Wind Energy Country Analysis Egypt - Revision history

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Ranisha at 12:26, 13 August 2014

2014-08-13T12:26:41Z

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Ranisha: Ranisha Basnet moved page Wind Energy Country Analyses Egypt to Wind Energy Country Analysis Egypt

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Ranisha Basnet moved page Wind Energy Country Analyses Egypt to Wind Energy Country Analysis Egypt

Ranisha at 08:35, 11 July 2014

2014-07-11T08:35:04Z

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2014-06-05T12:57:04Z

Wiki Gardener moved page Wind energy country analyses Egypt to Wind Energy Country Analyses Egypt without leaving a redirect

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Nils Marscheider at 20:02, 29 July 2011

2011-07-29T20:02:42Z

Nils Marscheider at 20:00, 29 July 2011

2011-07-29T20:00:30Z

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 *[[Egypt_Energy_Situation#Wind_Energy|Energy Situation in Egypt]]
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal]]
-*[[Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
+*[[Country-specific Wind Energy Facts|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
 <br/>

@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 *[[:File:Egypt_-_NREA_wind_farms_financing_.pdf|Wind Farms Financing in Egypt]]<br/>
 *[[Wind_Power_Development_Project_-_Economic_and_Financial_Analysis|Wind Power Development Project in Egypt]]<br/>
-*[[Egypt_Energy_Situation#Wind_Energy|Wind Energy in Egypt]]
+*[[Egypt_Energy_Situation#Wind_Energy|Energy Situation in Egypt]]
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal]]
 *[[Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
 <br/>
 = References<br/> =

