Difference between revisions of "Electrical-Mechanical Equipment"

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== Turbine types  ==
 
  
<span><!--{127668415349214}--></span><span>
+
[[Portal:Hydro|► Back to Hydro Portal]]
</span>
 
  
{| cellpadding="0" border="1" align="right"
+
= Overview =
 +
 
 +
-> See article [[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plants|Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plants]]
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
= Turbine Types<br/> =
 +
 
 +
A [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|turbine]] converts the energy in falling water into shaft power. There are various types of turbine which can be categorized in one of several ways. The choice of turbine will depend mainly on the pressure head available and the design flow for the proposed hydropower installation. As shown in table 2 below, turbines are broadly divided into three groups; high, medium and low head, and into two categories: impulse and reaction.<br/>
 +
 
 +
The difference between impulse and reaction can be explained simply by stating that the impulse turbines convert the kinetic energy of a jet of water in air into movement by striking turbine buckets or blades - there is no pressure reduction as the water pressure is atmospheric on both sides of the impeller. The blades of a reaction turbine, on the other hand, are totally immersed in the flow of water, and the angular as well as linear momentum of the water is converted into shaft power - the pressure of water leaving the runner is reduced to atmospheric or lower.
 +
 
 +
{| align="right" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="width: 100%"
 
|-
 
|-
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | <br>
+
| style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="2" |  
'''<span>Turbine</span> '''  
+
'''<span>Turbine</span>'''<br/>
  
'''Runner'''  
+
'''Runner'''
  
| valign="top" align="center" colspan="3" |  
+
| style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" colspan="3" |  
'''<span>Head</span> '''  
+
'''<span>Head</span>'''
  
'''pressure'''  
+
'''pressure'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| valign="top" align="center" |  
+
| style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" |  
'''High'''  
+
'''High'''
  
| valign="top" align="center" |  
+
| style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" |  
'''Medium'''  
+
'''Medium'''
  
| valign="top" align="center" |  
+
| style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" |  
'''Low'''<br>  
+
'''Low'''<br/>
  
 
|-
 
|-
| valign="top" |  
+
| style="vertical-align: top" |  
Impulse  
+
Impulse
  
| valign="top" |  
+
| style="vertical-align: top" |  
<span>Pelton
+
*<span>Pelton</span><br/>
</span>  
+
*Turgo
 +
*Multi-jet Pelton<br/>
  
Turgo  
+
| style="vertical-align: top" |
 +
*<span>Crossflow</span><br/>
 +
*Turgo
 +
*Multi-jet Pelton<br/>
  
Multi-jet Pelton <br>  
+
| style="vertical-align: top" |
 +
*Crossflow<br/>
  
| valign="top" |  
+
|-
<span>Crossflow
+
| style="vertical-align: top" |  
</span>
+
Reaction
  
Turgo
+
| style="vertical-align: top" |
 +
*<span>Francis</span><br/>
 +
*Pump-as-turbine (PAT)<br/>
  
Multi-jet Pelton <br>  
+
| style="vertical-align: top" |
 +
*<span>Propeller</span><br/>
 +
*Kaplan<br/>
  
| valign="top" |  
+
| style="vertical-align: top" |  
Crossflow
+
<br/>
  
|-
+
|}
| valign="top" |
 
Reaction
 
  
| valign="top" |
+
<br/>
<span>Francis
 
</span>  
 
  
Pump-as-turbine (PAT) <br>  
+
<br/>
  
| valign="top" |
+
<br/>
<span>Propeller
 
</span>  
 
  
Kaplan <br>  
+
<br/>
 +
*For further information, click [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|here]].<br/>
 +
*For information on Pump-as-Turbine, click [[:File:Pump as Turbine (PaT) Manual.doc|here]].
  
| valign="top" |
+
<br/>
&nbsp;
 
  
|}
+
[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
<span>A turbine converts the energy in
+
= Generators =
falling water into shaft power. There are various types of turbine which
 
</span>can be categorized in one of several ways. The choice of turbine will depend mainly on the pressure head available and the design flow for the proposed hydropower installation. As shown in table 2 below, turbines are broadly divided into three groups; high, medium and low head, and into two categories: impulse and reaction.&nbsp; <br>
 
  
<span>The difference between impulse and
+
*[[Thermo Electric Generators|Thermo Electric Generators]]<br/>
reaction can be explained simply by stating that the ''impulse''
 
turbines
 
convert the kinetic energy of a jet of water in air into movement by
 
striking
 
turbine buckets or blades - there is no pressure reduction as the water
 
pressure is atmospheric on both sides of the impeller. The blades of a ''reaction''
 
turbine, on the other hand, are totally immersed in the flow of water,
 
and the
 
angular as well as linear momentum of the water is converted into shaft
 
power -
 
the pressure of water leaving the runner is reduced to atmospheric or
 
lower. </span><br>  
 
  
== Generators  ==
+
<br/>
  
=== Established producers of hydro generators ===
+
== Established Producers of Hydro Generators ==
  
