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| − | {| align="right" style="width: 400px; font-size: 14px" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" data-cke-expando="66" | + | {| align="right" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="0" data-cke-expando="66" style="width: 400px; font-size: 14px" |
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| − | ! style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79,129,189); width: 602px" colspan="4" scope="col" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="line-height: 20px">Republic of Mali</span></font> | + | ! scope="col" colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79,129,189); width: 602px" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="line-height: 20px">Republic of Mali</span></font> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" rowspan="1" colspan="3" | [[File:Mali Flag.gif|center|180px|Mali Flag|alt=Flag of _____.png]] | + | | colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | [[File:Mali Flag.gif|center|180px|Mali Flag|alt=Flag of _____.png]] |
| − | | style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | [[File:Mali Situation.gif|center|180px|Mali Location|alt=Location _______.png]] | + | | style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | [[File:Mali Situation.gif|center|180px|Mali Location|alt=Location _______.png]] |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Capital''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Capital''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | Bamako (12° 39′ 0″ N, 8° 0′ 0″ W) | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | Bamako (12° 39′ 0″ N, 8° 0′ 0″ W) |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Official Languages(s)''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Official Languages(s)''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | |
| | French | | French |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Government''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Government''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | Semi-Presidential Republic | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | Semi-Presidential Republic |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''President''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''President''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Prime Minister''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Prime Minister''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | Oumar Tatum LY | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | Oumar Tatum LY |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Total Area ''''''<span style="line-height: 21px">( </span>km²<span style="line-height: 21px">)</span>''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Total Area ''''''<span style="line-height: 21px">( </span>km²<span style="line-height: 21px">)</span>''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | 1,240,192 | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | 1,240,192 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Population''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Population''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <div class="category_data">15,968,882 (July 2013 est.)</div> | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <div class="category_data">15,968,882 (July 2013 est.)</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Rural Population''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Rural Population''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <br/> | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''GDP (Nominal)''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''GDP (Nominal)''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <div class="category_data">$10.18 billion (2012 est.)</div> | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <div class="category_data">$10.18 billion (2012 est.)</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''GDP Per Capita''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''GDP Per Capita''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <div class="category_data">$1,100 (2012 est.)</div> | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <div class="category_data">$1,100 (2012 est.)</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Currency''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Currency''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | West African CFA franc (XOF) | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | West African CFA franc (XOF) |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Time Zone''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Time Zone''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | GMT (UTC+0) | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | GMT (UTC+0) |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Calling Code''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Calling Code''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | +223 | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | +223 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Electricity Generation''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Electricity Generation''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <span data-scaytid="5" data-scayt_word="twh">0.52 TWh</span>/year (year) | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | <span data-scayt_word="twh" data-scaytid="5">0.52 TWh</span>/year (year) |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Access to Electricity''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Access to Electricity''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | |
| | urban: 59%; rural: 14% | | urban: 59%; rural: 14% |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Wind energy (installed capacity)''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Wind energy (installed capacity)''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | MW (year) | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | MW (year) |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" colspan="3" | '''Solar Energy (installed capacity)''' | + | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | '''Solar Energy (installed capacity)''' |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | MW (year) | + | | style="background-color: rgb(219,229,241); width: 250px" | MW (year) |
