Off-grid project in Kenya by OSRAM - Revision history

Lisafeldmann at 06:11, 28 March 2022

2022-03-28T06:11:27Z

Lisafeldmann at 09:23, 18 April 2016

2016-04-18T09:23:46Z

Lisafeldmann at 11:53, 9 June 2015

2015-06-09T11:53:01Z

Ranisha at 13:16, 17 July 2014

2014-07-17T13:16:14Z

Wiki Gardener: /* OSRAM Energy Hubs - O-Hubs */

2014-06-11T13:52:35Z

OSRAM Energy Hubs - O-Hubs

Wiki Gardener at 13:51, 11 June 2014

2014-06-11T13:51:41Z

Show changes

Gerhard Mair at 12:44, 9 October 2013

2013-10-09T12:44:16Z

Show changes

Gerhard Mair at 12:42, 9 October 2013

2013-10-09T12:42:29Z

Show changes

Gerhard Mair: /* Benefits */

2013-10-09T12:38:48Z

Benefits

Gerhard Mair: /* Benefits */

2013-10-09T12:26:27Z

Benefits

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 <br/>
-== OSRAM [[Solar Lantern|Solar Lantern]]<br/> ==
+== OSRAM Solar Lantern  ==
 [[File:O-Lantern.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Lantern.jpg]]The OSRAM solar charged Lantern is designed mainly for the use in households and small shops. Its equipment with a 6Ah/12V DC maintenance-free lead acid gel accumulator to power the 7 W CFL and offers to the user up to 8 hours of lighting. After an operation cycle the Lantern, like the O–Box, is brought back to O–Hub where it can be exchanged immediately with a charged one. This continuous utilization concept is possible due to the leasing and operation system in use.

