Mozambique Electricity Situation - Revision history

Helena Macune: /* Access to the Grid / Grid Densification */

2025-12-03T09:19:24Z

Access to the Grid / Grid Densification

Show changes

Fernanda Wynter: /* Installed capacity (Renewable sources) */

2023-06-20T10:20:20Z

Installed capacity (Renewable sources)

Fernanda Wynter: /* Overview */

2023-06-19T16:54:30Z

Overview

Fernanda Wynter at 11:46, 31 January 2023

2023-01-31T11:46:39Z

Fernanda Wynter: /* Installed capacity (Renewable sources) */

2023-01-31T11:38:53Z

Installed capacity (Renewable sources)

Fernanda Wynter at 14:37, 25 January 2023

2023-01-25T14:37:34Z

Fernanda Wynter at 13:40, 25 January 2023

2023-01-25T13:40:54Z

Fernanda Wynter at 13:05, 25 January 2023

2023-01-25T13:05:25Z

Fernanda Wynter: /* Electricity Tariffs */

2023-01-24T12:11:49Z

Electricity Tariffs

Fernanda Wynter at 10:03, 24 January 2023

2023-01-24T10:03:24Z

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 There are six working hydropower stations across the country<ref name=":1">‘Mozambique: Energy and the Poor’, K. Naidoo, C. Loots, 2020, https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/2021-01-29_UNDP-UNCDF-Mozambique-Energy-and-the-Poor.pdf.</ref>. The largest hydroelectric plant is located in the Tete province and is operated by [https://www.hcb.co.mz/ Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB)]. HCB is responsible for most of the hydroelectric generation, with a capacity of 2,075 MW. In 2014, it supplied up to 88% of the power consumed in Mozambique<ref>EDM, Integrated Master Plan 2018-2043,https://www.edm.co.mz/en/document/reports/integrated-master-plan-2018-2043</ref>. HCB supplies about 400 MW to EDM<ref name=":10" />. Due to the low electricity demand (peak demand in 2014 was estimated at only 831 MW) resulting from scarce energy access in Mozambique, the majority of the generation from HCB is exported to South Africa. Smaller shares are exported to Zimbabwe and Botswana<ref name=":1" />. The rest of the hydropower plants are operated by EDM, as shown in the following table.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+'''Table: Hydropower installed capacity in Mozambique'''

