− | '''[[Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas_(LPG)|LPG]]''' is a by-product of extracted natural gas and refined crude oil, with a ratio of 40:60 % respectively. It is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, with the two most common ones being butane and propane<ref name="Priesemann, C. & Volkmer, H. (2015). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas_(LPG)">Priesemann, C. & Volkmer, H. (2015). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas_(LPG)</ref><ref name="Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf">Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf</ref>. It may also contain small amount of propylene and butylene, in addition to traces of ethane, ethylene, pentane and butadiene<ref name="African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf">African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf</ref>. This combination of hydrocarbons is vaporous, colorless and odorless at standard room temperature and pressure. With modest pressure and cooler conditions, it can be liquefied and stored in cylinders (cylinders are filled with 80% liquid LPG and 20% gaseous LPG for safety reasons)<ref name="African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf">African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf</ref><ref name="Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf">Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf</ref>. This liquid is then transported to the end-users in relatively light cylinders. The consumers can convert the stored liquid into usable gas by opening the cylinder’s valve, which decreases the cylinder’s pressure resulting in the vaporization of the stored liquid<ref name="African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf">African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf</ref>. LPG claims the leading position among energy carriers, when it comes to energy density, combustion efficiency, heat transfer efficiency and heat control characteristics<ref name="Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf">Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf</ref>. LPG has a thermal combustion efficiency of 45% to 60%<ref name="Bruce, N.G. Aunan, K. & Rehfuess E.A. (2017). Liquefied Petroleum Gas as a Clean Cooking Fuel for Developing Countries: Implications for Climate, Forests, and Affordability. Retrieved from: https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/PDF/Download-Center/Materialien/2017_Nr.7_CleanCooking_Lang.pdf">Bruce, N.G. Aunan, K. & Rehfuess E.A. (2017). Liquefied Petroleum Gas as a Clean Cooking Fuel for Developing Countries: Implications for Climate, Forests, and Affordability. Retrieved from: https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/PDF/Download-Center/Materialien/2017_Nr.7_CleanCooking_Lang.pdf</ref>. | + | '''[[Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas_(LPG)|Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)]]''' is a by-product of extracted natural gas and refined crude oil, with a ratio of 40:60 % respectively. It is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, with the two most common ones being butane and propane<ref name="Priesemann, C. & Volkmer, H. (2015). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas_(LPG)">Priesemann, C. & Volkmer, H. (2015). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas_(LPG)</ref><ref name="Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf">Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf</ref>. It may also contain small amount of propylene and butylene, in addition to traces of ethane, ethylene, pentane and butadiene<ref name="African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf">African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf</ref>. This combination of hydrocarbons is vaporous, colorless and odorless at standard room temperature and pressure. With modest pressure and cooler conditions, it can be liquefied and stored in cylinders (cylinders are filled with 80% liquid LPG and 20% gaseous LPG for safety reasons)<ref name="African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf">African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf</ref><ref name="Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf">Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf</ref>. This liquid is then transported to the end-users in relatively light cylinders. The consumers can convert the stored liquid into usable gas by opening the cylinder’s valve, which decreases the cylinder’s pressure resulting in the vaporization of the stored liquid<ref name="African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf">African Oxygen Limited (AFROX). (2018). 2018 Product Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Retrieved from: http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/2018%20Product%20Reference%20Manual%20full%20version_tcm266-503458.pdf</ref>. LPG claims the leading position among energy carriers, when it comes to energy density, combustion efficiency, heat transfer efficiency and heat control characteristics<ref name="Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf">Sepp, S. (2014). Multiple Household Fuel Use – A balance choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. Retrieved from: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/287-1.pdf</ref>. LPG has a thermal combustion efficiency of 45% to 60%<ref name="Bruce, N.G. Aunan, K. & Rehfuess E.A. (2017). Liquefied Petroleum Gas as a Clean Cooking Fuel for Developing Countries: Implications for Climate, Forests, and Affordability. Retrieved from: https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/PDF/Download-Center/Materialien/2017_Nr.7_CleanCooking_Lang.pdf">Bruce, N.G. Aunan, K. & Rehfuess E.A. (2017). Liquefied Petroleum Gas as a Clean Cooking Fuel for Developing Countries: Implications for Climate, Forests, and Affordability. Retrieved from: https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/PDF/Download-Center/Materialien/2017_Nr.7_CleanCooking_Lang.pdf</ref>. |