Edit: Publication - Demand-Side Subsidies in Off -Grid Solar: A tool for achieving universal energy access and sustainable markets

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Abstract:	In 2010, 1.2 billion people lacked access to modern electricity globally, and since then, countries have invested heavily in infrastructure to electrify vast populations. In 2016, 193 countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), of which SDG 7 promises universal access to clean and modern energy. The number of people without electricity dropped to 789 million people globally in 2018. Despite the progress, this electrification gap is significant, and leaders must come together to accelerate access in pursuit of SDG 7, especially in the hardest-to-reach areas and for the most vulnerable populations. Hundreds of millions remain unelectrified in Sub-Saharan Africa. The region represents the largests access gap, with 548 million unelectrified people as of 2018. Sub-Saharan Africa is also home to 20 countries with the lowest energy access rates. Some countries have massive energy access deficits to overcome, with 218 million people remaining without access in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Ethiopia alone. Off-grid solar (OGS) has emerged as a viable way to provide clean and modern access to energy. Since 2010, innovations in technology and business models, coupled with significant private and public investments, have improved electricity access for 420 million users. Of these, at least 231 million users have access to Tier 1 energy access and above based on the Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Energy Access (MTF). Tier 1 access is the universally accepted minimum level of electrification needed for energy access under SDG 7. With this level of access households increase productivity, with up to 22 percent of households generating additional income using OGS products in a business and 44 percent of households working longer hours. The sector now supports an estimated 110,000 full-time equivalent jobs in East, West, and Central Africa. OGS also provides other socioeconomic benefits, with 84 percent of households noting that children study longer, while 90 percent of households feel healthier and safer by replacing kerosene with OGS products.
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Solar	Hydro	Wind	Bioenergy	Grid	Cooking
Mini-grid	Off-grid	Impacts	Mobility	Gender	Renewable Energy
Climate Change	Energy Access	Energy Efficiency	Energy Transition	Humanitarian Energy	Improved Cookstoves
Financing and Funding	Policies and Regulations	Powering Agriculture	Productive Use	Quality Infrastructure	Other

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Edit: Publication - Demand-Side Subsidies in Off -Grid Solar: A tool for achieving universal energy access and sustainable markets

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Edit: Publication - Demand-Side Subsidies in Off -Grid Solar: A tool for achieving universal energy access and sustainable markets

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