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview - Wind Energy Potential<br/> =
-[[File:Map of Egypt.jpg|frame|right|180px|Map of Egypt]][[Egypt_Energy_Situation|Egypt]] has outstanding [[Portal:Wind|wind energy]] conditions. Particularly in the coastal regions, high and stable wind speeds are frequent (up to an average of 10.5 m/s in the Gulf of Suez). Furthermore, the country’s large deserts and abundant thinly populated areas are well suited for the construction of large wind farms.
+[[File:Map of Egypt.jpg|frame|right|180px|Map of Egypt]][[Egypt Energy Situation|Egypt]] has outstanding [[Portal:Wind|wind energy]] conditions. Particularly in the coastal regions, high and stable wind speeds are frequent (up to an average of 10.5 m/s in the Gulf of Suez). Furthermore, the country’s large deserts and abundant thinly populated areas are well suited for the construction of large wind farms.
 A detailed wind atlas has been compiled between 1998 and 2005 in a joint effort by the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), the '''Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA)''' and the Danish UNEP research centre Risø. The purpose of the project was to establish a solid meteorological basis for evaluating the country’s wind resources. In addition to data records, the atlas also surveys the Egyptian wind conditions on the basis of wind models and offers detailed, meteorologically based information on site requirements for mediumsized and large wind farms. The Wind Atlas covers the entire country. However, particular attention was given to six promising areas: the Northwest Coast, the Northeast Coast, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Suez, the Red Sea and the Western Desert. It is considered a reliable source of information and is used as the basis for all governmental decisions related to wind energy project planning and feasibility studies.
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 = Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br/> =
-Within the scope of the Renewable Energy Strategy, 12 % of total electricity supply by 2020 are to be generated by wind power, translating into more than 7 200 MW of gridconnected wind farms. In order to reach these targets, in February 2008 the Egyptian Supreme Council of Energy approved a plan to build 600 MW installed wind capacity per year during the next 12 years, totalling 7 200 MW in 2020. The private sector is targeted to play a key role in achieving the 2020 goal. The government anticipates that about 400 MW/year will be developed by the private sector, while the NREA will carry out about 200 MW/year. Energy intensive industries are especially encouraged to build and invest in wind warms in order to satisfy their own electricity needs or to sell electricity to consumers via the national grid. The NREA made its first call for proposals in June 2009 (prequalification round). In order to meet the target laid down in the strategy, the government called for 250 MW of wind power this year, to be build on a '''build-own-operate basis (BOOT)''' by private actors.
+Within the scope of the Renewable Energy Strategy, 12 % of total electricity supply by 2020 are to be generated by wind power, translating into more than 7 200 MW of gridconnected wind farms. In order to reach these targets, in February 2008 the Egyptian Supreme Council of Energy approved a plan to build 600 MW installed wind capacity per year during the next 12 years, totalling 7 200 MW in 2020. The private sector is targeted to play a key role in achieving the 2020 goal. The government anticipates that about 400 MW/year will be developed by the private sector, while the NREA will carry out about 200 MW/year. Energy intensive industries are especially encouraged to build and invest in wind warms in order to satisfy their own electricity needs or to sell electricity to consumers via the national grid. The NREA made its first call for proposals in June 2009 (prequalification round). In order to meet the target laid down in the strategy, the government called for 250 MW of wind power this year, to be build on a '''[[Promotion_of_Private_Sector_Participation#Build-Own-Operate-Transfer_.28BOOT.29|build-own-operate basis (BOOT)]]''' by private actors.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analysis_Egypt#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 = Licensing Procedures<br/> =