| | |} | | |} |
| | | | |
| − | {| align="left" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" style="width: 350px" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" | + | {| align="left" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 350px" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | __TOC__ | | | __TOC__ |
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| | |} | | |} |
| | <div style="clear: both"></div> | | <div style="clear: both"></div> |
| − | | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | = Overview = | | = Overview = |
| | | | |
| − | *Primary Energy supply
| + | == (Primary) Energy supply and Consumption == |
| | | | |
| | At 78% of a 3500 kToe annual primary energy supply, biomass, mainly in the form of wood and charcoal for domestic use, plays the dominant role in the Malian energy balance. | | At 78% of a 3500 kToe annual primary energy supply, biomass, mainly in the form of wood and charcoal for domestic use, plays the dominant role in the Malian energy balance. |
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| | The remaining 4% of the primary energy supply is largely made up of renewably generated electricity, mainly by hydropower. | | The remaining 4% of the primary energy supply is largely made up of renewably generated electricity, mainly by hydropower. |
| | | | |
| | + | On the energy consumption side, households consume 86 % of Mali’s energy, (road) transport 10 %, industry (mainly mining) 3 % and agriculture 1 % (2003 figures). |
| | | | |
| − | *Electricity provision
| + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | == Electricity provision == |
| | | | |
| | An estimated 20% of the fuel import is used for grid based electricity production through approximately 170 MW installed capacity, corresponding to roughly half the total generation capacity, where the other half consists of hydropower. | | An estimated 20% of the fuel import is used for grid based electricity production through approximately 170 MW installed capacity, corresponding to roughly half the total generation capacity, where the other half consists of hydropower. |
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| | Total annual electricity production is 500 - 600 GWh. This electricity is mainly used for electrification of urban and peri-urban areas: the national utility EDM serves some 60 urban municipalities through the national grid<br/>Grid extension into rural areas is limited and the country is too poor, too big and too sparsely populated to expect such extension to happen at any meaningful scale in the coming years. Rural electrification, in so far it has been achieved, thus is by mini-grids or by individual systems. | | Total annual electricity production is 500 - 600 GWh. This electricity is mainly used for electrification of urban and peri-urban areas: the national utility EDM serves some 60 urban municipalities through the national grid<br/>Grid extension into rural areas is limited and the country is too poor, too big and too sparsely populated to expect such extension to happen at any meaningful scale in the coming years. Rural electrification, in so far it has been achieved, thus is by mini-grids or by individual systems. |
| | | | |
| − | With a third of its 16 million population living in urban areas (again a third of which in Bamako), approximately a quarter of the Malian population is provided with electricity, made up of 59% in urban areas and 14% in rural areas. The reported figure for rural electrification thereby has risen sharply from 2% a decade ago; however, quantity, quality, reliability and affordability of this rural access often are questionable. At present off-grid electricity supply still is mainly by diesel generators, although little by little more PV generated electricity is becoming available.
| + | [[File:Electricity supply of Mali.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Mali´s Electricity Supply (1980-2006)]]Since the 80's consumption increased constantly, while the installed capacity remained pretty much the same till the turn of the century; over the last decade though additional generation capacity became available (see graph). |
| | | | |
| | + | With a third of its 16 million population living in urban areas (again a third of which in Bamako), approximately a quarter of the Malian population is provided with electricity, made up of 59% in urban areas and 14% in rural areas. The reported figure for rural electrification thereby has risen sharply from 2% a decade ago; however, quantity, quality, reliability and affordability of this rural access often are questionable. At present off-grid electricity supply still is mainly by diesel generators, although little by little more PV generated electricity is becoming available. |
| | | | |
| − | *Renewable Energy Potential
| + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | Whilst current primary energy supply is largely by either (non-renewable) use of biomass or by imported fossil fuels, the countries' potential for renewables is large:
| + | == Renewable Energy Potential == |
| | | | |
| − | - Solar irradiation is well distributed over the territory and at 5-7 kWh/m2/day is relatively high, while there's plenty of space to make use of this irradiation. Projects for building of solar thermal plants with a capacity of more than 100 MW are being prepared although climate proofing these installations is not yet considered.
| + | Whilst current primary energy supply is largely by either (non-renewable) use of biomass or by imported fossil fuels, the countries' potential for renewables is large: |
| | | | |
| − | - Significant wind energy potential is available, though hardly used, particularly in the Sahelian and Saharan zones, where annual average wind speed is estimated at 3 to 7m/s.
| + | === Solar === |
| | | | |
| − | - The potential for large hydroelectric sites (> 10 MW) is estimated at 1,150 MW, all of which along the rivers Niger and Senegal, of which about 250 MW is presently developed, and partly shared with Senegal and Mauritania; this concerns primarily the hydroelectric plants of Sélingué (46 MW) urbine) and Manantali (200 MW). Apart from that various sites provide options for mini- or micro-hydro plants.