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Portuguese Version|Situação_da_Eletricidade_em_Moçambique}}
 =Overview=
-Mozambique has undertaken significant efforts in recent years to electrify the country. The electrification rate has increased from 5% in 2001 to 24% in 2017, and to 31% in 2020<ref name=":0" />. Access to electricity, however, remains low and is mainly focused on urban areas. In 2020, 75% of the urban population had access to electricity compared to about 5% of the rural population<ref name=":0">World Bank, ‘[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=MZ Mozambique | Data]’. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=MZ</ref>. This imbalance represents an important challenge to achieving country-wide electrification by 2030, considering that the vast majority (63% in 2019) of Mozambique’s population lives in rural areas<ref name=":1">‘Mozambique: Energy and the Poor’, K. Naidoo, C. Loots, 2020, https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/2021-01-29_UNDP-UNCDF-Mozambique-Energy-and-the-Poor.pdf.</ref>.
+Mozambique has undertaken significant efforts in recent years to electrify the country. The electrification rate has increased from 5% in 2001 to 24% in 2017, and to 31% in 2020<ref name=":0" />. Access to electricity, however, remains low and is mainly focused on urban areas. In 2020, 75% of the urban population had access to electricity compared to about 5% of the rural population<ref name=":0">World Bank, ‘[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=MZ Mozambique | Data]’. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=MZ</ref>. This imbalance represents an important challenge to achieving country-wide electrification by 2030, considering that the vast majority (62% in 2021) of Mozambique’s population lives in rural areas<ref>World Bank, ‘Mozambique | Data’. (2021)https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=MZ</ref>.
 =Electricity Situation=
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
-There are six working hydropower stations across the country<ref name=":1" />. The largest hydroelectric plant is located in the Tete province and is operated by [https://www.hcb.co.mz/ Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB)]. HCB is responsible for most of the hydroelectric generation, with a capacity of 2,075 MW. In 2014, it supplied up to 88% of the power consumed in Mozambique<ref>EDM, Integrated Master Plan 2018-2043,https://www.edm.co.mz/en/document/reports/integrated-master-plan-2018-2043</ref>. HCB supplies about 400 MW to EDM<ref name=":10" />. Due to the low electricity demand (peak demand in 2014 was estimated at only 831 MW) resulting from scarce energy access in Mozambique, the majority of the generation from HCB is exported to South Africa. Smaller shares are exported to Zimbabwe and Botswana<ref name=":1" />. The rest of the hydropower plants are operated by EDM, as shown in the following table.
+There are six working hydropower stations across the country<ref name=":1">‘Mozambique: Energy and the Poor’, K. Naidoo, C. Loots, 2020, https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/2021-01-29_UNDP-UNCDF-Mozambique-Energy-and-the-Poor.pdf.</ref>. The largest hydroelectric plant is located in the Tete province and is operated by [https://www.hcb.co.mz/ Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB)]. HCB is responsible for most of the hydroelectric generation, with a capacity of 2,075 MW. In 2014, it supplied up to 88% of the power consumed in Mozambique<ref>EDM, Integrated Master Plan 2018-2043,https://www.edm.co.mz/en/document/reports/integrated-master-plan-2018-2043</ref>. HCB supplies about 400 MW to EDM<ref name=":10" />. Due to the low electricity demand (peak demand in 2014 was estimated at only 831 MW) resulting from scarce energy access in Mozambique, the majority of the generation from HCB is exported to South Africa. Smaller shares are exported to Zimbabwe and Botswana<ref name=":1" />. The rest of the hydropower plants are operated by EDM, as shown in the following table.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+'''Table: Hydropower installed capacity in Mozambique'''
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+
-'''Table: Mozambique’s key energy indicators'''
+'''Table: Mozambique’s key energy indicators (2020)'''
 |Energy production
-|20.23  Mtoe
+|745.67 Tj
 |-
 | Total primary energy supply
-|10.43  Mtoe
+|10.82  Mtoe
 |-
 |Total electricity consumption
-|13.63  TWh
+|12.24 TWh
 |-
 |Electricity consumption per capita
-|0.5  MWh
+|0.4  MWh
 |}
-Source: IEA, 2018<ref name=":4" />
+Source: IEA, 2020<ref name=":4" />
-Overall, the sector that consumes the most power is industry. In 2018, the total electricity consumption for industrial activities was 888 ktoe, or 10.32 TWh; the residential sector consumed 1500.3 GWh, commercial and public services consumed 407 GWh and agricultural activities 23.3 GWh. Electricity supplied from the grid, however, is mostly directed to residential users. Based on 2019 billing data from EDM, the on-grid electricity demand in Mozambique is the highest for domestic use (45%) followed by industries (37.3%) and commercial use (16%) <ref name=":4" />.
+Overall, the sector that consumes the most power is industry. In 2020, the total electricity consumption for industrial activities was 37,353 TJ; the residential sector consumed 5,437 TJ, commercial and public services consumed 134 TJ and agricultural activities 1 TJ. Electricity supplied from the grid, however, is mostly directed to residential users. Based on 2019 billing data from EDM, the on-grid electricity demand in Mozambique is the highest for domestic use (45%) followed by industries (37.3%) and commercial use (16%) <ref name=":4" />.
 In 2021 The total electricity consumption was 3,584 GWh. The most consuming sector is domestic, followed by industry, and commerce<ref name=":9" />.
@@ Line 309: / Line 309: @@
 For a detail insights into the market scoping and potential of off-grid technologies in Mozambique, please refer to the folowing technology portals:
-*[[Mozambique Solar Hub|Mozambique - Solar Hub]]
+*[[Mozambique Solar Hub|Mozambique - Solar Hub]] - Information related to solar home systems (SHS) and solar energy in Mozambique
-*[[Mozambique Cooking Energy Hub|Mozambique - Clean Cooking Energy Hub]]
+*[[Mozambique Cooking Energy Hub|Mozambique - Clean Cooking Energy Hub]] - Information related to clean cooking energy and improved cookstoves in Mozambique
-*[[Mozambique Nano/Mini Grid Hub|Mozambique - Nano/Mini Grid Hub]]
+*[[Mozambique Nano/Mini Grid Hub|Mozambique - Nano/Mini Grid Hub]] - Information related to nano/mini grids in Mozambique
-*[[Mozambique Productive Uses of Energy Hub|Mozambique - Productive Use of Energy Hub]]
+*[[Mozambique Productive Uses of Energy Hub|Mozambique - Productive Use of Energy Hub]] - Information related to productive uses of energy in Mozambique
 ==Further Readings==

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:46, 31 January 2023
Line 15:		Line 15:
	The total energy production in 2019 was 7,089 GWh. The sources in the mix were 52% from Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), 35% from other IPPs, 10% thermal (from EDM), 2% other hydro plants from EDM, and 1% of the total generated energy was imported from other countries<ref name=":3" />.		The total energy production in 2019 was 7,089 GWh. The sources in the mix were 52% from Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), 35% from other IPPs, 10% thermal (from EDM), 2% other hydro plants from EDM, and 1% of the total generated energy was imported from other countries<ref name=":3" />.