 
Marelli
 
Marelli
  
=== Induction motor as generator ===
+
== Induction Motor as Generator ==
 +
 
 +
= Controller - Function Principles<br/> =
 +
 
 +
[[File:Mhp-scheme.jpg|thumb|center|605px|Elements of a Micro Hydro Power Scheme|alt=Elements of a Micro Hydro  Power Scheme]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
A Load- or Flow- controller ensures that the '''power output does not exceed the power demand''' and power output is stable (e.g. 230V, 50 Hz).
 +
 
 +
Water turbines, like petrol or diesel engines, will '''vary in speed as load is applied''' or relieved. Although not such a great problem with machinery which uses direct shaft power, this speed variation will seriously '''affect frequency and voltage''' output from a generator.
 +
 
 +
Traditionally, hydraulic or mechanical speed governors altered flow as the load varied. Nowadays usually electronic load controller (ELC) are used. These prevent speed variations by continuously adding or subtracting an artificial load ('''load controller'''). In that in effect, the turbine is working permanently under full load and the ELC diverts excess energy into a dump load, mostly a heater.&lt;/span&gt; The traditional kind of equalizing power in and output by controlling the flow is usually also automatised ('''flow control'''). Thereby the ELC steers a valve which regulates the amount of water inflowing.
 +
 
 +
In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
== Controller Types ==
 +
 
 +
Fluctuating energy demand requires a mechanism which either regulates the water input into the turbine (= flow control) or by diverting excess energy from the consumer connection (= ballast load).
  
 +
For small micro or pico hydropower sites it's sometimes not easy to find the right controller. There is a lower price limit of several 100 USD even for only 1 or 2 kW power. In such cases there may be thought of manual control.
  
 +
[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
 +
=== Load Control ===
  
 +
The electric load controller (ELC) keeps outgoing Voltage and Frequency stable. Therefore the load on the generator has to be kept stable. The controller adds and subtracts an artificial load (heater) in a way to neutralise the fluctuations on the consumer side.
  
== Controller: <br>  ==
+
[[File:Controler.jpg|thumb|right|734px|Controler|alt=Controler.jpg]]
  
<!--{12766848790530}--><!--{12766848790531}--> <!--{12766848790532}-->  
+
<br/>
  
<span style="display: none;" id="1274973221030S">&nbsp;</span>  
+
<br/>
  
=== <!--{12766848790533}--><!--{12766848790534}--><!--{12766848790535}--><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Function principles </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">[[Image:Mhp-scheme.jpg|right|560x386px|Elements of a Micro Hydro  Power Scheme]]</span><br>  ===
+
=== Ballast Load ===
  
A Load- or Flow- controller ensures that the '''power output does not exceed the power demand''' and power output is stable (e.g. 230V, 50 Hz).  
+
If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is dumped. It's converted into heat by some heat elements either in water or air. To increase an mhp's overall efficiency such excess power could be utilised as well. Therefore some storage technology would be required. Battery charging, freezers, water pumping or heat storage may be options.
  
<span>Water turbines, like petrol or
+
Regarding intelligent load management: [[:File:Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro.pdf|Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro]] by Dr Nigel Smith, Dr Philip Taylor and Tim Matthews
diesel engines, will '''vary in speed as load is applied'''
 
or relieved.  
 
Although not
 
such a great problem with machinery which uses direct shaft power, this
 
speed
 
variation will seriously '''affect frequency and voltage''' output from a
 
generator. </span>
 
  
<span>Traditionally, hydraulic or mechanical speed
+
<br/>
governors
 
altered flow as the load varied. Nowadays usually electronic load
 
controller (ELC) are used. These prevent speed
 
variations by
 
continuously adding or subtracting an artificial load ('''load controller'''). In that in
 
effect, the
 
turbine is working permanently under full load and the ELC diverts excess energy into a dump load, mostly a heater.</span> The traditional kind of equalizing power in and output by controlling the flow is usually also automatised ('''flow control'''). Thereby the ELC steers a valve which regulates the amount of water inflowing.<span>
 
</span>  
 
  
In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.<!--{12766848790536}--> <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">
+
=== Flow Control ===
</span><br>
 