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview =
-The OSRAM Off-Grid lighting concept, including the energy hubs and their off-grid technology, operational model and lighting devices, provides alternative and clean energy services for lighting, mobile phone charging and drinking water treatment to the rural fishing communities in <span data-scaytid="3" data-scayt_word="Suba">Suba</span> District – [[Kenya Energy Situation|Kenya]]. Thereby, the main emphasis is on replacing kerosene-based lighting with efficient lamps like CFLs and LED powered by batteries charged with [[Portal:Solar|solar energy]].
+The OSRAM Off-Grid lighting concept, including the energy hubs and their off-grid technology, operational model and lighting devices, provides alternative and clean energy services for lighting, mobile phone charging and drinking water treatment to the rural fishing communities in <span data-scayt_word="Suba" data-scaytid="3">Suba</span> District – [[Kenya Energy Situation|Kenya]]. Thereby, the main emphasis is on replacing kerosene-based lighting with efficient lamps like CFLs and LED powered by batteries charged with [[Portal:Solar|solar energy]].
 = OSRAM Energy Hubs - O-Hubs =
-The O-Hubs are decentralized, solar powered energy stations. They represent the core infrastructure of the <span data-scaytid="6" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> Off-grid lighting concept. Their main source of energy is renewable solar energy provided by solar panels (e.g. 42 <span data-scaytid="11" data-scayt_word="Solarworld">Solarworld</span> SW 220 panels with a performance of 220 <span data-scaytid="12" data-scayt_word="Wp">Wp</span> each). This photovoltaic system is used to charge batteries and to purify and sterilize water. As a backup system, depending on the availability, a connection to the local power supply systems or a generator is added.
+The O-Hubs are decentralized, solar powered energy stations. They represent the core infrastructure of the <span data-scayt_word="OSRAM" data-scaytid="6">OSRAM</span> Off-grid lighting concept. Their main source of energy is renewable solar energy provided by solar panels (e.g. 42 <span data-scayt_word="Solarworld" data-scaytid="11">Solarworld</span> SW 220 panels with a performance of 220 <span data-scayt_word="Wp" data-scaytid="12">Wp</span> each). This photovoltaic system is used to charge batteries and to purify and sterilize water. As a backup system, depending on the availability, a connection to the local power supply systems or a generator is added.
 <br/>
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 <br/>
-O-Hubs are further leasing, sale and service points for <span data-scaytid="7" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> products based on renewable energy technologies, as well as a recycling and collection point for end-of-life products.<br/>
+O-Hubs are further leasing, sale and service points for <span data-scayt_word="OSRAM" data-scaytid="7">OSRAM</span> products based on renewable energy technologies, as well as a recycling and collection point for end-of-life products.<br/>
 <u>Since 2008 three O-Hubs operate in Suba District:</u>
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 = Water and Energy Hubs - WE!Hubs =
-The WE!Hubs are based on the O-Hub concept, but where further developed and equipped with state-of-the-art photovoltaic systems and battery charging technologies. In addition to the battery charging infrastructure and water purification system, they have a IT-room for computer based trainings and to access the world-wide-web. The three operating O-Hubs in <span data-scaytid="23" data-scayt_word="Suba">Suba</span> District were upgraded to WE!Hubs in 2013.<br/>
+The WE!Hubs are based on the O-Hub concept, but where further developed and equipped with state-of-the-art photovoltaic systems and battery charging technologies. In addition to the battery charging infrastructure and water purification system, they have a IT-room for computer based trainings and to access the world-wide-web. The three operating O-Hubs in <span data-scayt_word="Suba" data-scaytid="23">Suba</span> District were upgraded to WE!Hubs in 2013.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 == O-BOX and O-BOX SOLAR<br/> ==
-The OSRAM O-Box contains a 12 Ah/12 V sealed maintenance-free lead acid gel accumulator. The battery is protected from deep discharging through an electronic control unit. By preventing deep discharge cycles the life span of the battery can be prolonged remarkable. The unit incorporates also the handshake technology that ensures the communication between charge controller and battery. This assures that batteries are charged only at the O-Hub under professional supervision. A control LED indicates the state of charge and warns the user when the battery reaches a low charging level. A discharged battery needs to be charged for 3 hours before it can be leased again. The O-Box system offers several possibilities and areas of use which goes beyond lighting. The standard usage solution for the O-Box is in combination with the O–Lamp (Osram Lamp). The O–Lamp is a lightweight lampshade with a watertight ca[[File:O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg]]se for the <span data-scayt_word="OSRAM" data-scaytid="28">OSRAM</span> <span data-scayt_word="DULUX" data-scaytid="33">DULUX</span>® EL SOLAR 12 V DC <span data-scayt_word="VARIO" data-scaytid="34">VARIO</span> <span data-scayt_word="CFL" data-scaytid="35">CFL</span> bulb. The bulb is dimmable and has two output levels, 6 W or 11 W, which corresponds to a lighting intensity of 30 W or 60 W of traditional incandescent bulb. The O–Box with the O-Lamp provides energy for lighting for 10 up to 18 hours depending on the setup. In this configuration the O–Box is operated for <span data-scayt_word="Omena" data-scaytid="36">Omena</span> night fishing, household lighting as well as lighting in small business like kiosks, restaurant, shops and schools and public offices. The O–Box is further equipped with a second plug which offers the possibility to connect a second O-Lamp or other small devices like a mobile phone charger, Laptop, Radio or TV.<br/>