−	In 2021 there were no large changes in the mix, (51% from HCB, 34% from other IPPs, 1% Imported), rather a small shift in the sources of generation from EDM. ~~In this year~~, only 8% of the generation came from thermal EDM plants, while there was a notable increase in electricity generation from EDM hydro plants<ref name=":9" />.	+	In 2021 there were no large changes in the mix, (51% from HCB, 34% from other IPPs, 1% Imported), rather a small shift in the sources of generation from EDM. At the end of 2021, only 8% of the generation came from thermal EDM plants, while there was a notable increase in electricity generation from EDM hydro plants<ref name=":9" />.

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:38, 31 January 2023
Line 15:		Line 15:
	The total energy production in 2019 was 7,089 GWh. The sources in the mix were 52% from Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), 35% from other IPPs, 10% thermal (from EDM), 2% other hydro plants from EDM, and 1% of the total generated energy was imported from other countries<ref name=":3" />.		The total energy production in 2019 was 7,089 GWh. The sources in the mix were 52% from Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), 35% from other IPPs, 10% thermal (from EDM), 2% other hydro plants from EDM, and 1% of the total generated energy was imported from other countries<ref name=":3" />.

−	In 2021 there were no large changes in the mix, (51% from HCB, 34% from other IPPs, 1% Imported), rather a small shift in the sources of generation from EDM. ~~This~~ year, only 8% of the generation came from thermal EDM plants, while there was a notable increase in electricity generation from EDM hydro plants<ref name=":9" />.	+	In 2021 there were no large changes in the mix, (51% from HCB, 34% from other IPPs, 1% Imported), rather a small shift in the sources of generation from EDM. In this year, only 8% of the generation came from thermal EDM plants, while there was a notable increase in electricity generation from EDM hydro plants<ref name=":9" />.

@@ Line 298: / Line 298: @@
 ==Rural Electrification==
-Mozambique’s Fundo de Energia (FUNAE), is the public institution responsible for off-grid rural electrification with a special focus on renewable energy. Since its foundation in 1997 with monetary support from EDM, FUNAE has provided access to electricity to 580 schools and 561 health centres in 260 villages who previously relied on either kerosene or candles for lighting<ref name=":7" />. In 2019, 5% of the total rural population had access to electricity<ref name=":0" />. However, since more than half of Mozambique’s population lives in rural communities, this increase is still low, posing a challenge to achieve the goal of electrifying all Mozambican households by 2030.
+Mozambique’s Fundo de Energia (FUNAE), is the public institution responsible for off-grid rural electrification with a special focus on renewable energy. Since its foundation in 1997 with monetary support from EDM, FUNAE has provided access to electricity to 580 schools and 561 health centres in 260 villages who previously relied on either kerosene or candles for lighting<ref name=":7" />. In 2020, about 5% of the total rural population had access to electricity<ref name=":0" />. However, since more than half of Mozambique’s population lives in rural communities, this increase is still low, posing a challenge to achieve the goal of electrifying all Mozambican households by 2030.
 A major obstacle to the expansion of rural electrification is the lack of sustainability in FUNAE’s income. The cost of electrification programmes is not covered by EDM’s tariffs, due to electricity users not being able to afford them, even though the tariffs are highly subsidised and potential clients live within the reach of the grid. Since EDM does not receive any subsidies from the government to fund to sustain FUNAE’s electrification projects, FUNAE has to rely on external investments and donations to keep operating<ref name=":7" />.

