Promoting Rural Development through Mobility - Revision history

Ranisha at 10:08, 27 April 2016

2016-04-27T10:08:22Z

Ranisha at 13:18, 20 August 2014

2014-08-20T13:18:33Z

Ranisha at 12:15, 20 August 2014

2014-08-20T12:15:24Z

Show changes

Ranisha: /* Further Information */

2014-08-20T12:07:39Z

Further Information

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 11:06, 11 November 2013

2013-11-11T11:06:37Z

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Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 11:01, 11 November 2013

2013-11-11T11:01:26Z

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Dominik Schmid: /* Need for Intervention */

2013-11-11T09:19:28Z

Need for Intervention

Dominik Schmid: /* Stakeholders, Competencies and Responsiblities */

2013-11-11T09:17:48Z

Stakeholders, Competencies and Responsiblities

Andrea Kaesbohrer: /* Further Information */

2013-10-15T14:10:15Z

Further Information

Andrea Kaesbohrer: /* Further Information */

2013-10-15T14:08:41Z

Further Information

@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
+|
 Strategic coals for country's development:<br/>
-*recomendations for actions
+*recommendations for actions
 *Settlement of priorities
-*targets for each transport sub-secotr
+*targets for each transport sub-sector
 |-
@@ Line 145: / Line 145: @@
+|
 *Operationalising of national strategies at regional level<br/>
-*integrations of transport sector with other areas such as education, helath, economic development, energy and water
+*integrations of transport sector with other areas such as education, health, economic development, energy and water
 *assessment of mobility needs
@@ Line 244: / Line 244: @@
 <br/>
-<u>Further information on the financing posiblities of rural transport routes:</u><br/>
+<u>Further information on the financing possibilities of rural transport routes:</u><br/>
 *Kumarage, A.S., Weeradwardena, J. & Piyasekra, R. (2009): A Concession Model to Promote Rural Bus Services In Sri Lanka. - 11th <span style="background: #ffff00"></span>International Conference Series on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport 20 - Thredbo 11. - Delft, The Netherlands.[http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/5890 http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/5890]
@@ Line 260: / Line 260: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Rural_Development]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Portal:Mobility|►Back to Mobility Portal]]
@@ Line 14: / Line 13: @@
 <br/>Supra-regional links must therefore be improved or created in order to improve the socio-economic position of the rural population. Infrastructure measures make it easier for rural dwellers to link into regional and supra-regional economic life, and also facilitate access in the reverse direction. The previous local focus must therefore be replaced by greater territorial and even supra-territorial openness. Territorial development (GIZ 2012) therefore involves organising planning and construction processes according to the subsidiarity principle, with corresponding funding. This development can take place along one or more axes (country development axes) or corridors that are based on main transport arteries and use secondary transport routes as links.<ref name="Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe">Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe</ref><br/>
-[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Impacts of Infrastructure Measures ==
@@ Line 63: / Line 62: @@
 [[File:Road maintenance work Bangladesh.jpg|frame|center|180px|Road maintenance work is often the responsibility of local authorities. Photo: Rainer Kuhnle, Bangladesh, 2001.|alt=Road maintenance work Bangladesh.jpg]]
-[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#toc|►Go to Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 97: / Line 96: @@
 <br/>
-[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Starting Points in the Transport Sector =
@@ Line 155: / Line 154: @@
 One of the aims of integrated regional planning should be to ensure that infrastructure-related investment and running costs are manageable. Routes for non-motorised traffic should therefore be promoted as well as motorised transport routes. Women benefit particularly from improved accessibility at local village level: they have little access to means of transport but at the same time they often bear the main burden of the family’s mobility needs.<ref name="Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe">Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe</ref>
-[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Infrastructure ==
@@ Line 184: / Line 183: @@
 Such considerations are important in order to set priorities for investment that take the impacts of extreme climate events into account.<ref name="Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe">Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe</ref><br/>
-[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#toc|►Go to Top]]
 === Maintenance and Financing of Transport Routes ===
@@ Line 198: / Line 197: @@
 Assuming responsibility for the road network provides municipalities with opportunities to use their limited funds for maintenance and repair in the ways that yield the greatest benefit for the district. It enables them to set their own priorities for maintenance or to reduce maintenance costs, for example by introducing locally adapted road-building standards (e.g. reduced carriageway width). Another option is to find local sources of funding for road maintenance (e.g. market charges). Mine owners and local businesses that generate high volumes of heavy traffic should make an appropriate contribution to the costs of road building and maintenance. This should apply not only to roads that the mines or businesses need in order to operate and in which the business owners therefore have a vested interested: other infrastructure commitments in the region should be undertaken through concessions.<ref name="Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe">Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe</ref><br/>
-[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#toc|►Go to Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 218: / Line 217: @@
 '''The private sector’s domain: Trans-regional logistics'''<br/>At the level of trans-regional transport the role of public institutions in connection with freight transport and the majority of passenger transport is largely limited to the creation of an enabling environment and – as described above – public policy measures designed to encourage deregulation and competition. Many of the options at this level can significantly assist economic development in rural areas, although the effects tend to be only indirectly noticeable. There is major potential for governments to reform and professionalize police and customs agencies, with the aim of reducing corruption and bureaucracy. In Nigeria, for example, German development cooperation is helping to establish an SMS-based information system about illegal road blocks and bribery payments. As with the system financed by USAID (Section 2.2.3) the ultimate aim of this is to reduce costs for transport operators. International cooperation can also make an important contribution by helping state and private operators to improve the efficiency of major infrastructure facilities such as ports. A more detailed study should be undertaken to identify and describe the opportunities in this field.
-[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Promoting_Rural_Development_through_Mobility#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
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 <references />
 [[Category:Mobility]]