| + | Solar irradiation is well distributed over the territory and at 5-7 kWh/m2/day is relatively high, while there's plenty of space to make use of this irradiation. |
| | | | |
| − | - Biomass/Biofuels/Biogas: whilst presently most biomass use is non-sustainable, Mali's large agricultural base offers various possibilities for renewable energy production, in the form of biomass, biogas and biofuels (alcohol, plant oil). Given biomass’s central role in Mali’s energy mix, more work needs to be done on researching and developing drought resistant crops. The development of alternative fuels from biomass residues would help to off-set household energy vulnerability, particularly in rural areas.
| + | Projects for building of solar thermal plants with a capacity of more than 100 MW are being prepared although climate proofing these installations is not yet considered. |
| | | | |
| − | At present, only a small fraction of this renewable power generating potential is exploited. In recent years, the necessity of tapping these resources, a.o. for rural electrification was clearly identified, and also national agencies are now steering towards provision of renewables based rural electrification, a direction already adopted by intervening NGO's earlier on.
| + | With recent drops in PV-panel prices, also more and more PV generated electricity is becoming available, ranging from pico PV devices to several 100's kW PV power plants |
| | | | |
| | + | === Wind === |
| | | | |
| | + | Significant wind energy potential is available, though hardly used, particularly in the Sahelian and Saharan zones, where annual average wind speed is estimated at 3 to 7m/s. |
| | | | |
| | + | === Hydro === |
| | | | |
| − | == Energy Demand and Supply in the Household Sector ==
| + | The potential for large hydroelectric sites (> 10 MW) is estimated at 1,150 MW, all of which along the rivers Niger and Senegal, of which about 250 MW is presently developed, and partly shared with Senegal and Mauritania; this concerns primarily the hydroelectric plants of Sélingué (46 MW) urbine) and Manantali (200 MW). Apart from that various sites provide options for mini- or micro-hydro plants. |
| | | | |
| − | Households (mostly rural poor) consume 86 % of Mali’s energy, (road) transport 10 %, industry (mainly mining) 3 % and agriculture 1 % (2003 figures).
| |
| | | | |
| − | [[File:Electricity supply of Mali.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Mali´s Electricity Supply (1980-2006)]]
| |
| | | | |
| − | Since 1980 the consumption increased constantly, while the installed capacity of all plants remained at the same level in the 1980s and 1990s. Recently at the beginning of the new century the pattern changed and new production facilities were build (see graph).
| + | === Biomass/Biofuels/Biogas === |
| | | | |
| | + | Whilst presently most biomass use is non-sustainable, Mali's large agricultural base offers various possibilities for renewable energy production, in the form of biomass, biogas and biofuels (alcohol, plant oil). Given biomass’s central role in Mali’s energy mix, more work needs to be done on researching and developing drought resistant crops. The development of alternative fuels from biomass residues would help to off-set household energy vulnerability, particularly in rural areas. |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| |
| | | | |
| − | | + | At present, only a small fraction of this renewable power generating potential is exploited. In recent years, the necessity of tapping these resources, a.o. for rural electrification was clearly identified, and also national agencies are now steering towards provision of renewables based rural electrification, a direction already adopted by intervening NGO's earlier on. |
| − | == Rural Electrification ==
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | More than 97% of the rural population live without access to electricity. A very small number of households uses automotive batteries for lighting, TV and radio. Their supply is hardly possible and to recharge them long journeys (up to 120 km) to the capital of Bamako or regional and district centres are needed. In addition, the quality of charge is often deplorable.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Length of Domestic Transmission and Distribution Lines 4436 km, Transnational Lines 600 km.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Number and Length of Power Cuts
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <u>HV grid:</u>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -Number of cuts: 2006 = 56; 2007 =49
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -Duration of cuts: 2006 = 35 hours; 2007 = 19 hours
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -Number of cuts scheduled for works 2006 = 15; 2007 = 19
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <u>MV grid:</u>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | - Number of cuts 2006 = 1251; 2007 = 1134
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <br/>
| + | |
| | | | |
| | === [[Mali: best practice case studies#Multifunctional Platforms in Mali|Multifunctional Platforms: best practice case study]]<br/> === | | === [[Mali: best practice case studies#Multifunctional Platforms in Mali|Multifunctional Platforms: best practice case study]]<br/> === |
| | | | |