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Portuguese Version|Situação_da_Eletricidade_em_Moçambique}}
 =Overview=
-Mozambique has undertaken significant efforts in recent years to electrify the country. The electrification rate has increased from 5% in 2001 to 24% in 2017, and to 29% in 2019. Access to electricity, however, remains low and is mainly focused on urban areas. In 2019, 72% of the urban population had access to electricity compared to 5% of the rural population<ref name=":0">World Bank, ‘[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=MZ Mozambique | Data]’. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=MZ</ref>. This imbalance represents an important challenge to achieving country-wide electrification by 2030, considering that the vast majority (63% in 2019) of Mozambique’s population lives in rural areas<ref name=":1">‘Mozambique: Energy and the Poor’, K. Naidoo, C. Loots, 2020, https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/2021-01-29_UNDP-UNCDF-Mozambique-Energy-and-the-Poor.pdf.</ref>.
+Mozambique has undertaken significant efforts in recent years to electrify the country. The electrification rate has increased from 5% in 2001 to 24% in 2017, and to 31% in 2020<ref name=":0" />. Access to electricity, however, remains low and is mainly focused on urban areas. In 2020, 75% of the urban population had access to electricity compared to about 5% of the rural population<ref name=":0">World Bank, ‘[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=MZ Mozambique | Data]’. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=MZ</ref>. This imbalance represents an important challenge to achieving country-wide electrification by 2030, considering that the vast majority (63% in 2019) of Mozambique’s population lives in rural areas<ref name=":1">‘Mozambique: Energy and the Poor’, K. Naidoo, C. Loots, 2020, https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/2021-01-29_UNDP-UNCDF-Mozambique-Energy-and-the-Poor.pdf.</ref>.
 =Electricity Situation=
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 ===Transmission and Distribution (Grid Structure)===
 [[File:Grid Map of Mozambique.png|thumb|Figure: Map of Mozambique showing transmission grid and distribution lines |alt=|left]]
-The map below shows the state of the transmission grid across the country in 2016. The provinces of Tete, Sofala and Maputo have the best grid connectivity. In 2016 there were already four substations planned for Beira, three for Maputo, and more spread throughout Mozambique. The southern grid network is not currently connected to the north and central networks; instead, the inter-connector with South Africa is used to power the city of Maputo. '''Thus, majority of the electricity generated in the North is exported to South Africa and then re-imported'''<ref name=":8">SEforALL Africa Hub, AfDB, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment, https://www.aler-renovaveis.org/contents/lerpublication/afdb_2017_abr_mini-grid-market-opportunity-assessment-mozambique.pdf</ref>.
+The map below shows the state of the transmission grid across the country in 2016. The provinces of Tete, Sofala and Maputo have the best grid connectivity. In 2016 there were already four substations planned for Beira, three for Maputo, and more spread throughout Mozambique. The southern grid network is not currently connected to the north and central networks; instead, the inter-connector with South Africa is used to power the city of Maputo. Thus, the majority of the electricity generated in the North is exported to South Africa and then re-imported<ref name=":8">SEforALL Africa Hub, AfDB, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment, https://www.aler-renovaveis.org/contents/lerpublication/afdb_2017_abr_mini-grid-market-opportunity-assessment-mozambique.pdf</ref>.
-The national grid has two isolated power components<ref>Goodrich, G., Mozambique: A Regional Electricity Exporter | Energy Capital & Power, https://energycapitalpower.com/2020/10/09/mozambique-a-regional-electricity-exporter/</ref>:
+The national grid has two isolated power components:
 *Northern-central: 220 kV transmission lines from Songo to Nampula and then continuing at 110 kV to Nacala. 110 kV transmission lines from Chicamba and Mavuzi hydropower plants to Beira- Manica corridor.
-*Southern: 110 kV transmission lines from Maputo to XaiXai, Chokwe and Inhambane.[[File:North and Southern Grid Map of Mozambique.png|thumb|Source: Map of Mozambique highlighting the North-central and Southern grid |alt=]]
+*Southern: 110 kV transmission lines from Maputo to XaiXai, Chokwe and Inhambane<ref>Goodrich, G., Mozambique: A Regional Electricity Exporter | Energy Capital & Power, https://energycapitalpower.com/2020/10/09/mozambique-a-regional-electricity-exporter/</ref>.[[File:North and Southern Grid Map of Mozambique.png|thumb|Source: Map of Mozambique highlighting the North-central and Southern grid |alt=]]
-The Mozambican Government is also planning a major transmission project called, Mozambican Integrated Transmission Backbone System (STE). This project will interconnect the isolated power systems and link Tete and Maputo province with extra high voltage transmission lines. Phase 1 of the project will include a 400 KV line connecting Vilanculos with Maputo and three new sub-stations in Vilanculos, Chibuto and Matalane<ref>AfDB, ‘Mozambique-Temane Transmission_Project , Mozambique Integrated Transmission Backbone System (STE_Project), Phase 1- Vilanculos – Maputo – ESIA Summary, https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Mozambique_-_Temane_Transmission_Project_Mozambique_Integrated_Transmission_Backbone_System__STE_Project___Phase_1-_Vilanculos_%E2%80%93_Maputo_%E2%80%93_ESIA_Summary.pdf</ref> and is expected to commence in late 2021<ref>Power Africa, ‘Linking Electricity to Economic Growth and Energy Security, https://powerafrica.medium.com/linking-electricity-to-economic-growth-and-energy-security-mozambiques-temane-transmission-e47fe6936f07</ref>. On April 2022, the Government of Mozambique announced the new grid interconnection lines between Malawi and Mozambique. This 440 kV transmission lines will supply 50 MW of power to Malawi and included 142 km of transmission lines, 527 high voltage pylons and a sub-station at Matambo to ensure grid reliability.<ref>Mozambique and Malawi commence electricity interconnection project: https://www.esi-africa.com/mozambique-and-malawi-commence-electricity-interconnection-project/</ref>
+The Mozambican Government is also planning a major transmission project called, Mozambican Integrated Transmission Backbone System (STE). This project will interconnect the isolated power systems and link Tete and Maputo province with extra high voltage transmission lines. Phase 1 of the project includes a 400 KV line connecting Vilanculos with Maputo and three new sub-stations in Vilanculos, Chibuto and Matalane<ref>AfDB, ‘Mozambique-Temane Transmission_Project , Mozambique Integrated Transmission Backbone System (STE_Project), Phase 1- Vilanculos – Maputo – ESIA Summary, https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Mozambique_-_Temane_Transmission_Project_Mozambique_Integrated_Transmission_Backbone_System__STE_Project___Phase_1-_Vilanculos_%E2%80%93_Maputo_%E2%80%93_ESIA_Summary.pdf</ref> and was planned to commence in late 2021<ref>Power Africa, ‘Linking Electricity to Economic Growth and Energy Security, https://powerafrica.medium.com/linking-electricity-to-economic-growth-and-energy-security-mozambiques-temane-transmission-e47fe6936f07</ref>. On April 2022, the Government of Mozambique announced the new grid interconnection lines between Malawi and Mozambique. This 440 kV transmission lines will supply 50 MW of power to Malawi and included 142 km of transmission lines, 527 high voltage pylons and a sub-station at Matambo to ensure grid reliability.<ref>Mozambique and Malawi commence electricity interconnection project: https://www.esi-africa.com/mozambique-and-malawi-commence-electricity-interconnection-project/</ref>
 The African Development Bank also approved a grant in Sep 2021 to construct and operate a new National Control Centre for connecting upto 150 substations above 66 kV in Mozambique. This control center help to increase the grid stability, integrate higher share of renewable energy into the grid and to export power with other countries via the Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP).  Implemented by EDM, the project is part of the Mozambique Energy for All programme.<ref>African Development Bank (2021). Mozambique Energy for ALL (MEFA) - Project Appraisal Report. https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/mozambique-mozambique-energy-all-mefa-project-appraisal-report</ref>

