SPIS Toolbox - Irrigation Principles - Revision history

Ranisha at 15:15, 21 July 2020

2020-07-21T15:15:49Z

Stefan Eibisch at 11:50, 3 April 2018

2018-04-03T11:50:10Z

Stefan Eibisch at 11:49, 3 April 2018

2018-04-03T11:49:46Z

Stefan Eibisch at 14:03, 27 March 2018

2018-03-27T14:03:50Z

Stefan Eibisch at 11:06, 27 March 2018

2018-03-27T11:06:32Z

Ranisha at 09:29, 22 March 2018

2018-03-22T09:29:35Z

Ranisha at 10:47, 14 November 2017

2017-11-14T10:47:10Z

Ranisha at 14:35, 13 November 2017

2017-11-13T14:35:26Z

Ranisha at 10:45, 13 November 2017

2017-11-13T10:45:04Z

Ranisha at 10:42, 13 November 2017

2017-11-13T10:42:57Z

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 | {{Back to Get Informed}}
+|
-| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" | <span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size: 90%">'''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Solar_-_powered_Irrigation_Systems|►Go to the Next Chapter]]</span></span>
+| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(111, 142, 43);" | <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 90%;"><span class="link2">'''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Solar_-_powered_Irrigation_Systems|►Go to the Next Chapter]]</span></span></span>
 |}
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 | {{Back to Get Informed}}
+|
-| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" | <span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size: 90%">'''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Solar_-_powered_Irrigation_Systems|►Go to the Next Chapter]]</span></span>
+| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(111, 142, 43);" | <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 90%;"><span class="link2">'''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Solar_-_powered_Irrigation_Systems|►Go to the Next Chapter]]</span></span></span>
 |}
 {{SPIS Reference}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:50, 3 April 2018
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	Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems rely on a network of pipes to distribute the water to the field, thereby reducing conveyance losses common for surface irrigation methods. Sprinkler systems achieve an average field application efficiency of 75 %, while drip irrigation systems can go up to 95 % uniformity. Drip irrigation allows a slow release of water at the plant’s root zone. As a result, soil moisture conditions are good, and no water is “lost” between plants, or on the plants. Crop yields can be doubled, and significant savings can be made in water, energy and labor.		Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems rely on a network of pipes to distribute the water to the field, thereby reducing conveyance losses common for surface irrigation methods. Sprinkler systems achieve an average field application efficiency of 75 %, while drip irrigation systems can go up to 95 % uniformity. Drip irrigation allows a slow release of water at the plant’s root zone. As a result, soil moisture conditions are good, and no water is “lost” between plants, or on the plants. Crop yields can be doubled, and significant savings can be made in water, energy and labor.
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@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems rely on a network of pipes to distribute the water to the field, thereby reducing conveyance losses common for surface irrigation methods. Sprinkler systems achieve an average field application efficiency of 75 %, while drip irrigation systems can go up to 95 % uniformity. Drip irrigation allows a slow release of water at the plant’s root zone. As a result, soil moisture conditions are good, and no water is “lost” between plants, or on the plants. Crop yields can be doubled, and significant savings can be made in water, energy and labor.
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 === '''<span style="color:#879637">Water Requirements</span>''' ===
-The amount of water needed by a plant is expressed as Crop Water Requirement (CWR). It depends on the climate, the crop as well as management and environmental conditions. In sunny, hot, dry and windy places the CWR is highest. The crop species, variety and growing phase determine how much water the roots need to take up to enable the plant to grow optimally. Producers can reduce the crop water requirement e.g. through mulching, changing the plant density and applying different irrigation technologies.
+The amount of water needed by a plant is expressed as Crop Water Requirement (CWR). It depends on the climate and the crop, as well as on management and environmental conditions. In sunny, hot, dry and windy places the CWR is highest. The crop species, variety and growing phase determine how much water the roots need to take up to enable the plant to grow optimally. Producers can reduce the crop water requirement e.g. through mulching, changing the plant density and applying different irrigation technologies.
 The CWR of a particular crop is thus very site-specific and varies day by day. It requires on-site, regional data collection e.g. with support from local extension services, to calculate the CWR (see  '''[[SPIS Design|DESIGN]]''' module). CWR is most often expressed in millimeters (mm), or cubic meters per hectare (m³/ha). Normally crops require about 2 to 10 m³ per hectare daily. Details of this assessment are described in the '''[[SPIS Design|DESIGN]]''' module.
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 === '''<span style="color:#879637">Irrigation Efficiency</span>''' ===
-When irrigating, it is important to apply the right amount of water at the right time. Too little water will lead to wilting and yield reduction. Too much water can lead to water waste, runoff and erosion as well as leaching of nutrients in the soil and salinization, ultimately leading to yield reductions. A 100% efficient irrigation system would provide an equal amount of water to all plants in the field. However, e.g. plants close to the water source tend to get more water than plants at the far end of the field. As a result, yields of the farm are compromised because some plants get too much water and some get too little water. On big farms, this can have serious consequences on operating expenses and management of water resources. The uniformity of distribution of water over the field is determined by the choice of irrigation technology. The three commonly used irrigation methods are:
+When irrigating, it is important to apply the right amount of water at the right time. Too little water will lead to wilting and yield reduction. Too much water can lead to water waste, runoff and erosion as well as leaching of nutrients in the soil and salinization, ultimately leading to yield reductions. A 100% efficient irrigation system would provide an equal amount of water to all plants in the field. However, e.g. plants close to the water source tend to get more water than plants at the far end of the field. As a result, yields of the farm are compromised because some plants get too much water and some don't get enough. On big farms, this can have serious consequences on operating expenses and management of water resources. The uniformity of distribution of water over the field is determined by the choice of irrigation technology. The three commonly used irrigation methods are:
 *surface irrigation;