+The OSRAM O-Box contains a 12 Ah/12 V sealed maintenance-free lead acid gel accumulator. The battery is protected from deep discharging through an electronic control unit. By preventing deep discharge cycles the life span of the battery can be prolonged remarkable. The unit incorporates also the handshake technology that ensures the communication between charge controller and battery. This assures that batteries are charged only at the O-Hub under professional supervision. A control LED indicates the state of charge and warns the user when the battery reaches a low charging level. A discharged battery needs to be charged for 3 hours before it can be leased again. The O-Box system offers several possibilities and areas of use which goes beyond lighting. The standard usage solution for the O-Box is in combination with the O–Lamp (Osram Lamp). The O–Lamp is a lightweight lampshade with a watertight ca[[File:O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg]]se for the <span data-scaytid="28" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> <span data-scaytid="33" data-scayt_word="DULUX">DULUX</span>® EL SOLAR 12 V DC <span data-scaytid="34" data-scayt_word="VARIO">VARIO</span> <span data-scaytid="35" data-scayt_word="CFL">CFL</span> bulb. The bulb is dimmable and has two output levels, 6 W or 11 W, which corresponds to a lighting intensity of 30 W or 60 W of traditional incandescent bulb. The O–Box with the O-Lamp provides energy for lighting for 10 up to 18 hours depending on the setup. In this configuration the O–Box is operated for <span data-scaytid="36" data-scayt_word="Omena">Omena</span> night fishing, household lighting as well as lighting in small business like kiosks, restaurant, shops and schools and public offices. The O–Box is further equipped with a second plug which offers the possibility to connect a second O-Lamp or other small devices like a mobile phone charger, Laptop, Radio or TV.<br/>
 <br/>The OSRAM O-Box Solar represents the second generation of the battery contained box and replaces the outdated lead-acid accumulators. Besides the switch to the state-of-the-art Lithium-Ion battery technology also the housing underwent a re-design. Together, the new durable plastic housing and the Li-Ion batteries, contribute to reduce the weight and increase the usability. The now stackable Box weighs only half compared to the first generation product, but offers the same energy services
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Off-grid]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview =
-The OSRAM Off-Grid lighting concept, including the energy hubs and their off-grid technology, operational model and lighting devices, provides alternative and clean energy services for lighting, mobile phone charging and drinking water treatment to the rural fishing communities in <span data-scayt_word="Suba" data-scaytid="3">Suba</span> District – [[Kenya_Energy_Situation|Kenya]]. Thereby, the main emphasis is on replacing kerosene-based lighting with efficient lamps like CFLs and LED powered by batteries charged with [[Portal:Solar|solar energy]].
+The OSRAM Off-Grid lighting concept, including the energy hubs and their off-grid technology, operational model and lighting devices, provides alternative and clean energy services for lighting, mobile phone charging and drinking water treatment to the rural fishing communities in <span data-scaytid="3" data-scayt_word="Suba">Suba</span> District – [[Kenya Energy Situation|Kenya]]. Thereby, the main emphasis is on replacing kerosene-based lighting with efficient lamps like CFLs and LED powered by batteries charged with [[Portal:Solar|solar energy]].
 = OSRAM Energy Hubs - O-Hubs =
-The O-Hubs are decentralized, solar powered energy stations. They represent the core infrastructure of the <span data-scayt_word="OSRAM" data-scaytid="6">OSRAM</span> Off-grid lighting concept. Their main source of energy is renewable solar energy provided by solar panels (e.g. 42 <span data-scayt_word="Solarworld" data-scaytid="11">Solarworld</span> SW 220 panels with a performance of 220 <span data-scayt_word="Wp" data-scaytid="12">Wp</span> each). This photovoltaic system is used to charge batteries and to purify and sterilize water. As a backup system, depending on the availability, a connection to the local power supply systems or a generator is added.
+The O-Hubs are decentralized, solar powered energy stations. They represent the core infrastructure of the <span data-scaytid="6" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> Off-grid lighting concept. Their main source of energy is renewable solar energy provided by solar panels (e.g. 42 <span data-scaytid="11" data-scayt_word="Solarworld">Solarworld</span> SW 220 panels with a performance of 220 <span data-scaytid="12" data-scayt_word="Wp">Wp</span> each). This photovoltaic system is used to charge batteries and to purify and sterilize water. As a backup system, depending on the availability, a connection to the local power supply systems or a generator is added.
 <br/>
 <u>An O–Hub is equipped with:</u><br/>
 *A battery charging station for the battery contained O-box and battery powered lantern:
 *14 charge controllers, each of them connected to a string of three parallel connected PV-panels, can charge 112 batteries simultaneously.<br/>
 [[File:O-Hub in Nyandiwa.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Hub in Nyandiwa.jpg]]
 *A mobile phone charging station<br/>
 *A water purification and sterilization plant with rainwater harvesting and collection System
@@ Line 21: / Line 23: @@
 <br/>
-O-Hubs are further leasing, sale and service points for <span data-scayt_word="OSRAM" data-scaytid="7">OSRAM</span> products based on renewable energy technologies, as well as a recycling and collection point for end-of-life products.<br/>
+O-Hubs are further leasing, sale and service points for <span data-scaytid="7" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> products based on renewable energy technologies, as well as a recycling and collection point for end-of-life products.<br/>
