for lighting. In practice, however,&nbsp;household energy expenditure increases by 20 to 50% (Benin, Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia and South Africa) since electricity enables households to use appliances they did not use before.<ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (2013): Renewable Energy: Access and Impact. IOB Study no. 376. ">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (2013): Renewable Energy: Access and Impact. IOB Study no. 376. </ref>
 == Human Capabilities ==

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 = Overview =
 Lighting is besides cooking one of the most primal energy needs. Humans have been trying to lengthen their day with artificial lighting for thousands of years. In comparison to industrialized countries where energy for lighting is basically provided by electricity, lighting in most parts of developing countries is still based on fossil fuels. Due to the low efficiency of fuel-based lighting, the quality of provided lighting services is generally very low. This can have negative implications for activities that rely on proper lighting conditions.
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 '''Small businesses''' use lights when carrying out production in the evening; shops have to illuminate their goods to be able to sell them on evening markets and to attract their potential customers. In certain cases lighting is a crucial factor for reaching the maximum production potentials of livestock (e.g. chicken farming). Public lighting in trading centres is also an important contributor towards security - where there is light, shops can enjoy longer working hours and clientele is available even at night.<br/>
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 Some argue that the problem of fuel-based lighting is not a priority, given the environmental impacts and costs of other end uses, such as cooking. However, few would dispute that improving the quality and quantity of light available to households in the developing world would yield dramatic social and health benefits.<ref>Mills, E. (2000): Fuel for Lighting - an Expensive Commodity. Boiling Point 45. http://www.hedon.info/FuelForLighting-AnExpensiveCommodity</ref><ref>Lighting Africa: About Us. http://www.lightingafrica.org/node/23</ref><br/>
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 = Impacts of Improved Lighting Services<ref name="Examples are taken from existing EnDev impact studies: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Energising_Development_%28EnDev%29">Examples are taken from existing EnDev impact studies: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Energising_Development_%28EnDev%29</ref> =
 The Impacts of Improved lighting services will be analyzed following the OECD-DAC definition of poverty (lack of capabilities).
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 *<span>In '''[[Bangladesh Energy Situation|Bangladesh]]''' SHS are used for lighting of small shops. The electric light allows for longer opening hours in the evening and increased customer attraction. More than hald of the shop owners with SHS stated that their income has increased since the installation of the SHS.<ref name="SLE">_</ref></span>
@@ Line 113: / Line 104: @@
 *<span>A great number of interviewees in '''Bangladesh''' stated the improvement of study conditions for their children in the evenings as a main reason to buy a SHS and as one of its major benefits. Statistical analysis reveals that on average, primary school boys read 1.7 and girls 1.9 hours per day with electric light, and boys/girls at secondary school age read 3 and 2.5 hours respectively with electric light. While electric light does enhance the reading comfort and the conditions for pupils to do their homework, it is difficult to judge the role this plays in achieving more highly aggregated impacts, e.g. an improvement in the educational status. In a group discussion in one of the research sites, teachers pointed out that the performance of pupils who could now study over electric light had not improved in comparison to former times. However, the improvement of study conditions through electric light is a significant impact on the human dimension of poverty.<ref name="SLE">_</ref></span>
 *<div><span>An impact study from '''Uganda''' concluded that the use of solar electricity, although not a factor for enrolment in school, increases the number of children studying in the evening and the hours of study by an extra half hour compared to the non users, as a result of better quality light.</span></div>
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 <references />
 [[Category:Lighting]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:13, 19 March 2015
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	'''Small businesses''' use lights when carrying out production in the evening; shops have to illuminate their goods to be able to sell them on evening markets and to attract their potential customers. In certain cases lighting is a crucial factor for reaching the maximum production potentials of livestock (e.g. chicken farming). Public lighting in trading centres is also an important contributor towards security - where there is light, shops can enjoy longer working hours and clientele is available even at night.<br/>		'''Small businesses''' use lights when carrying out production in the evening; shops have to illuminate their goods to be able to sell them on evening markets and to attract their potential customers. In certain cases lighting is a crucial factor for reaching the maximum production potentials of livestock (e.g. chicken farming). Public lighting in trading centres is also an important contributor towards security - where there is light, shops can enjoy longer working hours and clientele is available even at night.<br/>
−		+	,
−

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 = The Need for Improved Lighting =
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 Mini grids can be powered by [[Portal:Solar|Solar PV]], wind, biomass, diesel or any hybrid solution most appropriate to local availability of energy sources. Setting up a mini grid can be costly; ownership, management, billing, and maintenance have to be considered and organised within the community.