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 The amount of water needed by a plant is expressed as Crop Water Requirement (CWR). It depends on the climate, the crop as well as management and environmental conditions. In sunny, hot, dry and windy places the CWR is highest. The crop species, variety and growing phase determine how much water the roots need to take up to enable the plant to grow optimally. Producers can reduce the crop water requirement e.g. through mulching, changing the plant density and applying different irrigation technologies.
-The CWR of a particular crop is thus very site-specific and varies day by day. It requires on-site, regional data collection e.g. with support from local extension services, to calculate the CWR (see  '''[[SPIS Design|DESIGN]]''' module). CWR is most often expressed in millimeters (mm), or cubic meters per hectare (m3/ha). Normally crops require about 2 to 10 m3 per hectare daily. Details of this assessment are described in the '''[[SPIS Design|DESIGN]]''' module.
+The CWR of a particular crop is thus very site-specific and varies day by day. It requires on-site, regional data collection e.g. with support from local extension services, to calculate the CWR (see  '''[[SPIS Design|DESIGN]]''' module). CWR is most often expressed in millimeters (mm), or cubic meters per hectare (m³/ha). Normally crops require about 2 to 10 m³ per hectare daily. Details of this assessment are described in the '''[[SPIS Design|DESIGN]]''' module.
 It is important to note that water is a priced commodity (water fees, pumping costs) and a scarce resource as other users compete for it (industry, energy, domestic consumption, etc.). This should be considered in financial and ecological feasibility assessments.
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 *drip irrigation.
-Surface irrigation methods such as basin, furrow and border irrigation do not achieve more than 60% field application efficiency as only a limited amount of water actually reaches the root zone.
+Surface irrigation methods such as basin, furrow and border irrigation do not achieve more than 60 % field application efficiency as only a limited amount of water actually reaches the root zone.
-Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems rely on a network of pipes to distribute the water to the field, thereby reducing conveyance losses common for surface irrigation methods. Sprinkler systems achieve an average field application efficiency of 75%, while drip irrigation systems can go up to 95% uniformity. Drip irrigation allows a slow release of water at the plant’s root zone. As a result, soil moisture conditions are good, and no water is “lost” between plants, or on the plants. Crop yields can be doubled, and significant savings can be made in water, energy and labor.
+Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems rely on a network of pipes to distribute the water to the field, thereby reducing conveyance losses common for surface irrigation methods. Sprinkler systems achieve an average field application efficiency of 75 %, while drip irrigation systems can go up to 95 % uniformity. Drip irrigation allows a slow release of water at the plant’s root zone. As a result, soil moisture conditions are good, and no water is “lost” between plants, or on the plants. Crop yields can be doubled, and significant savings can be made in water, energy and labor.
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 Producers who irrigate are less dependent on irregular rainfall for their production. Producers can supplement rainfall with irrigation to respond to the amount of water the crop needs. Moreover, control over water improves the efficiency of other yield-improving inputs such as fertilizers and plant protection products. Consequently, the producer’s ability to control the yields is enhanced. This is important for stable productivity and integration into markets.
-By irrigating, the soil water storage in the plant root zone is replenished. Instigated by the sun and photosynthesis, plants abstract soil moisture with their roots. This triggers a nutrient flow through the stem to the leaves, from where the water is '''transpired''' back to the atmosphere. Thus, only the water that is taken up through the root system contributes to plant and fruit growth.
+By irrigating, the soil water storage in the plant root zone is replenished. Instigated by the sun and photosynthesis, plants abstract soil moisture with their roots. This triggers a nutrient flow through the stem to the leaves, from where the water is transpired back to the atmosphere. Thus, only the water that is taken up through the root system contributes to plant and fruit growth.
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 *drip irrigation.
-Surface irrigation methods such as basin, furrow and border irrigation do not achieve more than 60% field application efficiency as only a limited amount of water actually reaches the root zone.<br/>
+Surface irrigation methods such as basin, furrow and border irrigation do not achieve more than 60% field application efficiency as only a limited amount of water actually reaches the root zone.
 Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems rely on a network of pipes to distribute the water to the field, thereby reducing conveyance losses common for surface irrigation methods. Sprinkler systems achieve an average field application efficiency of 75%, while drip irrigation systems can go up to 95% uniformity. Drip irrigation allows a slow release of water at the plant’s root zone. As a result, soil moisture conditions are good, and no water is “lost” between plants, or on the plants. Crop yields can be doubled, and significant savings can be made in water, energy and labor.