 <u>Since 2008 three O-Hubs operate in Suba District:</u>
 *A mobile phone charging station
 *A water purification and sterilization plant with rainwater harvesting and collection System
@@ Line 36: / Line 39: @@
 = Water and Energy Hubs - WE!Hubs =
-The WE!Hubs are based on the O-Hub concept, but where further developed and equipped with state-of-the-art photovoltaic systems and battery charging technologies. In addition to the battery charging infrastructure and water purification system, they have a IT-room for computer based trainings and to access the world-wide-web. The three operating O-Hubs in <span data-scayt_word="Suba" data-scaytid="23">Suba</span> District were upgraded to WE!Hubs in 2013.<br/>
+The WE!Hubs are based on the O-Hub concept, but where further developed and equipped with state-of-the-art photovoltaic systems and battery charging technologies. In addition to the battery charging infrastructure and water purification system, they have a IT-room for computer based trainings and to access the world-wide-web. The three operating O-Hubs in <span data-scaytid="23" data-scayt_word="Suba">Suba</span> District were upgraded to WE!Hubs in 2013.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 44: / Line 47: @@
 == O-BOX and O-BOX SOLAR<br/> ==
-The OSRAM O-Box contains a 12 Ah/12 V sealed maintenance-free lead acid gel accumulator. The battery is protected from deep discharging through an electronic control unit. By preventing deep discharge cycles the life span of the battery can be prolonged remarkable. The unit incorporates also the handshake technology that ensures the communication between charge controller and battery. This assures that batteries are charged only at the O-Hub under professional supervision. A control LED indicates the state of charge and warns the user when the battery reaches a low charging level. A discharged battery needs to be charged for 3 hours before it can be leased again. The O-Box system offers several possibilities and areas of use which goes beyond lighting. The standard usage solution for the O-Box is in combination with the O–Lamp (Osram Lamp). The O–Lamp is a lightweight lampshade with a watertight ca[[File:O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg]]se for the <span data-scaytid="28" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> <span data-scaytid="33" data-scayt_word="DULUX">DULUX</span>® EL SOLAR 12 V DC <span data-scaytid="34" data-scayt_word="VARIO">VARIO</span> <span data-scaytid="35" data-scayt_word="CFL">CFL</span> bulb. The bulb is dimmable and has two output levels, 6 W or 11 W, which corresponds to a lighting intensity of 30 W or 60 W of traditional incandescent bulb. The O–Box with the O-Lamp provides energy for lighting for 10 up to 18 hours depending on the setup. In this configuration the O–Box is operated for <span data-scaytid="36" data-scayt_word="Omena">Omena</span> night fishing, household lighting as well as lighting in small business like kiosks, restaurant, shops and schools and public offices. The O–Box is further equipped with a second plug which offers the possibility to connect a second O-Lamp or other small devices like a mobile phone charger, Laptop, Radio or TV.<br/>
+The OSRAM O-Box contains a 12 Ah/12 V sealed maintenance-free lead acid gel accumulator. The battery is protected from deep discharging through an electronic control unit. By preventing deep discharge cycles the life span of the battery can be prolonged remarkable. The unit incorporates also the handshake technology that ensures the communication between charge controller and battery. This assures that batteries are charged only at the O-Hub under professional supervision. A control LED indicates the state of charge and warns the user when the battery reaches a low charging level. A discharged battery needs to be charged for 3 hours before it can be leased again. The O-Box system offers several possibilities and areas of use which goes beyond lighting. The standard usage solution for the O-Box is in combination with the O–Lamp (Osram Lamp). The O–Lamp is a lightweight lampshade with a watertight ca[[File:O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg]]se for the <span data-scayt_word="OSRAM" data-scaytid="28">OSRAM</span> <span data-scayt_word="DULUX" data-scaytid="33">DULUX</span>® EL SOLAR 12 V DC <span data-scayt_word="VARIO" data-scaytid="34">VARIO</span> <span data-scayt_word="CFL" data-scaytid="35">CFL</span> bulb. The bulb is dimmable and has two output levels, 6 W or 11 W, which corresponds to a lighting intensity of 30 W or 60 W of traditional incandescent bulb. The O–Box with the O-Lamp provides energy for lighting for 10 up to 18 hours depending on the setup. In this configuration the O–Box is operated for <span data-scayt_word="Omena" data-scaytid="36">Omena</span> night fishing, household lighting as well as lighting in small business like kiosks, restaurant, shops and schools and public offices. The O–Box is further equipped with a second plug which offers the possibility to connect a second O-Lamp or other small devices like a mobile phone charger, Laptop, Radio or TV.<br/>
 <br/>The OSRAM O-Box Solar represents the second generation of the battery contained box and replaces the outdated lead-acid accumulators. Besides the switch to the state-of-the-art Lithium-Ion battery technology also the housing underwent a re-design. Together, the new durable plastic housing and the Li-Ion batteries, contribute to reduce the weight and increase the usability. The now stackable Box weighs only half compared to the first generation product, but offers the same energy services
@@ Line 50: / Line 53: @@
 <br/>
-== OSRAM [[Solar_Lantern|Solar Lantern]]<br/> ==
+== OSRAM [[Solar Lantern|Solar Lantern]]<br/> ==