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
-There are six working hydropower stations across the country<ref name=":1" />. The largest hydroelectric plant is located in the Tete province and is operated by [https://www.hcb.co.mz/ Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB)]. HCB is responsible for most of the hydroelectric generation, with a capacity of 2,075 MW. In 2014, it supplied up to 88% of the power consumed in Mozambique<ref>EDM, Integrated Master Plan 2018-2043,https://www.edm.co.mz/en/document/reports/integrated-master-plan-2018-2043</ref>. Due to the low electricity demand (peak demand in 2014 was estimated at only 831 MW) resulting from scarce energy access in Mozambique, the majority of the generation from HCB is exported to South Africa. Smaller shares are exported to Zimbabwe and Botswana<ref name=":1" />. The rest of the hydropower plants are operated by EDM, as shown in the following table.
+There are six working hydropower stations across the country<ref name=":1" />. The largest hydroelectric plant is located in the Tete province and is operated by [https://www.hcb.co.mz/ Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB)]. HCB is responsible for most of the hydroelectric generation, with a capacity of 2,075 MW. In 2014, it supplied up to 88% of the power consumed in Mozambique<ref>EDM, Integrated Master Plan 2018-2043,https://www.edm.co.mz/en/document/reports/integrated-master-plan-2018-2043</ref>. HCB supplies about 400 MW to EDM<ref name=":10" />. Due to the low electricity demand (peak demand in 2014 was estimated at only 831 MW) resulting from scarce energy access in Mozambique, the majority of the generation from HCB is exported to South Africa. Smaller shares are exported to Zimbabwe and Botswana<ref name=":1" />. The rest of the hydropower plants are operated by EDM, as shown in the following table.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+'''Table: Hydropower installed capacity in Mozambique'''
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 |-
 |Cahora Bassa
-|2075
+|2075<ref name=":11" />
 |Tete
 |Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa
 |-
 |Mavuzi
-|52
+|52<ref name=":12" />
 |Manica
 |EDM
 |-
 |Chicamba
-|44
+|44<ref name=":12" />
 | Manica
 |EDM
 |-
 |Corumana
-|16.6
+|16.6<ref name=":12" />
 |Maputo
 |EDM
 |-
 |Cuamba
-|1.09
+|1.09<ref name=":12" />
 | Niassa
 |EDM
 |-
 |Lichinga
-|0.73
+|0.73<ref name=":12" />
 |Niassa
 |EDM
 |}
-Source: Cahora Bassa Data from 2016<ref>IHA, Hydropower Status Report, https://www.lerenovaveis.org/contents/lerpublication/iha_2016_may_hydropower-status-report-2016.pdf</ref>.
+Source: Cahora Bassa Data from 2016<ref name=":11">IHA, Hydropower Status Report, https://www.lerenovaveis.org/contents/lerpublication/iha_2016_may_hydropower-status-report-2016.pdf</ref>.
 In terms of electricity from renewable energy sources, in 2019 Mozambique’s total renewable electricity production was 7,089 GWh. 52% of the total renewable power was generated by the largest independent power producer (IPP): Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa, 35% was generated by other IPP, 12% from EDM’s thermal and hydro plants, and 1% was imported from other countries<ref name=":3" />.