| − | As part of a decade-long initiative of the '''United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)''' and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the [[Multifunctional Platforms (MFP)|multi-functional platform]] project provides decentralized energy to rural villages in response to requests from local women’s associations in Mali.<br/>The small size and dispersed locations of villages in Mali make off-grid decentralized mechanical and electric energy supply the only viable option. The multifunctional platform is a 10-horsepower diesel engine that was purposefully designed to take into account multiple end uses for energy in rural economies. | + | As part of a decade-long initiative of the '''United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)''' and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the [[Multifunctional Platforms (MFP)|multi-functional platform]] project provides decentralized energy to rural villages in response to requests from local women’s associations in Mali.<br/>The small size and dispersed locations of villages in Mali for a long time made off-grid decentralized mechanical and electric energy supply the only viable option. A multifunctional platform consists of a 10-hp diesel engine that, as desired, can power a mill, a generator, a pump or other devices mounted on the same rail. The engine was purposefully designed to take for the multiple end uses. |
| | | | |
| | <br/><u>The '''project objectives''' were to:</u> | | <br/><u>The '''project objectives''' were to:</u> |
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| | | | |
| | -> For more information on the project, click [[Mali: best practice case studies#Multifunctional Platforms in Mali|here]]. | | -> For more information on the project, click [[Mali: best practice case studies#Multifunctional Platforms in Mali|here]]. |
| | + | |
| | + | With increasing fossil fuel prices, running such MFP's is getting more and more expensive in which respect some initiatives are started to replace (fossil) diesel for the MFP's by biodiesel and / or biogas. Not only would such transition eventually result in cheaper fuels, the associated budget also stays within Malian economy - as opposed to (import of) fossil fuel <br/><br/> |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | = Institutional Set-up and Actors in the Energy Sector = | | = Institutional Set-up and Actors in the Energy Sector = |
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| | <references /> | | <references /> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Category:Mali]]
| |
| | [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]] | | [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]] |
| | + | [[Category:Mali]] |
At 78% of a 3500 kToe annual primary energy supply, biomass, mainly in the form of wood and charcoal for domestic use, plays the dominant role in the Malian energy balance.
Despite substantial oil (and uranium) reserves in the north of the country, till date for its fossil fuel provision, accounting for 18 % of the primary supply, Mali fully depends on importation; cost of this supply corresponds to 16 % of the national budget, increasing by 1/10th annually.
The remaining 4% of the primary energy supply is largely made up of renewably generated electricity, mainly by hydropower.
On the energy consumption side, households consume 86 % of Mali’s energy, (road) transport 10 %, industry (mainly mining) 3 % and agriculture 1 % (2003 figures).
An estimated 20% of the fuel import is used for grid based electricity production through approximately 170 MW installed capacity, corresponding to roughly half the total generation capacity, where the other half consists of hydropower.
Total annual electricity production is 500 - 600 GWh. This electricity is mainly used for electrification of urban and peri-urban areas: the national utility EDM serves some 60 urban municipalities through the national grid
Grid extension into rural areas is limited and the country is too poor, too big and too sparsely populated to expect such extension to happen at any meaningful scale in the coming years. Rural electrification, in so far it has been achieved, thus is by mini-grids or by individual systems.
Since the 80's consumption increased constantly, while the installed capacity remained pretty much the same till the turn of the century; over the last decade though additional generation capacity became available (see graph).
With a third of its 16 million population living in urban areas (again a third of which in Bamako), approximately a quarter of the Malian population is provided with electricity, made up of 59% in urban areas and 14% in rural areas. The reported figure for rural electrification thereby has risen sharply from 2% a decade ago; however, quantity, quality, reliability and affordability of this rural access often are questionable. At present off-grid electricity supply still is mainly by diesel generators, although little by little more PV generated electricity is becoming available.
Whilst current primary energy supply is largely by either (non-renewable) use of biomass or by imported fossil fuels, the countries' potential for renewables is large:
Solar irradiation is well distributed over the territory and at 5-7 kWh/m2/day is relatively high, while there's plenty of space to make use of this irradiation.