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 The Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency has prepared rules and procedures for obtaining generation, transmission and distribution licenses<ref>EEUCPRA (2009) Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency, retrieved 28.7.2011 [[http://www.egyptera.com/en/e-licenses_general_Conditions.htm]]</ref>. Approval requires a technical and economic feasibility study. The license is valid for a duration of five years and is to be renewed after that. At the end of each year, the license has to be verified. In case of non-compliance with the terms of the license, a penalty procedure was established. The licensee has the right to access the transmission or distribution grids in accordance with a contractual agreement between him and the transmission or distribution company. The Agreement has to be approved by the Agency. The licensee is further obliged to provide an annual report on the licensed activities. The requests for licenses with detailed information on the licensing procedures as well as model framework contracts with distributers and transmission companies can be downloaded from the Agency’s homepage<ref>EEUCPRA (2009) Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency, retrieved 28.7.2011 [[http://www.egyptera.com/en/e-licenses_general_Conditions.htm]]</ref>. The conditions for issuing, amending, suspending, terminating and withdrawal of permits, however, are not sufficiently specified. The transmission and distribution codes lay down the standard specifications for design, construction, modification, operation and maintenance for all generation and distribution assets associated with the transmission grid. The transmission companies have to comply with the transmission code, as well as with performance standards acceptable to the agency, in order to verify the quality of electrical supply and the degree of reliability.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analysis_Egypt#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 = Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline<br/> =
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 On 2 August 2009, authorities have approved the designation of 1.5 million acres of state-owned land, located on the east and west of the Nile River for the implementation of wind farms, which are supposed to contribute 30 000 MW<ref>MEES 2009. Ministry of Electricity and Energy.fckLRStrategic Plan in the Electricity Sector in Egypt.Prequalification Developers’ Meeting of BOO Wind Power Project 250 MW. Cairo 2009.</ref>. One-third of this land will be developed for wind energy production by NREA and multinational organisations, whereas two-thirds will be offered to the private sector by bid-procedure.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analysis_Egypt#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 = Business Climate<br/> =
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 Conditions for private sector to access the wind energy market are favourable and will probably be improved in the near future. As shown in Chapters 1.4 and 1.5, there is a package of instruments in the new electricity law that aim to facilitate the access to the markets. This will support the goal of meeting 87 % and 73 % of the renewable electricity target in the years 2010 and 2010 through private financed projects. Previous experiences, for instance in the gas sector, have been in general positive. The Egyptian government has demonstrated to be a credible partner. So far, one private company has expressed its interest in developing wind energy projects (see Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline). The tender process is currently taking place<ref>Suding 2009. CDM in Egypt: Potentials and Projects.GTZ. MENA Carbon Forum May 2009</ref>. Independently of the crisis, a remaining obstacle for the development of the wind electricity sector is the availability of skilled workers, which is influenced by two main factors: the lack of specialized study programs and the emigration of well qualified personnel.<ref>Suding 2009. CDM in Egypt: Potentials and Projects.GTZ. MENA Carbon Forum May 2009</ref> In general, Egyptian universities and educational institutions do not offer programs that suit the needs of the wind sector, such as advanced studies in mechanical and electrical engineering. Although, there are some initiatives, supported for instance by the GTZ and the '''Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)''', to reform curricula, the process to adapt them is rather slow compared to the fast development in the wind sector. As for the emigration, well qualified Egyptian engineers and technicians usually prefer to work abroad, especially in the Middle East, where loans and economic benefits are substantially better than in Egypt. This may become particularly critical for NREA, since its loans are rather low compared to the private sector.
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal]]
-*[[Egypt Energy Situation#Wind Energy|Wind Energy in Egypt]]
+*[[Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
 <br/>
 = References<br/> =
@@ Line 74: / Line 76: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Egypt]]