 [[File:O-Lantern.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Lantern.jpg]]The OSRAM solar charged Lantern is designed mainly for the use in households and small shops. Its equipment with a 6Ah/12V DC maintenance-free lead acid gel accumulator to power the 7 W CFL and offers to the user up to 8 hours of lighting. After an operation cycle the Lantern, like the O–Box, is brought back to O–Hub where it can be exchanged immediately with a charged one. This continuous utilization concept is possible due to the leasing and operation system in use.
@@ Line 64: / Line 67: @@
 <br/>
-The [[Battery_Charging_Systems_(BCS)|charged batteries]] are further leased to fishermen, households, shop owners and schools. Subsequently they are used for lighting or fishing. Both lighting devices are distributed via a leasing system. Through the leasing system the customer saves the high buy in and maintenance cost for a PV–system. The leasing system stipulates that customers will be registered and provide a security deposit for the duration of the usage of the O–Box or Solar Lantern. The security deposit will be refunded afterwards. The leasing agreement covers a non limited use of the lighting devices including the maintenance. The security deposit for an O–Box with lamp shade and [[Compact_Fluorescent_Lamp_(CFL)|CFL bulb]] amounts to 1,000 Kenya Shilling (KES)<ref>1 Kenya Shilling = 0.0124 US$ (August 2010)</ref>. The security deposit for the Lantern amounts to 750 KES. The security deposit can also be financed in cooperation with local micro finance institutions. They provide the security deposit for the customer who in turn will repay the loan step by step. Even here the security deposit will be refunded completely to the customer once he/she decides to withdraw from the use of the O–Box or Lantern and returns it to the Hub. <br/>
+The [[Battery Charging Systems (BCS)|charged batteries]] are further leased to fishermen, households, shop owners and schools. Subsequently they are used for lighting or fishing. Both lighting devices are distributed via a leasing system. Through the leasing system the customer saves the high buy in and maintenance cost for a PV–system. The leasing system stipulates that customers will be registered and provide a security deposit for the duration of the usage of the O–Box or Solar Lantern. The security deposit will be refunded afterwards. The leasing agreement covers a non limited use of the lighting devices including the maintenance. The security deposit for an O–Box with lamp shade and [[Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)|CFL bulb]] amounts to 1,000 Kenya Shilling (KES)<ref>1 Kenya Shilling = 0.0124 US$ (August 2010)</ref>. The security deposit for the Lantern amounts to 750 KES. The security deposit can also be financed in cooperation with local micro finance institutions. They provide the security deposit for the customer who in turn will repay the loan step by step. Even here the security deposit will be refunded completely to the customer once he/she decides to withdraw from the use of the O–Box or Lantern and returns it to the Hub.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 99: / Line 102: @@
 *[http://www.osram.com/osram_com/index.jsp OSRAM.com]
-*[[Challenges_and_Issues_Affecting_the_Exploitation_of_Renewable_Energies_in_Kenya|Challenges and Issues Affecting the Exploitation of Renewable Energies in Kenya]]<br/>
+*[[Challenges and Issues Affecting the Exploitation of Renewable Energies in Kenya|Challenges and Issues Affecting the Exploitation of Renewable Energies in Kenya]]<br/>
-*[[Energy_Provision_in_Rural_Areas_of_Kenya|Energy Provision in Rural Areas of Kenya]]
+*[[Energy Provision in Rural Areas of Kenya|Energy Provision in Rural Areas of Kenya]]
 = References =
@@ Line 106: / Line 109: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Battery_Charging_Systems]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview =
-The OSRAM Off-Grid lighting concept, including the energy hubs and their off-grid technology, operational model and lighting devices, provides alternative and clean energy services for lighting, mobile phone charging and drinking water treatment to the rural fishing communities in <span data-scayt_word="Suba" data-scaytid="3">Suba</span> District – Kenya. Thereby, the main emphasis is on replacing kerosene-based lighting with efficient lamps like CFLs and LED powered by batteries charged with solar energy.<br/>
+The OSRAM Off-Grid lighting concept, including the energy hubs and their off-grid technology, operational model and lighting devices, provides alternative and clean energy services for lighting, mobile phone charging and drinking water treatment to the rural fishing communities in <span data-scayt_word="Suba" data-scaytid="3">Suba</span> District – [[Kenya_Energy_Situation|Kenya]]. Thereby, the main emphasis is on replacing kerosene-based lighting with efficient lamps like CFLs and LED powered by batteries charged with [[Portal:Solar|solar energy]].
 = OSRAM Energy Hubs - O-Hubs =
@@ Line 35: / Line 32: @@
 <br/>
 = Water and Energy Hubs - WE!Hubs =
@@ Line 48: / Line 46: @@
 The OSRAM O-Box contains a 12 Ah/12 V sealed maintenance-free lead acid gel accumulator. The battery is protected from deep discharging through an electronic control unit. By preventing deep discharge cycles the life span of the battery can be prolonged remarkable. The unit incorporates also the handshake technology that ensures the communication between charge controller and battery. This assures that batteries are charged only at the O-Hub under professional supervision. A control LED indicates the state of charge and warns the user when the battery reaches a low charging level. A discharged battery needs to be charged for 3 hours before it can be leased again. The O-Box system offers several possibilities and areas of use which goes beyond lighting. The standard usage solution for the O-Box is in combination with the O–Lamp (Osram Lamp). The O–Lamp is a lightweight lampshade with a watertight ca[[File:O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Box with O-Lamp.jpg]]se for the <span data-scaytid="28" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> <span data-scaytid="33" data-scayt_word="DULUX">DULUX</span>® EL SOLAR 12 V DC <span data-scaytid="34" data-scayt_word="VARIO">VARIO</span> <span data-scaytid="35" data-scayt_word="CFL">CFL</span> bulb. The bulb is dimmable and has two output levels, 6 W or 11 W, which corresponds to a lighting intensity of 30 W or 60 W of traditional incandescent bulb. The O–Box with the O-Lamp provides energy for lighting for 10 up to 18 hours depending on the setup. In this configuration the O–Box is operated for <span data-scaytid="36" data-scayt_word="Omena">Omena</span> night fishing, household lighting as well as lighting in small business like kiosks, restaurant, shops and schools and public offices. The O–Box is further equipped with a second plug which offers the possibility to connect a second O-Lamp or other small devices like a mobile phone charger, Laptop, Radio or TV.<br/>