  
<!--{12766848790537}--><!--{12766848790538}--> <!--{12766848790539}-->
+
regulates the amount of water into the turbine in order to match power output and power demand. Nowadays flow control is done mostly via electronics, which steer a valve
  
=== <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Controller Types</span>  ===
+
[[File:Flow-control.jpg|thumb|center|834px|principle flow control|alt=principle flow control]]
  
Fluctuating energy demand requires a mechanism which either regulates the water input into the turbine (= flow control) or by diverting excess energy from the consumer connection (= ballast load).
+
<u>Manual Flow Control:</u>
  
For small micro or pico hydropower sites&nbsp; it's sometimes not easy to find the right controller. There is a lower price limit of several 100 USD even for&nbsp; only 1 or 2 kW power. In such cases there may be thought of manual control.  
+
In very small schemes often all power for lighting and TV is used constantly. Then energy consumption barely alters or does only at certain times. In such cases it can be even practical to train an operator who open / closes a valve manually to stabilise the Voltage. This allows to disclaim a controller, which saves costs and potentially flaws.
  
==== Load control:  ====
+
<br/>
  
The electric load controller (ELC) keeps outgoing Voltage and Frequency stable. Therefore the load on the generator has to be kept stable. The controller adds and subtracts an artificial load (heater) in a way to neutralise the fluctuations on the consumer side.
+
[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
[[Image:Controler.jpg|right|350x141px|Controler.jpg]]
+
= Load Factor =
  
==== Ballast load ====
+
The load factor is the amount of power used divided by the amount of power that is available if the turbine were to be used continuously. Unlike technologies relying on costly fuel sources, the 'fuel' for hydropower generation is free and therefore the plant becomes more cost effective if run for a high percentage of the time. If the turbine is only used for domestic lighting in the evenings then the plant factor will be very low. If the turbine provides power for rural industry during the day, meets domestic demand during the evening, and maybe pumps water for irrigation in the evening, then the plant factor will be high.
  
usually electrical heaters in water or air. If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is converted into heat.  
+
It is very important to ensure a high plant factor if the scheme is to be cost effective and this should be taken into account during the planning stage. Many schemes use a 'dump' load (in conjunction with an electronic load controller - see below), which is effectively a low priority energy demand that can accept surplus energy when an excess is produced e.g. water heating, storage heaters or storage cookers.
  
==== Flow control  ====
+
[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
regulates the amount of water into the turbine in order to match power output and power demand. Nowadays flow control is done mostly via electronics, which steer a valve
+
= Further Information =
  
[[Image:Flow-control.jpg|center|650x264px|principle flow control]]  
+
*[[Control Equipment - Hydropower|Control Equipment - Hydropower]]<br/>
 +
*[[Hydropower - Equipment|Hydropower - Equipment]]<br/>
 +
*[[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine]]
  
'''Manual flow control'''
+
<br/>
  
In very small schemes often all power for lighting and TV is used constantly. Then energy consumption barely alters or does only at certain times. In such cases it can be even practical to train an operator who open / closes a valve manually to stabilise the Voltage. This allows to disclaim a controller, which saves costs and potentially&nbsp; flaws.
+
[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
<br>
+
= References =
  
== Load factor  ==
+
*General:[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Manuals|Micro hydro Power Manuals]]
 +
*[[:File:Good and bad of mini hydro power vol.1.pdf|Good and Bad of Mini Hydro Power]]
 +
*[[:File:Hydro scout guide ET may10.pdf|Micro Hydro Power Scout Guide]]
 +
*[http://practicalaction.org/micro-hydro-power-2 Micro-Hydro Power: Practical Action]
  
<span>The load factor is the amount of
+
<references /><br/>
power used divided by the amount of power that is available if the
 
turbine were
 
to be used continuously. Unlike technologies relying on costly fuel
 
sources,
 
the 'fuel' for hydropower generation is free and therefore the plant
 
becomes
 
more cost effective if run for a high percentage of the time. If the
 
turbine is
 
only used for domestic lighting in the evenings then the plant factor
 
will be
 
very low. If the turbine provides power for rural industry during the
 
day,
 
meets domestic demand during the evening, and maybe pumps water for
 
irrigation
 
in the evening, then the plant factor will be high. </span>  
 
  
<span>It is very important to ensure a
+
[[Category:Hydro]]
high plant factor if the scheme is to be cost effective and this should
 
be
 
taken into account during the planning stage. Many schemes use a 'dump'
 
load
 
(in conjunction with an electronic load controller - see below), which
 
is
 
effectively a low priority energy demand that can accept surplus energy
 
when an
 
excess is produced e.g. water heating, storage heaters or storage
 
cookers. </span>
 

Latest revision as of 10:45, 9 September 2014

► Back to Hydro Portal

Overview

-> See article Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plants


Turbine Types

A turbine converts the energy in falling water into shaft power. There are various types of turbine which can be categorized in one of several ways. The choice of turbine will depend mainly on the pressure head available and the design flow for the proposed hydropower installation. As shown in table 2 below, turbines are broadly divided into three groups; high, medium and low head, and into two categories: impulse and reaction.