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal]]
-*[[Egypt_Energy_Situation#Wind_Energy|Wind Energy in Egypt]]
+*[[Egypt Energy Situation#Wind Energy|Wind Energy in Egypt]]
 <br/>
 = References<br/> =

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview - Wind Energy Potential<br/> =
-[[File:Map of Egypt.jpg|frame|right|180px|Map of Egypt]]Egypt has outstanding wind energy conditions. Particularly in the coastal regions, high and stable wind speeds are frequent (up to an average of 10.5 m/s in the Gulf of Suez). Furthermore, the country’s large deserts and abundant thinly populated areas are well suited for the construction of large wind farms.
+[[File:Map of Egypt.jpg|frame|right|180px|Map of Egypt]][[Egypt_Energy_Situation|Egypt]] has outstanding [[Portal:Wind|wind energy]] conditions. Particularly in the coastal regions, high and stable wind speeds are frequent (up to an average of 10.5 m/s in the Gulf of Suez). Furthermore, the country’s large deserts and abundant thinly populated areas are well suited for the construction of large wind farms.
 A detailed wind atlas has been compiled between 1998 and 2005 in a joint effort by the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), the '''Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA)''' and the Danish UNEP research centre Risø. The purpose of the project was to establish a solid meteorological basis for evaluating the country’s wind resources. In addition to data records, the atlas also surveys the Egyptian wind conditions on the basis of wind models and offers detailed, meteorologically based information on site requirements for mediumsized and large wind farms. The Wind Atlas covers the entire country. However, particular attention was given to six promising areas: the Northwest Coast, the Northeast Coast, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Suez, the Red Sea and the Western Desert. It is considered a reliable source of information and is used as the basis for all governmental decisions related to wind energy project planning and feasibility studies.
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 A special wind atlas<ref>Mortensen et al. 2003: Wind Atlas for the Gulf of Suez. Measurements and Modelling 1991-2001, New and Renewable Energy Authority, Cairo, and Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde 2003</ref> for the Gulf of Suez was completed in 2003. The assessment determined an overall potential capacity of 20 000 MW for wind power projects in the uninhabited desert regions to the west of the Gulf. A further brief study evaluated the meteorological data gathered from ten weather stations situated along the Mediterranean coast<ref>Shata, A.S. Ahmed: The potential of electricity generation on the East coast of Red Sea in Egypt, Institute of Energy and Automation Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University Berlin, 2006</ref>. Three locations – Sidi Barrani, Mersa Matruh and El Dabaa – were founded to also exhibit suitable characteristics for the installation of wind turbines. The atlas further indicates that large regions of the eastern and western deserts of the Nile River and parts of Sinai are much higher then hitherto assumed.
+<br/>
 = Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br/> =
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Within the scope of the Renewable Energy Strategy, 12 % of total electricity supply by 2020 are to be generated by wind power, translating into more than 7 200 MW of gridconnected wind farms. In order to reach these targets, in February 2008 the Egyptian Supreme Council of Energy approved a plan to build 600 MW installed wind capacity per year during the next 12 years, totalling 7 200 MW in 2020. The private sector is targeted to play a key role in achieving the 2020 goal. The government anticipates that about 400 MW/year will be developed by the private sector, while the NREA will carry out about 200 MW/year. Energy intensive industries are especially encouraged to build and invest in wind warms in order to satisfy their own electricity needs or to sell electricity to consumers via the national grid. The NREA made its first call for proposals in June 2009 (prequalification round). In order to meet the target laid down in the strategy, the government called for 250 MW of wind power this year, to be build on a '''build-own-operate basis (BOOT)''' by private actors.
+<br/>
 = Licensing Procedures<br/> =
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 The Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency has prepared rules and procedures for obtaining generation, transmission and distribution licenses<ref>EEUCPRA (2009) Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency, retrieved 28.7.2011 [[http://www.egyptera.com/en/e-licenses_general_Conditions.htm]]</ref>. Approval requires a technical and economic feasibility study. The license is valid for a duration of five years and is to be renewed after that. At the end of each year, the license has to be verified. In case of non-compliance with the terms of the license, a penalty procedure was established. The licensee has the right to access the transmission or distribution grids in accordance with a contractual agreement between him and the transmission or distribution company. The Agreement has to be approved by the Agency. The licensee is further obliged to provide an annual report on the licensed activities. The requests for licenses with detailed information on the licensing procedures as well as model framework contracts with distributers and transmission companies can be downloaded from the Agency’s homepage<ref>EEUCPRA (2009) Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency, retrieved 28.7.2011 [[http://www.egyptera.com/en/e-licenses_general_Conditions.htm]]</ref>. The conditions for issuing, amending, suspending, terminating and withdrawal of permits, however, are not sufficiently specified. The transmission and distribution codes lay down the standard specifications for design, construction, modification, operation and maintenance for all generation and distribution assets associated with the transmission grid. The transmission companies have to comply with the transmission code, as well as with performance standards acceptable to the agency, in order to verify the quality of electrical supply and the degree of reliability.