-<br/>
+<br/>The OSRAM O-Box Solar represents the second generation of the battery contained box and replaces the outdated lead-acid accumulators. Besides the switch to the state-of-the-art Lithium-Ion battery technology also the housing underwent a re-design. Together, the new durable plastic housing and the Li-Ion batteries, contribute to reduce the weight and increase the usability. The now stackable Box weighs only half compared to the first generation product, but offers the same energy services
 <br/>
-== OSRAM Solar Lantern<br/> ==
+== OSRAM [[Solar_Lantern|Solar Lantern]]<br/> ==
 [[File:O-Lantern.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Lantern.jpg]]The OSRAM solar charged Lantern is designed mainly for the use in households and small shops. Its equipment with a 6Ah/12V DC maintenance-free lead acid gel accumulator to power the 7 W CFL and offers to the user up to 8 hours of lighting. After an operation cycle the Lantern, like the O–Box, is brought back to O–Hub where it can be exchanged immediately with a charged one. This continuous utilization concept is possible due to the leasing and operation system in use.
@@ Line 63: / Line 60: @@
 = <br/>Leasing and Operation System<br/> =
-The operation concept worked out for the Energy Hubs is designed to solve the main problems in access and provision of energy, especially electricity through PV–systems, in rural areas of developing countries. These are mainly high investment costs as well as high operation costs with contemporary low household incomes, but also quality deficiencies which cause unreliable energy supply. Overcoming these constraints is possible through a centralized high-quality PV–system which charge batteries under control of trained technicians. The charged batteries are further leased to fishermen, households, shop owners and schools. Subsequently they are used for lighting or fishing. Both lighting devices are distributed via a leasing system. Through the leasing system the customer saves the high buy in and maintenance cost for a PV–system. The leasing system stipulates that customers will be registered and provide a security deposit for the duration of the usage of the O–Box or Solar Lantern. The security deposit will be refunded afterwards. The leasing agreement covers a non limited use of the lighting devices including the maintenance. The security deposit for an O–Box with lamp shade and CFL bulb amounts to 1,000 Kenya Shilling (KES)<ref>1 Kenya Shilling = 0.0124 US$ (August 2010)</ref>. The security deposit for the Lantern amounts to 750 KES. The security deposit can also be financed in cooperation with local micro finance institutions. They provide the security deposit for the customer who in turn will repay the loan step by step. Even here the security deposit will be refunded completely to the customer once he/she decides to withdraw from the use of the O–Box or Lantern and returns it to the Hub. Through the leasing system the customer has the advantage to pay only for the service a household, a business or a fisherman really needs: this is lighting in the evening for cooking, eating, working, reading, extended business hours or just socialization and illumination for Omena fishing. Service fees are 75 KES for the O–Box and 25 KES for the Lantern each time a utilized lighting device is replaced with a charged one. For the customer this constitutes the total cost for lighting. Additional costs for maintenance and replacement materials are covered by the Hub operator. A supplementary advantage of the operation system, for both customer and the Hub operator, is that the property for the O–Boxes and Lanterns remains within the Hub. This means that whenever a discharged lighting system is returned to the Hub it can immediately be replaced with a charged one because there is no exclusively claim on it from the user. The customer always gets a fully charged and maintained product for the paid service fees. The Hub operator has the guarantee that all the products will be brought back for charging, maintenance and for recycling at the end of life span. The limitation of charging the batteries only at the Hub allows: to control the charging process, to constantly monitore the batteries conditions and to cover investments and running costs.
+The operation concept worked out for the Energy Hubs is designed to solve the main problems in access and provision of energy, especially electricity through PV–systems, in rural areas of developing countries. These are mainly high investment costs as well as high operation costs with contemporary low household incomes, but also quality deficiencies which cause unreliable energy supply. Overcoming these constraints is possible through a centralized high-quality PV–system which charge batteries under control of trained technicians.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 94: / Line 99: @@
 *[http://www.osram.com/osram_com/index.jsp OSRAM.com]
+*[[Challenges_and_Issues_Affecting_the_Exploitation_of_Renewable_Energies_in_Kenya|Challenges and Issues Affecting the Exploitation of Renewable Energies in Kenya]]<br/>
+*[[Energy_Provision_in_Rural_Areas_of_Kenya|Energy Provision in Rural Areas of Kenya]]
 = References =
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Off-grid]]