@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 EDM offers different tariff options. The following table shows the current prices (in MZN/kWh) for low voltage use for households and smallholder farmers. These tariffs are uniform across the country <ref name=":5">EDM, ‘Electricity Tariffs | EDM - Electricidade de Moçambique, https://www.edm.co.mz/en/website/page/electricity-tariffs</ref>.
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+'''Table: Electricity Tariffs for different uses in low voltage in 2021'''<ref name=":5" />
+|+'''Table: Electricity Tariffs for different uses in low voltage (January 2023)'''<ref name=":5" />
 | rowspan="2" |Recorded  Consumption (kWh)
 | colspan="4" |Sale  Price
@@ Line 192: / Line 192: @@
 |-
 |From  0 to 100
-|1.07
+|0.97
+|
+|
@@ Line 200: / Line 200: @@
 |From  0 to 200
+|
-|6.63
+|6.00
-| 4.08
+| 3.69
-|10.30
+|9.32
-|257.97
+|233.37
 |-
 |From  201 to 500
+|
-|9.39
+|8.49
-|5.81
+|5.26
-|14.71
+|13.31
-|257.97
+|233.37
 |-
 |Above  a 500
+|
-|9.85
+|8.91
-| 6.39
+| 5.75
-|16.10
+|14.56
-|257.97
+|233.37
 |-
 |Pre-Payment
-|1.07
+|0.97
-|8.44
+|7.64
-|5.65
+|5.11
-|14.75
+|13.34
+|
 |}
@@ Line 232: / Line 232: @@
 The following table shows the current tariffs (in MZN/kWh) for major consumers for commercial and agricultural activities.
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+'''Table: Electricity Tariff for Major Consumers of Low, Medium and High Voltage'''
+|+'''Table: Electricity Tariff for Major Consumers of Low, Medium and High Voltage (January 2023)'''
 | rowspan="2" |Class  of Consumers
 | colspan="2" |Sale  Price
@@ Line 241: / Line 241: @@
 |-
 |Major  Consumers of Low Voltage
-| 4.70
+| 5.74
-|361.19
+|441.12
-|602.28
+|683.29
 |-
 |Medium  Voltage
-|4.06
+|4.78
-| 422.63
+| 497.03
-|2,826.99
+|3,207.25
 |-
 |Medium  Voltage (Agricultural)
-|2.51
+|2.72
-|288.59
+|313.29
-|2,826.99
+|3,207.25
 |-
 |High  Voltage
-|3.99
+|4.70
-|510.27
+|600.10
-|2,826.99
+|3,207.25
 |}
 Source: Data from EDM<ref name=":5" />
@@ Line 267: / Line 267: @@
 ==Power Shortage/Load-shedding==
-The electricity service suffers from a circular problem. While electricity demand in Mozambique appears low, it is at an increase especially considering the projected growth in population. The IEA projects a primary energy demand of over 20 Mtoe by 2030 according to current stated policies, and a total population of 43 million by 2030 and 55 million by 2040. These factors result in electricity demand exceeding the share of electricity generated that is not for export, affecting business with South Africa and other countries<ref>IEA, Africa Energy Outlook 2019, https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2019</ref>. Additionally, '''losses of 27% of the generated power''', due to limited available technical staff and delays in the maintenance of the grid aggravate the already insufficient power supply<ref name=":3" />.  As a measure to improve the conditions of the grid, EDM has programmed a series of scheduled outrages in 2018 for maintenance of the power system<ref>EDM, ‘Scheduled Outages | EDM - Electricidade de Moçambique, https://www.edm.co.mz/en/website/page/scheduled-outages</ref>.
+The electricity service suffers from a circular problem. While electricity demand in Mozambique appears low, it is at an increase especially considering the projected growth in population. The IEA projects a primary energy demand of over 20 Mtoe by 2030 according to current stated policies, and a total population of 43 million by 2030 and 55 million by 2040. These factors result in electricity demand exceeding the share of electricity generated that is not for export, affecting business with South Africa and other countries<ref>IEA, Africa Energy Outlook 2019, https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2019</ref>. Additionally, '''losses of 27% of the generated power''', due to limited available technical staff and delays in the maintenance of the grid aggravate the already insufficient power supply<ref name=":3" />. As a measure to improve the conditions of the grid, EDM has programmed a series of scheduled outrages in 2018 for maintenance of the power system<ref>EDM, ‘Scheduled Outages | EDM - Electricidade de Moçambique, https://www.edm.co.mz/en/website/page/scheduled-outages</ref>.