+<br/>
 = Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline<br/> =
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 On 2 August 2009, authorities have approved the designation of 1.5 million acres of state-owned land, located on the east and west of the Nile River for the implementation of wind farms, which are supposed to contribute 30 000 MW<ref>MEES 2009. Ministry of Electricity and Energy.fckLRStrategic Plan in the Electricity Sector in Egypt.Prequalification Developers’ Meeting of BOO Wind Power Project 250 MW. Cairo 2009.</ref>. One-third of this land will be developed for wind energy production by NREA and multinational organisations, whereas two-thirds will be offered to the private sector by bid-procedure.
+<br/>
 = Business Climate<br/> =
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 Conditions for private sector to access the wind energy market are favourable and will probably be improved in the near future. As shown in Chapters 1.4 and 1.5, there is a package of instruments in the new electricity law that aim to facilitate the access to the markets. This will support the goal of meeting 87 % and 73 % of the renewable electricity target in the years 2010 and 2010 through private financed projects. Previous experiences, for instance in the gas sector, have been in general positive. The Egyptian government has demonstrated to be a credible partner. So far, one private company has expressed its interest in developing wind energy projects (see Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline). The tender process is currently taking place<ref>Suding 2009. CDM in Egypt: Potentials and Projects.GTZ. MENA Carbon Forum May 2009</ref>. Independently of the crisis, a remaining obstacle for the development of the wind electricity sector is the availability of skilled workers, which is influenced by two main factors: the lack of specialized study programs and the emigration of well qualified personnel.<ref>Suding 2009. CDM in Egypt: Potentials and Projects.GTZ. MENA Carbon Forum May 2009</ref> In general, Egyptian universities and educational institutions do not offer programs that suit the needs of the wind sector, such as advanced studies in mechanical and electrical engineering. Although, there are some initiatives, supported for instance by the GTZ and the '''Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)''', to reform curricula, the process to adapt them is rather slow compared to the fast development in the wind sector. As for the emigration, well qualified Egyptian engineers and technicians usually prefer to work abroad, especially in the Middle East, where loans and economic benefits are substantially better than in Egypt. This may become particularly critical for NREA, since its loans are rather low compared to the private sector.
+<br/>
 = Further Information =
-*[https://energypedia.info/Portal:Wind Wind Portal on energypedia]
+*[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal]]
-*[https://energypedia.info/Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts) Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]<br/>
+*[[Egypt_Energy_Situation#Wind_Energy|Wind Energy in Egypt]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Wind]]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 Egypt has outstanding wind energy conditions. Particularly in the coastal regions, high and stable wind speeds are frequent (up to an average of 10.5 m/s in the Gulf of Suez). Furthermore, the country’s large deserts and abundant thinly populated areas are well suited for the construction of large wind farms.
-A detailed wind atlas has been compiled between 1998 and 2005 in a joint effort by NREA, the Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA) and the Danish UNEP research centre Risø. The purpose of the project was to establish a solid meteorological basis for evaluating the country’s wind resources. In addition to data records, the atlas also surveys the Egyptian wind conditions on the basis of wind models and offers detailed, meteorologically based information on site requirements for mediumsized and large wind farms. The Wind Atlas covers the entire country. However, particular attention was given to six promising areas: the Northwest Coast, the Northeast Coast, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Suez, the Red Sea and the Western Desert. It is considered a reliable source of information and is used as the basis for all governmental decisions related to wind energy project planning and feasibility studies.
+A detailed wind atlas has been compiled between 1998 and 2005 in a joint effort by the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), the Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA) and the Danish UNEP research centre Risø. The purpose of the project was to establish a solid meteorological basis for evaluating the country’s wind resources. In addition to data records, the atlas also surveys the Egyptian wind conditions on the basis of wind models and offers detailed, meteorologically based information on site requirements for mediumsized and large wind farms. The Wind Atlas covers the entire country. However, particular attention was given to six promising areas: the Northwest Coast, the Northeast Coast, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Suez, the Red Sea and the Western Desert. It is considered a reliable source of information and is used as the basis for all governmental decisions related to wind energy project planning and feasibility studies.
 A map of average wind speeds can be found in a study by Mortensen et al<ref>Mortensen et al. 2006: Wind Atlas for Egypt:fckLRMeasurements, micro- and mesoscale modelling.fckLRProceedings of the Third Middle East – North Africa Renewable Energy Conference (MENAREC 3), Cairo, Egypt, June 12-14. 12 pp. [[http://www.windatlas.dk/Egypt/About.html]]</ref>. For further information a wind atlas has been published by members of the Wind Energy Division at Risø DTU in Roskilde.[[http://www.windatlas.dk/Egypt/Index.htm]]