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 <br/>
 = OSRAM Energy Hubs - O-Hubs =
-The O-Hubs are decentralized, solar powered energy stations. They represent the core infrastructure of the <span data-scaytid="6" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> Off-grid lighting concept. Their main source of energy is renewable solar energy provided by solar panels (e.g. 42 <span data-scaytid="11" data-scayt_word="Solarworld">Solarworld</span> SW 220 panels with a performance of 220 <span data-scaytid="12" data-scayt_word="Wp">Wp</span> each). This photovoltaic system is used to charge batteries and to purify and sterilize water. As a backup system, depending on the availability, a connection to the local power supply systems or a generator is added.
+The O-Hubs are decentralized, solar powered energy stations. They represent the core infrastructure of the <span data-scayt_word="OSRAM" data-scaytid="6">OSRAM</span> Off-grid lighting concept. Their main source of energy is renewable solar energy provided by solar panels (e.g. 42 <span data-scayt_word="Solarworld" data-scaytid="11">Solarworld</span> SW 220 panels with a performance of 220 <span data-scayt_word="Wp" data-scaytid="12">Wp</span> each). This photovoltaic system is used to charge batteries and to purify and sterilize water. As a backup system, depending on the availability, a connection to the local power supply systems or a generator is added.
 <br/>
 <u>An O–Hub is equipped with:</u><br/>
+*A battery charging station for the battery contained O-box and battery powered lantern:
-• A battery charging station for the battery contained O-box and battery powered lantern:
+*14 charge controllers, each of them connected to a string of three parallel connected PV-panels, can charge 112 batteries simultaneously.<br/>
 [[File:O-Hub in Nyandiwa.jpg|thumb|right|180px|O-Hub in Nyandiwa.jpg]]
+*A mobile phone charging station<br/>
-• A mobile phone charging station<br/>
+*A water purification and sterilization plant with rainwater harvesting and collection System
+*A sales room, storage, and office.<br/>
 <br/>
-O-Hubs are further leasing, sale and service points for <span data-scaytid="7" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> products based on renewable energy technologies, as well as a recycling and collection point for end-of-life products.<br/>
+O-Hubs are further leasing, sale and service points for <span data-scayt_word="OSRAM" data-scaytid="7">OSRAM</span> products based on renewable energy technologies, as well as a recycling and collection point for end-of-life products.<br/>
-Since 2008 three O-Hubs operate in Suba District:
+<u>Since 2008 three O-Hubs operate in Suba District:</u>
 *A mobile phone charging station
 *A water purification and sterilization plant with rainwater harvesting and collection System
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 <br/>
 = Water and Energy Hubs - WE!Hubs =