 ==Access to the Grid / Grid Densification==
-Access to electricity provided by EDM has increased from 8% in 2006 to 31% in 2018, which translates into more than 1.89 million customers<ref name=":7">World Bank, Mozambique Energy for All ProEnergia Project, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/594061554084119829/pdf/Mozambique-Energy-for-All-ProEnergia-Project.pdf</ref>. At the end of 2020, on-grid electrification rate increased to 34%<ref name=":3" />. However, grid connection is mostly concentrated in urban areas and scarce in poor rural communities. Geographically, Southern provinces close to Maputo Cidade i.e Maputo (62%), Gaza (40%), Sofala (37%) and Manica (34%) have higher electrification rate compared to northern provinces such as Tete (26%), Cabo Delgado (26%), Nampula (25%), Zambezai (18%) and Niassa (17%). Overall, Maputo city has the highest electrification rate of 95% (based on Finscope survey 2019)<ref>Finscope, ‘Mozambique: Finscope Consumer Survey Report 2019, https://finmark.org.za/system/documents/files/000/000/155/original/Mozambique_Survey-2020-07-311.pdf?1597303567</ref>.
+Access to electricity provided by EDM has increased from 8% in 2006 to 31% in 2018, which translates into more than 1.89 million customers<ref name=":7">World Bank, Mozambique Energy for All ProEnergia Project, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/594061554084119829/pdf/Mozambique-Energy-for-All-ProEnergia-Project.pdf</ref>. At the end of 2020, on-grid electrification rate increased to 34%<ref name=":3" />, and in the end of 2021 it reached 40.8%<ref name=":9" />.  However, grid connection is mostly concentrated in urban areas and scarce in poor rural communities. Geographically, Southern provinces close to Maputo Cidade i.e Maputo (62%), Gaza (40%), Sofala (37%) and Manica (34%) have higher electrification rate compared to northern provinces such as Tete (26%), Cabo Delgado (26%), Nampula (25%), Zambezai (18%) and Niassa (17%). Overall, Maputo city has the highest electrification rate of 95% (based on Finscope survey 2019)<ref>Finscope, ‘Mozambique: Finscope Consumer Survey Report 2019, https://finmark.org.za/system/documents/files/000/000/155/original/Mozambique_Survey-2020-07-311.pdf?1597303567</ref>.
-Despite living within the reach of the national grid, many Mozambicans do not have access to it due to the high connection fee. EnDev Mozambique has been supporting EDM with its grid densification programme and this effort made it possible for the Government of Mozambique to waive the connection fees in Dec 2020<ref>Green Building Africa, Domestic Connection Fees Abolished in Mozambique, https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/domestic-connection-fees-abolished-in-mozambique/</ref>. Nevertheless, extending the national grid to the rural remote communities is not a viable business solution as it requires large investment and the rural communities are not able to pay a tariff that can cover up this investment cost<ref>EDM, ‘EDM Strategy 2018-2020’, https://www.edm.co.mz/sites/default/files/documents/Reports/EDM_STRATEGY_2018_2028.pdf</ref>.
+Despite living within the reach of the national grid, many Mozambicans do not have access to it due to the high connection fee. EnDev Mozambique has supported EDM with its grid densification programme and this effort made it possible for the Government of Mozambique to waive the connection fees in Dec 2020<ref>Green Building Africa, Domestic Connection Fees Abolished in Mozambique, https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/domestic-connection-fees-abolished-in-mozambique/</ref>. Nevertheless, extending the national grid to the rural remote communities is not a viable business solution as it requires large investment and the rural communities are not able to pay a tariff that can cover up this investment cost<ref>EDM, ‘EDM Strategy 2018-2020’, https://www.edm.co.mz/sites/default/files/documents/Reports/EDM_STRATEGY_2018_2028.pdf</ref>.
 The table below summarises the ongoing grid densification projects in Mozambique (until 2022).