-A lot of these issues can be avoided by utilizing individual power systems on consumer level, such as [[Solar Home Systems|Solar Home Systems and Solar Lanterns]] on household/small business level and bigger sized PV systems for social institutions (e.g. [[Energy for Rural Health Centers|health centers]]). Depending on the system size Solar Home Systems in households and small businesses of about 50-150 Wp can provide power for several lights and even a small TV or radio for 4 to 5 hours per day, bigger PV systems (> 500 Wp) for social institutions can apart from lighting several rooms power a solar fridge or other small appliances. Individual Solar Lanterns are much cheaper, but will provide only light (for more information on Pico PV please refer to the [[:file:Gtz picopv booklet.pdf|EnDev booklet on Pico PV]]). Compared to other electricity systems, electricity users are often the owners of their system, leading to significant individual investment needs that have to be approached by appropriate financing mechanisms (e.g. micro credit) or public funding (in case of social institutions). Maintenance and after-sales services are crucial for the long-term functioning of individual stand-alone systems.
+A lot of these issues can be avoided by utilizing individual power systems on consumer level, such as [[Solar Home Systems (SHS)|Solar Home Systems and Solar Lanterns]] on household/small business level and bigger sized PV systems for social institutions (e.g. [[Energy for Rural Health Centers|health centers]]). Depending on the system size Solar Home Systems in households and small businesses of about 50-150 Wp can provide power for several lights and even a small TV or radio for 4 to 5 hours per day, bigger PV systems (> 500 Wp) for social institutions can apart from lighting several rooms power a solar fridge or other small appliances. Individual Solar Lanterns are much cheaper, but will provide only light (for more information on Pico PV please refer to the [[:file:Gtz picopv booklet.pdf|EnDev booklet on Pico PV]]). Compared to other electricity systems, electricity users are often the owners of their system, leading to significant individual investment needs that have to be approached by appropriate financing mechanisms (e.g. micro credit) or public funding (in case of social institutions). Maintenance and after-sales services are crucial for the long-term functioning of individual stand-alone systems.
 [[File:Illumination costs.png|frame|right|180px|Illumination costs.png]]For the case of [[Portal:Biogas|biogas]] digesters, lighting is in most cases not the primary energy end-use, as most of the gas is normally used for cooking. Investment in a biogas plant for lighting purposes only is a very rare occasion and most likely not cost-efficient. However, when being installed for meeting cooking energy needs, biogas plants can be a very convenient way of additionally providing lighting.
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 [http://www.dlightdesign.com/ D-Light] - private company selling small PV lighting products for the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) market in India; CDM project for LED-based lighting is in the pipeline.
-[http://www.sunlabob.com/ Sunlabob] – this private company offers a franchise rental system for [[Solar_Home_Systems|Solar Home Systems]] and solar-rechargeable lamps in Laos
+[http://www.sunlabob.com/ Sunlabob] – this private company offers a franchise rental system for [[Solar Home Systems (SHS)|Solar Home Systems]] and solar-rechargeable lamps in Laos
 = Further Information =
-*<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">[[:file:Gtz picopv booklet.pdf|GTZ (2010): What difference can a Pico PV system make?]] - EnDev Booklet with general information on Pico PV issues</span>
+*[[:file:Gtz picopv booklet.pdf|GTZ (2010): What difference can a Pico PV system make?]] - EnDev Booklet with general information on Pico PV issues
 *[https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objaction=overview&objid=58081683 Van der Plas, R. (1998): Rural Lighting Services - A comparison of lamps for domestic lighting in developing countries]
 *[http://www.lightingafrica.org/files/Lighting_Africa_Briefing_Notes_21.Dec_.2009.pdf Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting Basics (Lighting Africa Briefing Notes)] - Introduction to the basics of LED lighting
 *[http://www.lightingafrica.org/node/7436 Current Lighting Situation and Market Potential of improved lighting products (2009)] - 'Lighting Africa' Market Studies from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia
-*<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Mahapatra, S., H.N. Chanakya, S. Dasappa (2009): Evaluation of Various Energy Devices for Domestic Lighting in India: Technology, Economics and CO2 Emissions </span>- Study for the case of India comparing lighting energy systems such as kerosene lamps, biogas digesters, and small PV systems regarding energy costs and CO2 emissions (available from HERA upon request).<br/>
+*Mahapatra, S., H.N. Chanakya, S. Dasappa (2009): Evaluation of Various Energy Devices for Domestic Lighting in India: Technology, Economics and CO2 Emissions - Study for the case of India comparing lighting energy systems such as kerosene lamps, biogas digesters, and small PV systems regarding energy costs and CO2 emissions (available from HERA upon request).<br/>
 *[[:File:GIZ_Solar_Lamps_field_Report_Uganda_Webversion.pdf|Use of Solar Lamps in Uganda:GIZ Field Report]]<br/>
 *[[Compact_Fluorescent_Lamp_(CFL)|Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)]]
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 <references />
 [[Category:Lighting]]