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 <br/>
@@ Line 97: / Line 98: @@
 == Benefits<br/> ==
-For households the replacement of kerosene lamp with battery-powered lighting devices brings a substantial rise in lighting quality through better illumination and lower expenditures per <span data-scaytid="3" data-scayt_word="illuminance">illuminance</span> unit. Additionally, harmful fumes and soot, poisoning fuels as well as the dangers of an open fire are removed from households.
+For households the replacement of kerosene lamp with battery-powered lighting devices brings a substantial rise in lighting quality through better illumination and lower expenditures per <span data-scayt_word="illuminance" data-scaytid="3">illuminance</span> unit. Additionally, harmful fumes and soot, poisoning fuels as well as the dangers of an open fire are removed from households.
-The <span data-scaytid="5" data-scayt_word="Omena">Omena</span> fishing sector depends on light for successfully harvesting the small <span data-scaytid="6" data-scayt_word="cyprinids">cyprinids</span>. Light attracts their fodder which in turn attracts the fish. Up to now, the fishermen’s need for a bright enough and transportable light was only possible to be covered by kerosene pressure lamps. The total costs for the 5 pressure lamps used per boat and night are 758 <span data-scaytid="7" data-scayt_word="KES">KES</span>. The O–Box offers the same service: a portable lighting device with a high <span data-scaytid="4" data-scayt_word="illuminance">illuminance</span>. The costs for lighting with 5 O–Boxes are 375 <span data-scaytid="8" data-scayt_word="KES">KES</span> for a fishing night. This is a reduction to half. The use of the alternative, less polluting and energy consuming, lighting device raises the income and further the living standards for fishermen households.
+The <span data-scayt_word="Omena" data-scaytid="5">Omena</span> fishing sector depends on light for successfully harvesting the small <span data-scayt_word="cyprinids" data-scaytid="6">cyprinids</span>. Light attracts their fodder which in turn attracts the fish. Up to now, the fishermen’s need for a bright enough and transportable light was only possible to be covered by kerosene pressure lamps. The total costs for the 5 pressure lamps used per boat and night are 758 <span data-scayt_word="KES" data-scaytid="7">KES</span>. The O–Box offers the same service: a portable lighting device with a high <span data-scayt_word="illuminance" data-scaytid="4">illuminance</span>. The costs for lighting with 5 O–Boxes are 375 <span data-scayt_word="KES" data-scaytid="8">KES</span> for a fishing night. This is a reduction to half. The switch to the alternative, less polluting and energy consuming, lighting device raises the income of the fishermen and further the living standards of their households.
-Besides the economical, ecological, social and health benefits for the users the Hub concept also promotes, the transfer of technology through the training of the local staff. This is realized during the construction and installation phase as well as in the operative phase. Construction materials and manpower are selected locally which supports the economy in the rural areas. Subsequently, the first generation battery boxes were also assembled in Kenya. Only materials which are not produced or not available in Kenya are imported. The complete operative part of a Hub is organized by a local <span data-scaytid="10" data-scayt_word="OSRAM">OSRAM</span> partner who is supported by his local staff. The technical, as well as, the administrative staff is trained accurately for the maintenance and operation of the solar powered energy stations.
+Besides the economical, ecological, social and health benefits for the users, the concept also promotes the local economy and the transfer of technology through the training of the staff. During the construction phase materials and manpower are selected locally. Only materials and Know-How which are not produced or not available in Kenya are imported. The complete operative part of a Hub is organized by a local <span data-scayt_word="OSRAM" data-scaytid="10">OSRAM</span> partner who is supported by his local staff. This technical, as well as, the administrative staff is trained accurately for the maintenance and operation of the solar powered energy stations.
 Cumulatively the Hub operational model allows minimizing the costs for the customers and maximizing the benefits for the local community, economy, environment and Hub operator.