https://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&feed=atom&action=historyEnergy access in emergency - success factors and obstacles in three Eastern African Countries. An evaluation of FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings - Revision history2024-03-28T11:19:28ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.8https://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331630&oldid=prevRanisha at 10:26, 23 November 20202020-11-23T10:26:54Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:26, 23 November 2020</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><div></del>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|left|400px|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px"></del>A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div></del><div<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">><br/</del>></div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px"></del>Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px"></del>The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px"></del>"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div><div><br/></div><div></del>'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span></del>''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'<br/><br/><div><span style</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"font-size: 13.6px"></del>The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, </del>most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in </del>the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which </del>was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from </del>country to country, have been identified:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div><div><br/></div></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">= Overview =</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><span style="font-size: 13.6px"></del>affordability<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|left|400px|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]] A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><span style="font-size: 13.6px"><span style="white-space:pre"></span></del>limited access to quality alternative energy product<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">style="clear: both;"</ins>></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><span style="font-size: 13.6px"><span style="white-space:pre"></span></del>market <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">distortion</span></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><span style="font-size: 13.6px"><span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*<span style="font-size: 13.6px">competition for limited biomass resources</span></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that </del>could be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">built into innovative </del>programming <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">size: 13</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">build capacity for the development </del>of a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place </del>market-based <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">programming which engages </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">private sector</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"font-size: 13.6px">Moreover</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">findings show </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">there </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">receive any form </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">modern </del>energy <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees </del>and host communities<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div><div><br/></div><div></del>'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><span style</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"font-size: 13</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should </del>be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on </del>energy <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">management</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">without forgetting that "</del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">community has its </del>solutions to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">energy needs”. The greatest need is </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">improve access to cleaner cooking </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sometimes heating </del>options. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">><</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">div><div><span style="font-size: 13</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">what we have found is fundamental </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ensuring access </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.<</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">span><</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">div><div><br</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">><</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''Further reading''':</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to </del>Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px"></del>[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></span></div></div></div></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=='</ins>''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Energy Markets Challenges in Humanitarian Settings</ins>'''=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, </ins>most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in </ins>the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which </ins>was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from </ins>country to country, have been identified:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*affordability</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*limited access to quality alternative energy product</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*market <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">distortion</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*limited market knowledge</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">competition for limited biomass resources</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and </ins>could be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy </ins>programming.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== '''A Market-based Approach'''==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">While indicating the need </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">based programming which engages the private sector</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">receive any form </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through </ins>a market-based <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=='''Multi-sectoral Collaboration and Community Involvement'''=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">without forgetting </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need </ins>is to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses </ins>of energy <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">along local food chains.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is the involvement of the refugee </ins>and host communities <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">who will use it” added Olivier Dubois</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=='''Sustainable Environment Management Preservation</ins>'''=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">around refugee settlements over the past few years, can </ins>be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking </ins>energy <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">practices</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Adoption of improved cooking </ins>solutions<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, reforestation efforts and support </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">local biomass producers </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">manage resources </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are </ins>options <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that could address the need to halt biomass degradation</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">='''Further reading'''=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*[http:</ins>//<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pdf Key success factors </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-</ins>in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-emergency portfolio </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*[http:/</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www.fao.org</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">i8012en</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to </ins>Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins>[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:East_Africa]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:East_Africa]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Ranishahttps://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331552&oldid=prevLisafeldmann