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Difference between revisions of "LPG cooking system"

From energypedia
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(Created page with " = Introduction = Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a gaseous fuel obtained during petroleum refining and consists mainly of butane or propane. LPG can also be obtained from f...")
 
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= LPG Stoves =
 
= LPG Stoves =
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A typical LPG cooking system is made up of a steel cylinder filled with LPG, a pressure controller, a tube connecting the cylinder to the pressure controller and the burner, and finally the burner itself. The burner can consist of one or more cooking tops.
 
A typical LPG cooking system is made up of a steel cylinder filled with LPG, a pressure controller, a tube connecting the cylinder to the pressure controller and the burner, and finally the burner itself. The burner can consist of one or more cooking tops.
  
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The size of the system depends on the size of the cylinder. Cylinders exist in various sizes e.g.: 2.7 kg, 6 kg, 12 kg or 16 kg. A survey in 20 countries showed that low-income countries households mainly use cylinders smaller than 6 kg.<ref name="World Bank (2011): The Role of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Reducing Energy Poverty. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/LPGReportWeb-Masami.pdf">World Bank (2011): The Role of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Reducing Energy Poverty. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/LPGReportWeb-Masami.pdf</ref> Nevertheless, the majority of currently available LPG cylinders are larger (up to 47.5 kg). This proves problematic for low-income households both in the acquisition as well as the recharge of LPG.
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The size of the system depends on the size of the cylinder. Cylinders exist in various sizes e.g.: 2.7 kg, 6 kg, 12 kg or 16 kg. A survey in 20 countries showed that low-income countries households mainly use cylinders smaller than 6 kg.<ref name="World Bank (2011): The Role of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Reducing Energy Poverty. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/LPGReportWeb-Masami.pdf">World Bank (2011): The Role of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Reducing Energy Poverty. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/LPGReportWeb-Masami.pdf</ref> Nevertheless, the majority of currently available LPG cylinders are larger (up to 47.5 kg). This proves problematic for low-income households both in the acquisition as well as the recharge of LPG.<br/>
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== Costs ==
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Households require capital to buy hardware such as the LPG stove and the cylinder. LPG stoves cost around 30-100 US$.<ref name="World Bank, ESMAP, Global Alliance (2015): The State of the Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sector. Technical Report 007/15. http://www.cooking-for-life.org/uploads/Modules/Documents/world-bank-report-on-the-state-of-global-clean-cooking.pdf">World Bank, ESMAP, Global Alliance (2015): The State of the Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sector. Technical Report 007/15. http://www.cooking-for-life.org/uploads/Modules/Documents/world-bank-report-on-the-state-of-global-clean-cooking.pdf</ref> This is a barrier for many households. In Nigeria for example, a competitive kerosene-based cooking systems is 83 % cheaper.<ref name="TDL (August 27, 2013): Hindering Growth of Nigeria’s LPG Market with Kerosene Subsidy. http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/hindering-growth-of-nigeria-s-lpg-market-with-kerosene-subsidy/157397/">TDL (August 27, 2013): Hindering Growth of Nigeria’s LPG Market with Kerosene Subsidy. http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/hindering-growth-of-nigeria-s-lpg-market-with-kerosene-subsidy/157397/</ref> Furthermore, households need to be able to pay the running costs for LPG. The price of LPG is affected by taxes, subsidies and market distribution costs.
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The illustration below shows how LPG stoves compare to other stove types in terms of upfront and lifetime costs.
 
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table List 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table List 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table List 7"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table List 8"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table Contemporary"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table Elegant"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table Professional"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table Web 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table Web 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table Web 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Balloon Text"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
 +
  Name="Table Theme"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
 +
  Name="List Paragraph"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
 +
  Name="Intense Quote"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
 +
  Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
 +
  Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
 +
  Name="Subtle Reference"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
 +
  Name="Intense Reference"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
 +
  UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
 +
  UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
 +
  Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
 +
  Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
 +
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
 +
  Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
 +
</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style>/* Style Definitions */
 +
table.MsoNormalTable
 +
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
 +
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 +
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 +
mso-style-noshow:yes;
 +
mso-style-priority:99;
 +
mso-style-parent:"";
 +
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 +
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 +
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 +
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
 +
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 +
line-height:107%;
 +
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 +
font-size:11.0pt;
 +
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
 +
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 +
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 +
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 +
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Revision as of 10:18, 15 December 2016

Introduction

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a gaseous fuel obtained during petroleum refining and consists mainly of butane or propane. LPG can also be obtained from fossil coal. LPG is non-toxic, easy to handle, energy efficient and burns very cleanly. See also article on Cooking with LPG.

LPG stoves are very convenient for users as they heat up quickly and temperature can be precisely controlled. However, LPG stoves are mainly used by middle and high income groups in urban areas due to higher capital investment into devices and higher running costs for fuel. In rural areas, LPG supply can be unreliable, if accessible at all. Less wealthier households tend to use LPG as a minor part of their energy mix especially in situations when smaller food amounts need to be heated fast, e.g. at breakfast.

The important feature of LPG is that its stove efficiency of about 55-60% is much higher than that of many other stoves.[1]



LPG Stoves

Technology

A typical LPG cooking system is made up of a steel cylinder filled with LPG, a pressure controller, a tube connecting the cylinder to the pressure controller and the burner, and finally the burner itself. The burner can consist of one or more cooking tops.

The size of the system depends on the size of the cylinder. Cylinders exist in various sizes e.g.: 2.7 kg, 6 kg, 12 kg or 16 kg. A survey in 20 countries showed that low-income countries households mainly use cylinders smaller than 6 kg.[2] Nevertheless, the majority of currently available LPG cylinders are larger (up to 47.5 kg). This proves problematic for low-income households both in the acquisition as well as the recharge of LPG.



Costs

Households require capital to buy hardware such as the LPG stove and the cylinder. LPG stoves cost around 30-100 US$.[3] This is a barrier for many households. In Nigeria for example, a competitive kerosene-based cooking systems is 83 % cheaper.[4] Furthermore, households need to be able to pay the running costs for LPG. The price of LPG is affected by taxes, subsidies and market distribution costs.

The illustration below shows how LPG stoves compare to other stove types in terms of upfront and lifetime costs.


Further Information

References

  1. ↑ GIZ HERA (2014): Multiple-Household Fuel Use – a balanced choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG. https://energypedia.info/images/3/32/2014-03_Multiple_Household_Cooking_Fuels_GIZ_HERA_eng.pdf
  2. ↑ World Bank (2011): The Role of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Reducing Energy Poverty. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/LPGReportWeb-Masami.pdf
  3. ↑ World Bank, ESMAP, Global Alliance (2015): The State of the Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sector. Technical Report 007/15. http://www.cooking-for-life.org/uploads/Modules/Documents/world-bank-report-on-the-state-of-global-clean-cooking.pdf
  4. ↑ TDL (August 27, 2013): Hindering Growth of Nigeria’s LPG Market with Kerosene Subsidy. http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/hindering-growth-of-nigeria-s-lpg-market-with-kerosene-subsidy/157397/
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