@@ Line 210: / Line 210: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 242: / Line 243: @@
 <u>Further information on mobility services:</u>
-*<font face="Arial, sans-serif">Raballand, G., Thornton, R., Yang, D., Goldberg, J., Keleher, N., Müller, A. (2011): Are Rural Road Investments Alone Sufficient to Generate Transport Flows? - <span lang="en-US">Lessons from a Randomized Experiment in Rural Malawi and Policy Implications</span>. – In: Policy Research Working Paper. – 5535. </font>[http://elibrary.worldbank.org/docserver/download/5535.pdf?expires=1381839563&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=2D01CDBC76CBB4FF1400C11BA64BC07F http://elibrary.worldbank.org/docserver/download/5535.pdf?expires=1381839563&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=2D01CDBC76CBB4FF1400C11BA64BC07F]
+*<font face="Arial, sans-serif">Raballand, G., Thornton, R., Yang, D., Goldberg, J., Keleher, N., Müller, A. (2011): Are Rural Road Investments Alone Sufficient to Generate Transport Flows? - <span lang="en-US">Lessons from a Randomized Experiment in Rural Malawi and Policy Implications</span>. – In: Policy Research Working Paper. – 5535. [http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-5535 http://elibrary.worldbank.org]</font>
 <br/>
 = References =

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 |}
@@ Line 88: / Line 89: @@
 *What right of input and what influence do state, national and regional authorities and bodies have in relation to municipal and village-level decision-making, and vice versa?<ref name="Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe">Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe</ref>
-{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="center" style="width: 500px"
+{| align="center" style="width: 500px;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5"
 |-
 | [[File:Road safety measures.jpg|frame|center|180px|alt=Road safety measures.jpg]]
 |-
-| <p style="margin-left: 0.64cm;  margin-bottom: 0cm;  text-align: center"><span lang="en-GB">Road safety measures in a rural area</span> of Bangladesh<ref name="Photo: Rainer Kuhnle, Bangladesh, 2002.">Photo: Rainer Kuhnle, Bangladesh, 2002.</ref></p>
+| <p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0.64cm;"><span lang="en-gb">Awareness raising for road safety in a rural area</span> of Bangladesh<ref name="Photo: Rainer Kuhnle, Bangladesh, 2002.">Photo: Rainer Kuhnle, Bangladesh, 2002.</ref></p>
 |}
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 <br/>
 = Starting Points in the Transport Sector =