Projects for building of solar thermal plants with a capacity of more than 100 MW are being prepared although climate proofing these installations is not yet considered.
With recent drops in PV-panel prices, also more and more PV generated electricity is becoming available, ranging from pico PV devices to several 100's kW PV power plants
Significant wind energy potential is available, though hardly used, particularly in the Sahelian and Saharan zones, where annual average wind speed is estimated at 3 to 7m/s.
The potential for large hydroelectric sites (> 10 MW) is estimated at 1,150 MW, all of which along the rivers Niger and Senegal, of which about 250 MW is presently developed, and partly shared with Senegal and Mauritania; this concerns primarily the hydroelectric plants of Sélingué (46 MW) urbine) and Manantali (200 MW). Apart from that various sites provide options for mini- or micro-hydro plants.
Whilst presently most biomass use is non-sustainable, Mali's large agricultural base offers various possibilities for renewable energy production, in the form of biomass, biogas and biofuels (alcohol, plant oil). Given biomass’s central role in Mali’s energy mix, more work needs to be done on researching and developing drought resistant crops. The development of alternative fuels from biomass residues would help to off-set household energy vulnerability, particularly in rural areas.
At present, only a small fraction of this renewable power generating potential is exploited. In recent years, the necessity of tapping these resources, a.o. for rural electrification was clearly identified, and also national agencies are now steering towards provision of renewables based rural electrification, a direction already adopted by intervening NGO's earlier on.
With increasing fossil fuel prices, running such MFP's is getting more and more expensive in which respect some initiatives are started to replace (fossil) diesel for the MFP's by biodiesel and / or biogas. Not only would such transition eventually result in cheaper fuels, the associated budget also stays within Malian economy - as opposed to (import of) fossil fuel
The EEM is a local branch of the South African Eskom SA. Is is responsible for the operation of the Manantali hydroelectric power plant at the Malian-Senegalese-Mauritanian border. The installed capacity is 200 MW.
The former state-owned EDM was privatized in 2000 and is now owned by the SAUR-IPS group (60 %), while 40 % of the shares remain with the state. EDM is the only concessionaire for the public electricity supply. Beside the grid-system there are 21 isolated production centres with an installed capacity of 38.4 MW. In 2006 these systems produced 101 million kWh.
The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) was adopted by the previous Government in May 2002 and then reconfirmed by the new Government (GoM) in October 2002.
Land rights issues are linked to the national decentralised process that has been ongoing for several years. Eight laws cover the creation of municipalities one of which is the development of local government regulations and codes. In principle, rural populations will be able to (and will have to) manage their assets and ensure open land access.
The GoM has restructured the sector by adopting a new Electricity Law and its implementation texts, which ends EDM’s monopoly and has opened the sector to competition, under a regime of transparent regulation by an independent agency. Reform processes and institutions need to be strengthened to foster a lasting competitive business environment attractive to private investors and operators. The imperative to provide energy services to the poor calls for a spectrum of energy services, innovative service delivery mechanisms, with participation by communities, NGOs and the private sector.
The existing national electrification policies are not yet ready to close the existing energy gap: EDM, the state energy utility, is expected to reach only 60 urban locations through the national grid. Mali's Agency for Domestic Energy and Rural Electrification (AMADER), whose rural electrification strategy focuses on the creation of a private sector in which public/private partnerships on a local level should take a lead role in the rural electrification process, seems to be completely surpassed by the task to provide the off-grid majority of over 700 rural communes (11.000 villages) with access to electricity. Both central state institutions have neither the capacity nor the resources to achieve their national goal. Most remote rural areas will not be targeted and even if there are no local capacities available who could implement the ambitious programmes. They also insufficiently interlink electricity provision with decentralisation politics and; fail to involve the local municipalities in planning and running the energy facilities which is crucially important to ensure their long-term sustainability. Without tapping this potential of participatory communal development, the national goal of reaching 12 % rural electrification rate by 2012 and 55 % by 2015 will be out of reach.