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 === Generation===
-'''Table: Electricity generation from RE sources'''
+In 2021 there were no large changes in the mix, (51% from HCB, 34% from other IPPs, 1% Imported), rather a small shift in the sources of generation from EDM. This year, only 8% of the generation came from thermal EDM plants, while there was a notable increase in electricity generation from EDM hydro plants<ref name=":9" />.
 {| class="wikitable"
 | Total electricity production from renewable sources
-|7,089  GWh
+|7,089 GWh
 |-
 |Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa
-|3,651  GWh
+|3,651 GWh
 |-
 |Other IPP
-|2,491  GWh
+|2,491 GWh
 |-
-|Thermal
+|Thermal (EDM)
-|710  GWh
+|710 GWh
 |-
 | Other Hydro plants
-|163  GWh
+|163 GWh
 |}
 Source: ALER, AMER, with data from EDM<ref name=":3">Aler_mar2021_resumo-Renovaveis-Em-Mocambique-2021.Pdf’, accessed 23 April 2021, https://www.lerenovaveis.org/contents/lerpublication/aler_mar2021_resumo-renovaveis-em-mocambique-2021.pdf</ref>
 === Installed capacity (Renewable sources)===
 It is estimated that Mozambique reached a total installed capacity of 2,799 MW by the end of 2022, from which 78% corresponds to hydropower, 16% to gas, 4% to heavy fuel oil (HFO), and 2% to solar. The installed capacity corresponds 39% to EDM and 18% to IPP<ref name=":9" />. The projections for 2030 from the Government's Five-Year Plan, show an expected increase in the total installed capacity to 6,320 MW.
@@ Line 133: / Line 138: @@
 |+
 '''Table: Mozambique’s key energy indicators'''
-|Energy  production
+|Energy production
 |20.23  Mtoe
 |-
-| Total  primary energy supply
+| Total primary energy supply
 |10.43  Mtoe
 |-
-|Total  electricity consumption
+|Total electricity consumption
 |13.63  TWh
 |-
-|Electricity  consumption per capita
+|Electricity consumption per capita
 |0.5  MWh
 |}
@@ Line 148: / Line 153: @@
 Overall, the sector that consumes the most power is industry. In 2018, the total electricity consumption for industrial activities was 888 ktoe, or 10.32 TWh; the residential sector consumed 1500.3 GWh, commercial and public services consumed 407 GWh and agricultural activities 23.3 GWh. Electricity supplied from the grid, however, is mostly directed to residential users. Based on 2019 billing data from EDM, the on-grid electricity demand in Mozambique is the highest for domestic use (45%) followed by industries (37.3%) and commercial use (16%) <ref name=":4" />.
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+'''Table: Electricity final consumption by sector, 2018'''
+|+'''Table: Electricity final consumption by sector, 2021'''
-| Industry
+|Domestic
-|10,327  GWh
+|44.9%
 |-
-|Commercial  and public services
+|Agriculture
-|407  GWh
+|0.9%
 |-
-|Agriculture  / forestry
+|Public Lighting
-|23.3  GWh
+|1.4%
 |-
-|Residential
+|EDM Consumption
-|1500.3  GWh
+|0.2%
 |}
-Source: IEA; 2018<ref name=":4" />
+Source: ALER, AMER, with data from EDM<ref name=":4" />
 == Electricity Tariffs==