at 10:36, 19 November 20202020-11-19T10:36:17Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:36, 19 November 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7" >Line 7:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''Further reading''':</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''Further reading''':</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:East_Africa]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Humanitarian_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Bioenergy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Uganda]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Uganda]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Bioenergy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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</table>Lisafeldmannhttps://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331549&oldid=prevLisafeldmann: Lisafeldmann moved page Energy access in emergency - success factors and obstacles in three Eastern African Countries. An evaluation of FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. to [[Energy access in emergency - success factors and obstacles in...2020-11-19T10:30:48Z<p>Lisafeldmann moved page <a href="/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy access in emergency - success factors and obstacles in three Eastern African Countries. An evaluation of FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. (page does not exist)">Energy access in emergency - success factors and obstacles in three Eastern African Countries. An evaluation of FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings.</a> to [[Energy access in emergency - success factors and obstacles in...</p>
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</td></tr></table>Lisafeldmannhttps://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331547&oldid=prevLisafeldmann: Lisafeldmann moved page Energy access in emergency: success factors and obstacles in three Eastern African Countries. An evaluation of FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. to [[Energy access in emergency - success factors and obstacles in ...2020-11-19T10:25:52Z<p>Lisafeldmann moved page <a href="/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency:_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy access in emergency: success factors and obstacles in three Eastern African Countries. An evaluation of FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. (page does not exist)">Energy access in emergency: success factors and obstacles in three Eastern African Countries. An evaluation of FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings.</a> to [[Energy access in emergency - success factors and obstacles in ...</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:25, 19 November 2020</td>
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</td></tr></table>Lisafeldmannhttps://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331546&oldid=prevLisafeldmann at 10:25, 19 November 20202020-11-19T10:25:20Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:25, 19 November 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|left|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">400pxpx</del>|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><div></del><span style="font-size: 13.6px"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">>•<span style="white-space:pre"></span</del>>affordability</span><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></div><div></del><span style="font-size: 13.6px"><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">•</del><span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span><<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/div><div><span style=</del>"font-size: 13.6px"><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">•</del><span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></div><div></del><span style="font-size: 13.6px"><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">•</del><span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></div><div></del><span style="font-size: 13.6px"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">>•<span style="white-space:pre"></span</del>>competition for limited biomass resources</span><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></div></del><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|left|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">400px</ins>|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins><span style="font-size: 13.6px">affordability</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins><span style="font-size: 13.6px"><span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins><<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">span style=</ins>"font-size: 13.6px"><span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins><span style="font-size: 13.6px"><span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins><span style="font-size: 13.6px">competition for limited biomass resources</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>Further reading<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Lisafeldmannhttps://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331544&oldid=prevLisafeldmann at 15:37, 18 November 20202020-11-18T15:37:17Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:37, 18 November 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right</del>|400pxpx|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">left</ins>|400pxpx|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Lisafeldmannhttps://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331543&oldid=prevLisafeldmann at 15:36, 18 November 20202020-11-18T15:36:52Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">left</del>|400pxpx|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right</ins>|400pxpx|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Uganda]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Bioenergy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:East_Africa]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:East_Africa]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Bioenergy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Uganda]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Lisafeldmannhttps://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331541&oldid=prevLisafeldmann at 15:35, 18 November 20202020-11-18T15:35:53Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:35, 18 November 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|left|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">500pxpx</del>|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|left|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">400pxpx</ins>|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:East_Africa]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Bioenergy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Uganda]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Uganda]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Bioenergy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:East_Africa]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Lisafeldmannhttps://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331538&oldid=prevLisafeldmann at 15:35, 18 November 20202020-11-18T15:35:27Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:35, 18 November 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|left|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">300pxpx</del>]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|left|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">500pxpx|alt=Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg</ins>]]</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Uganda]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Bioenergy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:East_Africa]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:East_Africa]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Uganda]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Lisafeldmannhttps://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Energy_access_in_emergency_-_success_factors_and_obstacles_in_three_Eastern_African_Countries._An_evaluation_of_FAO_energy_projects_in_humanitarian_settings&diff=331535&oldid=prevLisafeldmann at 15:34, 18 November 20202020-11-18T15:34:54Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:34, 18 November 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><div>[[File:Women carry charcoal-SouthSudan-FAO Glinski.jpg|thumb|left|300pxpx]]</div></ins><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">A recent UN report on [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9913en Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings] reviewed FAO’s energy-in-emergency work carried out through the Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative. The programme focuses on countries’ energy needs in the context of emergencies and protracted crises to build resilient livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Implemented between 2014 and 2018, the programme supported more than 400 000 individuals in four types of activities: clean cooking, forest management, renewable energy in agri-food chains, and policy support in 14 countries.