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:47, 14 November 2017
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	Surface irrigation methods such as basin, furrow and border irrigation do not achieve more than 60% field application efficiency as only a limited amount of water actually reaches the root zone.<br/>		Surface irrigation methods such as basin, furrow and border irrigation do not achieve more than 60% field application efficiency as only a limited amount of water actually reaches the root zone.<br/>

−	Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems rely on a network of pipes to distribute the water to the field, thereby reducing conveyance losses common for surface irrigation methods. Sprinkler systems achieve an average field application efficiency of 75%, while drip irrigation systems can go up to 95% uniformity. Drip irrigation allows a slow release of water at the plant’s root zone. As a result, soil moisture conditions are good, and no water is “lost” between plants, or on the plants. Crop yields can be doubled, and significant savings can be made in water, energy and labor.<br/><br/>{{SPIS Reference}}	+	Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems rely on a network of pipes to distribute the water to the field, thereby reducing conveyance losses common for surface irrigation methods. Sprinkler systems achieve an average field application efficiency of 75%, while drip irrigation systems can go up to 95% uniformity. Drip irrigation allows a slow release of water at the plant’s root zone. As a result, soil moisture conditions are good, and no water is “lost” between plants, or on the plants. Crop yields can be doubled, and significant savings can be made in water, energy and labor.
		+	{\| cellpadding="1"
		+	\|-
		+	\| {{Back to SPIS Toolbox 2}}
		+	\|
		+	\| {{Back to Get Informed}}
		+	\|
		+	\| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" \| <span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size: 90%">'''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Solar_-_powered_Irrigation_Systems\|►Go to the Next Chapter]]</span></span>
		+	\|}
		+	{{SPIS Reference}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:35, 13 November 2017
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−	{{Get Informed}}{{Back to SPIS Toolbox}}	+	{{Get Informed}}
		+	{\| cellpadding="1"
		+	\|-
		+	\| {{Back to SPIS Toolbox 2}}
		+	\|
		+	\| {{Back to Get Informed}}
		+	\|
		+	\| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" \| <span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size: 90%">'''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Solar_-_powered_Irrigation_Systems\|►Go to the Next Chapter]]</span></span>
		+	\|}

	== '''<span style="color:#879637">1.3 Irrigation Principles</span>''' ==		== '''<span style="color:#879637">1.3 Irrigation Principles</span>''' ==

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 | [[File:Irrigat.jpg|thumb|center|250pxpx|In a drip irrigation system, water is delivered directly to where it is needed, the root zone. (Source: GFA)]]
 |}
 === '''<span style="color:#879637">Water Requirements</span>''' ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:42, 13 November 2017
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−	~~<br/>~~

	=== '''<span style="color:#879637">Water Requirements</span>''' ===		=== '''<span style="color:#879637">Water Requirements</span>''' ===