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 <br/>
 == Stakeholders, Competencies and Responsiblities ==
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 Work on rural transport routes is usually commissioned by a municipality or other regional or local body that has a vested interest in improving the economy in its rural areas but also finds itself confronted with new challenges. In the first place, maintaining and repairing the infrastructure will give rise to significant costs. Secondly, adverse effects are also likely, particularly in relation to natural resources.<br/>Municipalities and decentralised government are of prime importance in the list of stakeholders.<br/>
 *The '''state '''is the highest planning authority (planning sovereignty; drawing up and implementing master plans) with ultimate financial authority over the national budget.
-*'''State bodes''' as representatives of the state authority at decentralised level take on planning, training, instructional and monitoring tasks in connection with technical implementation of infrastructure measures.
+*'''State bodies''' as representatives of the state authority at decentralised level take on planning, training, instructional and monitoring tasks in connection with technical implementation of infrastructure measures.
 *The '''territorial authorities (e.g. municipalities) or other local and regional bodies''' have initial jurisdiction for all development measures in rural areas, and as commissioners of the construction work they are responsible for the needs analysis, technical planning, invitations to tender, initiation of the measures and technical, financial and administrative management. Ensuring sustainability – for example through repair and maintenance work – is particularly important here. Local and regional authorities should detail all development measures – especially those involving transport development – in their development plans or in local development strategies and take responsibility for implementing them. These development measures should be coordinated and adapted at both local/municipal and national/trans-national levels.
 *'''Local bodies such as village development committees''' play an active part in needs analysis, implementation and maintenance.
@@ Line 55: / Line 56: @@
 <br/>
-{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="center" style="width: 500px"
+{| align="center" style="width: 500px;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5"
 |-
 | [[File:Road maintenance work Bangladesh.jpg|frame|center|180px|alt=Road maintenance work Bangladesh.jpg]]
 |-
+|
-<span lang="en-GB">Road maintenance work is often the responsibility of local authorities</span><ref name="Photo: Rainer Kuhnle, Bangladesh, 2001.">Photo: Rainer Kuhnle, Bangladesh, 2001. </ref>
+<span lang="en-gb">Road maintenance work is often the responsibility of local authorities</span><ref name="Photo: Rainer Kuhnle, Bangladesh, 2001.">Photo: Rainer Kuhnle, Bangladesh, 2001. </ref>
 |}
 == Need for Intervention ==

@@ Line 217: / Line 217: @@
 '''The private sector’s domain: Trans-regional logistics'''<br/>At the level of trans-regional transport the role of public institutions in connection with freight transport and the majority of passenger transport is largely limited to the creation of an enabling environment and – as described above – public policy measures designed to encourage deregulation and competition. Many of the options at this level can significantly assist economic development in rural areas, although the effects tend to be only indirectly noticeable. There is major potential for governments to reform and professionalise police and customs agencies, with the aim of reducing corruption and bureaucracy. In Nigeria, for example, German development cooperation is helping to establish an SMS-based information system about illegal road blocks and bribery payments. As with the system financed by USAID (Section 2.2.3) the ultimate aim of this is to reduce costs for transport operators. International cooperation can also make an important contribution by helping state and private operators to improve the efficiency of major infrastructure facilities such as ports. A more detailed study should be undertaken to identify and describe the opportunities in this field.
@@ Line 255: / Line 256: @@
 *<font face="Arial, sans-serif">TRL & DFID (2003): Overseas Road Note 20 - Management of rural road networks. – United Kingdom.: </font>[http://www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_808_ORN20.pdf http://www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_808_ORN20.pdf]
+<br/>
 <br/>

@@ Line 217: / Line 217: @@
 '''The private sector’s domain: Trans-regional logistics'''<br/>At the level of trans-regional transport the role of public institutions in connection with freight transport and the majority of passenger transport is largely limited to the creation of an enabling environment and – as described above – public policy measures designed to encourage deregulation and competition. Many of the options at this level can significantly assist economic development in rural areas, although the effects tend to be only indirectly noticeable. There is major potential for governments to reform and professionalise police and customs agencies, with the aim of reducing corruption and bureaucracy. In Nigeria, for example, German development cooperation is helping to establish an SMS-based information system about illegal road blocks and bribery payments. As with the system financed by USAID (Section 2.2.3) the ultimate aim of this is to reduce costs for transport operators. International cooperation can also make an important contribution by helping state and private operators to improve the efficiency of major infrastructure facilities such as ports. A more detailed study should be undertaken to identify and describe the opportunities in this field.
@@ Line 241: / Line 242: @@
 *<font face="Arial, sans-serif">The Global Urban Economic Dialogue Series (2011): Infrastructure for Economic Development and Poverty Reduction in Africa. – UN-HABITAT. – Nairobi. </font>[http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3074 http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3074]
+<br/>
 *<font face="Arial, sans-serif">Faiz, A. (2012): The Promise of Rural Roads - Review of the Role of Low-Volume Roads in Rural Connectivity, Poverty Reduction, Crisis Management, and Livability. – The Transportation Research Circular. – No. E-C167. – Washington. </font>[http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/167787.aspx http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/167787.aspx]<br/>
@@ Line 253: / Line 254: @@
 <br/>
 *<font face="Arial, sans-serif">TRL & DFID (2003): Overseas Road Note 20 - Management of rural road networks. – United Kingdom.: </font>[http://www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_808_ORN20.pdf http://www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_808_ORN20.pdf]
 <br/>