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Combining principles derived from [http://www.fao.org/3/CA0021EN/ca0021en.pdf FAO’s SAFE Framework] and the FAO strategic objective to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises, the report explores the energy access situation in humanitarian settings, its intersections with issues surrounding gender, conflict and natural resources and proposes tried and tested ways of ensuring communities have access to energy.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The interaction between climate, conflict, hunger, poverty and persecution creates increasingly complex emergencies. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2019, the number of people forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 79.5 million, the highest number on record according to [https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/ available data]. Crisis-affected populations – including refugees, internally displaced and the communities hosting them – often have severely constrained access to fuel and energy for cooking, heating and lighting.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">"Access to energy is vital for food security and is often highly constrained in emergencies and protracted crises. Lack of access to energy can expose people to a number of risks and challenges, including malnutrition, increased vulnerability to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. " explained FAO Natural Resources Officer and leader of FAO’s Energy Team, Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Energy markets challenges in humanitarian settings</span>'''<br/><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The evaluation carried out in three case studies in Eastern African countries - Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan - paints a picture of the demand for energy and the energy services that are currently provided in the settlements reviewed, helping to draw a map of the challenges affecting the energy markets in humanitarian contexts.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">In Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan, most refugees and displaced persons rely on energy resources that are unsustainable and that pose high risks to their health and well-being. In particular, the lack of access to energy for cooking poses a high security risk for refugees and internally displaced people. Many households are highly dependent on firewood collected from areas around the settlements to supplement the fuel which they receive from humanitarian agencies or purchase through markets. Intense demand for this natural resource has led to the degradation of forests and conflicts with the host communities.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“The need to fulfil energy needs for household purposes is a key factor in the perpetuation of a disproportionate work burden for women, protection risks, conflict and tension, unsustainable livelihood activities and health risks. The FAO SAFE approach provides a multi-sectoral response these diverse challenges and contributes to resilience building in protracted crises”, said Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The most used cooking fuel in the three regions was firewood, which was the first priority fuel for 62 percent of households in South Sudan, 63 percent in Uganda, and 47 percent in Kenya. The second choice of cooking fuel was firewood for South Sudan and charcoal for Kenya and Uganda. The study found out that a switch to a cleaner fuel, or even to the second choice of cooking fuel would lead to a reduction in the cost of energy in each household.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Five key universal constraints, the intensity and impact of which varies from country to country, have been identified:</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>affordability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited access to quality alternative energy product</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>market distortion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>limited market knowledge&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">•<span style="white-space:pre"></span>competition for limited biomass resources</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">The analysis carried out, together with a series of collaborative workshop webinars, led to the identification of options that could be built into innovative programming for energy access within the refugee settings in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan. These interventions are generally applicable in all three focus countries and could be deployed as standard operating procedures to guide FAO’s humanitarian energy programming.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">A market-based approach</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">While indicating the need to build capacity for the development of a market ecosystem, the evaluation recommends a gradual shift towards facilitation as opposed to provision, by putting in place market-based programming which engages the private sector.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Moreover, findings show that there is still a large population of refugees and Internally displaced people IDPs that are yet to receive any form of modern energy services, but could effectively be reached through a market-based approach. Scaling up already piloted solutions, developed through a bottom-up approach which considers both refugees and host communities, would ensure that accountability for the acceptance and performance of energy interventions lies with local providers and implementers.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Multi-sectoral collaboration and community involvement</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Another crucial element for future programming should be an enhanced coordination and collaboration among stakeholders to discuss and establish suitable interventions on energy management, without forgetting that "the community has its solutions to energy needs”. The greatest need is to improve access to cleaner cooking and sometimes heating options. But what should also consider productive uses of energy along local food chains.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;“What is highlighted by this study and what we have found is fundamental in ensuring access to sustainable energy, is the involvement of the refugee and host communities who will use it” added Olivier Dubois.</span></div><div><br/></div><div>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px">Sustainable environment management preservation</span>'''</div><br/><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Last but not least, the report stresses the need to prioritize the sustainable management of the natural environment. The extent of environmental degradation and loss of biomass resources that have occurred in and around refugee settlements over the past few years, can be attributed to the high demand for fuelwood coupled with inefficient cooking energy practices, and the high demand for wooden poles used for shelter construction.</span><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">Adoption of improved cooking solutions, reforestation efforts and support to local biomass producers to manage resources and produce fuels in a sustainable manner, are options that could address the need to halt biomass degradation.&nbsp;</span></div><div><br/></div><div>Further reading:</div><div><br/></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca9913en/CA9913EN.pdf Key success factors and obstacles for FAO energy projects in humanitarian settings. An evaluation of FAO’s energy-in-emergency portfolio to inform future programming in three Eastern African Countries]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/3/i8012en/I8012EN.pdf Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE.) Strengthening resilience of crisis-affected populations]</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.6px">[http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/stories/stories-detail/en/c/394274/ FAO stories: FAO brings fuel-efficient cooking to communities in South Sudan]</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:East_Africa]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Bioenergy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Uganda]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Uganda]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:South_Sudan]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Kenya]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Sustainability]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Publication]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Project_Experiences]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Use]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Community_Engagement]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Energy_Access]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Fuels]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cookstoves]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Bioenergy]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:East_Africa]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Lisafeldmann