The difference between impulse and reaction can be explained simply by stating that the impulse turbines convert the kinetic energy of a jet of water in air into movement by striking turbine buckets or blades - there is no pressure reduction as the water pressure is atmospheric on both sides of the impeller. The blades of a reaction turbine, on the other hand, are totally immersed in the flow of water, and the angular as well as linear momentum of the water is converted into shaft power - the pressure of water leaving the runner is reduced to atmospheric or lower.

Turbine

Runner

Head

pressure

High

Medium

Low

Impulse

  • Pelton
  • Turgo
  • Multi-jet Pelton
  • Crossflow
  • Turgo
  • Multi-jet Pelton
  • Crossflow

Reaction

  • Francis
  • Pump-as-turbine (PAT)
  • Propeller
  • Kaplan






  • For further information, click here.
  • For information on Pump-as-Turbine, click here.


►Go to Top

Generators


Established Producers of Hydro Generators

Marelli

Induction Motor as Generator

Controller - Function Principles

Elements of a Micro Hydro Power Scheme
Elements of a Micro Hydro Power Scheme


A Load- or Flow- controller ensures that the power output does not exceed the power demand and power output is stable (e.g. 230V, 50 Hz).

Water turbines, like petrol or diesel engines, will vary in speed as load is applied or relieved. Although not such a great problem with machinery which uses direct shaft power, this speed variation will seriously affect frequency and voltage output from a generator.

Traditionally, hydraulic or mechanical speed governors altered flow as the load varied. Nowadays usually electronic load controller (ELC) are used. These prevent speed variations by continuously adding or subtracting an artificial load (load controller). In that in effect, the turbine is working permanently under full load and the ELC diverts excess energy into a dump load, mostly a heater.</span> The traditional kind of equalizing power in and output by controlling the flow is usually also automatised (flow control). Thereby the ELC steers a valve which regulates the amount of water inflowing.

In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.

►Go to Top

Controller Types

Fluctuating energy demand requires a mechanism which either regulates the water input into the turbine (= flow control) or by diverting excess energy from the consumer connection (= ballast load).

For small micro or pico hydropower sites it's sometimes not easy to find the right controller. There is a lower price limit of several 100 USD even for only 1 or 2 kW power. In such cases there may be thought of manual control.

►Go to Top

Load Control

The electric load controller (ELC) keeps outgoing Voltage and Frequency stable. Therefore the load on the generator has to be kept stable. The controller adds and subtracts an artificial load (heater) in a way to neutralise the fluctuations on the consumer side.

Controler.jpg
Controler



Ballast Load

If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is dumped. It's converted into heat by some heat elements either in water or air. To increase an mhp's overall efficiency such excess power could be utilised as well. Therefore some storage technology would be required. Battery charging, freezers, water pumping or heat storage may be options.

Regarding intelligent load management: Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro by Dr Nigel Smith, Dr Philip Taylor and Tim Matthews


Flow Control

regulates the amount of water into the turbine in order to match power output and power demand. Nowadays flow control is done mostly via electronics, which steer a valve

principle flow control
principle flow control

Manual Flow Control:

In very small schemes often all power for lighting and TV is used constantly. Then energy consumption barely alters or does only at certain times. In such cases it can be even practical to train an operator who open / closes a valve manually to stabilise the Voltage. This allows to disclaim a controller, which saves costs and potentially flaws.


►Go to Top

Load Factor

The load factor is the amount of power used divided by the amount of power that is available if the turbine were to be used continuously. Unlike technologies relying on costly fuel sources, the 'fuel' for hydropower generation is free and therefore the plant becomes more cost effective if run for a high percentage of the time. If the turbine is only used for domestic lighting in the evenings then the plant factor will be very low. If the turbine provides power for rural industry during the day, meets domestic demand during the evening, and maybe pumps water for irrigation in the evening, then the plant factor will be high.

It is very important to ensure a high plant factor if the scheme is to be cost effective and this should be taken into account during the planning stage. Many schemes use a 'dump' load (in conjunction with an electronic load controller - see below), which is effectively a low priority energy demand that can accept surplus energy when an excess is produced e.g. water heating, storage heaters or storage cookers.

►Go to Top

Further Information


►Go to Top

References