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 At the Gulf of El Zayt, various projects have been developed and will add up to 720 MW. 720 MW are expected in three stages: 200 MW in cooperation with Germany, 220 MW in cooperation with Japan, and 300 MW in cooperation with Spain.
-In addition, a number of private companies have expressed interest in developing large-scale wind projects at the Gulf of El Zayt. Among them, the Italian company Italcementi signed a MoU with the Egyptian government in 2006 to install 120 MW with the possibility for extension to up to 400 MW. The output is supposed to partly generate electricity for auto-consumption in the cement factories in the Suez area<ref>WEI 2009/2010. World Wind Association:
+In addition, a number of private companies have expressed interest in developing large-scale wind projects at the Gulf of El Zayt. Among them, the Italian company Italcementi signed a MoU with the Egyptian government in 2006 to install 120 MW with the possibility for extension to up to 400 MW. The output is supposed to partly generate electricity for auto-consumption in the cement factories in the Suez area<ref>WEI 2009/2010. World Wind Association:fckLRWind Energy International 2009/2010, World WindfckLRAssociation, Bonn, 15.09.2009</ref>.
-On 2 August 2009, authorities have approved the designation of 1.5 million acres of state-owned land, located on the east and west of the Nile River for the implementation of wind farms, which are supposed to contribute 30 000 MW<ref>MEES 2009. Ministry of Electricity and Energy.
+On 2 August 2009, authorities have approved the designation of 1.5 million acres of state-owned land, located on the east and west of the Nile River for the implementation of wind farms, which are supposed to contribute 30 000 MW<ref>MEES 2009. Ministry of Electricity and Energy.fckLRStrategic Plan in the Electricity Sector in Egypt.Prequalification Developers’ Meeting of BOO Wind Power Project 250 MW. Cairo 2009.</ref>. One-third of this land will be developed for wind energy production by NREA and multinational organisations, whereas two-thirds will be offered to the private sector by bid-procedure.
 == Business Climate<br>  ==
@@ Line 52: / Line 49: @@
 NREA encourages local manufacturing of turbines and other components based on e.g. technology transfer or joint ventures. Previous experience has been gained with small-scale manufacturing of wind turbine components. As of 2005, also repairs and rewinding of generators have been carried out by local companies. The global cable and electric products manufacturer El Sewedy Cables is supposed to start producing turbine towers locally (at Ain El Sokhna) this year in a 50 – 50 joint venture (called SET) with German tower manufacturer SIAG Schaaf Industrie AG. The facility is part of El Sewedy's broader strategy to set up a fully fledged wind farm supplier that assembles and manufactures wind turbines in Egypt. In 2008, the company bought a 30&nbsp;% stake in M Torres Olvega, a small Spanish company producing direct-drive wind turbines for 40 million €, including an option to buy the remaining 70&nbsp;% by March 2011. The company expects to roll out 111 units in 2010 and 256 in 2012 respectively. In the first year, a production of 50 turbines (83 MW) is planed, 225 (435 MW) turbines will be produced in the following four years.
-Conditions for private sector to access the wind energy market are favourable and will probably be improved in the near future. As shown in Chapters 1.4 and 1.5, there is a package of instruments in the new electricity law that aim to facilitate the access to the markets. This will support the goal of meeting 87&nbsp;% and 73&nbsp;% of the renewable electricity target in the years 2010 and 2010 through private financed projects. Previous experiences, for instance in the gas sector, have been in general positive. The Egyptian government has demonstrated to be a credible partner. So far, one private company has expressed its interest in developing wind energy projects (see Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline). The tender process is currently taking place<ref>Suding 2009. CDM in Egypt: Potentials and Projects.GTZ. MENA Carbon Forum May 2009</ref>. Independently of the crisis, a remaining obstacle for the development of the wind electricity sector is the availability of skilled workers, which is influenced by two main factors: the lack of specialized study programs and the emigration of well qualified personnel.49 In general, Egyptian universities and educational institutions do not offer programs that suit the needs of the wind sector, such as advanced studies in mechanical and electrical engineering. Although, there are some initiatives, supported for instance by the GTZ and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), to reform curricula, the process to adapt them is rather slow compared to the fast development in the wind sector. As for the emigration, well qualified Egyptian engineers and technicians usually prefer to work abroad, especially in the Middle East, where loans and economic benefits are substantially better than in Egypt. This may become particularly critical for NREA, since its loans are rather low compared to the private sector.
+Conditions for private sector to access the wind energy market are favourable and will probably be improved in the near future. As shown in Chapters 1.4 and 1.5, there is a package of instruments in the new electricity law that aim to facilitate the access to the markets. This will support the goal of meeting 87&nbsp;% and 73&nbsp;% of the renewable electricity target in the years 2010 and 2010 through private financed projects. Previous experiences, for instance in the gas sector, have been in general positive. The Egyptian government has demonstrated to be a credible partner. So far, one private company has expressed its interest in developing wind energy projects (see Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline). The tender process is currently taking place<ref>Suding 2009. CDM in Egypt: Potentials and Projects.GTZ. MENA Carbon Forum May 2009</ref>. Independently of the crisis, a remaining obstacle for the development of the wind electricity sector is the availability of skilled workers, which is influenced by two main factors: the lack of specialized study programs and the emigration of well qualified personnel.<ref>Suding 2009. CDM in Egypt: Potentials and Projects.GTZ. MENA Carbon Forum May 2009</ref> In general, Egyptian universities and educational institutions do not offer programs that suit the needs of the wind sector, such as advanced studies in mechanical and electrical engineering. Although, there are some initiatives, supported for instance by the GTZ and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), to reform curricula, the process to adapt them is rather slow compared to the fast development in the wind sector. As for the emigration, well qualified Egyptian engineers and technicians usually prefer to work abroad, especially in the Middle East, where loans and economic benefits are substantially better than in Egypt. This may become particularly critical for NREA, since its loans are rather low compared to the private sector.
 == References<br>  ==