Quality Management for Photovoltaic Implementation
With the increased emphasis on the role of electricity in rural development and poverty alleviation, it is very important that future PV-based rural electrification programmes are seen to bring real benefits to rural communities in developing countries. Many previous projects have not met with the degree of success they might have because of a lack of quality at some point in the delivery chain. This lack of quality has been seen at all levels in the implementation process – be it a lack of competent personnel within an implementing agency, a lack of well trained installation and maintenance technicians or poor hardware quality.
By imposing a quality remit on an implementation programme, the likelihood of a project’s success can be substantially enhanced. It is generally acknowledged that recognised standards lead to increased quality of a given product. However, the issue of quality assurance goes beyond compliance with technical standards. In order for a PV implementation programme to be successful, it needs to be designed with quality assurance in mind throughout the implementation process, not just when hardware is procured. Quality assurance has important implications for, inter alia, programme design, selection of equipment and supplier, checking compliance of systems/components delivered, installation and commissioning, ongoing maintenance, and training of personnel at various levels.
For a PV implementation programme, or indeed any rural electrification programme, there are three important areas of quality control:
- quality management – which covers the operational procedures of the organisations involved – from PV system installers and hardware suppliers to technical consultants, financiers and service providers.
- technical standards – compliance with technical standards provides a degree of assurance that components and systems meet agreed performance criteria
- quality of training – ensures that system design, installation, commissioning and maintenance personnel have been trained to an agreed level of competence.
A requirement that recognised levels of quality are maintained in each of these three areas will help to ensure the success of a programme. Furthermore, the use of quality management systems, certified components and practitioners and accredited training programmes is of direct benefit to all the stakeholders in a rural electrification programme. The spin-offs of this improved reliability have repercussions throughout the length of the supply chain and impacts on every stakeholder within the programme, as well as within sectors that have yet to fully recognise the market potential that PV technology represents.
The aim of any quality assurance system is to ensure that quality is consistent and of a certain defined level, thus ensuring that the end-user gets a functional PV system which has a reasonable life expectancy, and the funding agency gets value for money. The value of a quality assurance system is in improving the repeatability of an organisation's processes. The basis of any quality management system is a documentation trail; regular feedback from employees, customers, and suppliers; and, the recognition by customers, partners and clients of the value of the organisation’s adherence to a set of recognised quality standards.
Who benefits from Quality Management and Compliance with Standards?
The use of quality management systems, certified components and practitioners and accredited training programmes is of direct benefit to all the stakeholders in a rural electrification programme. This benefit primarily arises from the improved reliability and performance of the PV system and in particular the reduced maintenance requirements and costs, though there are additional benefits from the creation of local, sustainable jobs. The spin-offs of this improved reliability have repercussions throughout the length of the supply chain and impacts on every stakeholder within the programme. An outline of how these impacts are felt by the various stakeholders is given in the following sections.
Finance Sector
The finance community is understandably risk averse and seeks to minimise its exposure to high risk investments as much as possible. The fact that PV is perceived as a new, high risk technology means the finance sector starts from a position of caution when considering investments in the technology or in companies selling the technology. Furthermore, the target market for the technology is the rural poor in remote parts of developing countries who have little or no collateral to provide against a loan. These two facts mean that it is extremely difficult to raise finance for the purchase/supply of PV into this market. However, the recent recognition that energy has a pivotal role to play in helping to meet the millennium development targets4, will result in an expansion of renewable energy-based rural electrification. In the light of this, increasing pressure will come to bear on the financial sector to play its role in the provision of modern energy services.
In its turn, the finance sector will seek to protect itself from the perceived increased risks. Quality management systems are important in providing a basis for conventional risk analysis in evaluating loans and investment opportunities for PV equipment and PV implementation projects. The finance sector will look to the PV industry overall, or to national governments, to provide a qualifying framework, either through licensing or certification of hardware, training, and practitioners. Such a framework will allow them to evaluate the qualifications of organisations or individuals requesting funds, receiving funds, or installing the equipment and systems provided with the funds. The concern of the finance community is that, if the systems cease to function, the owners might refuse continued payment5. As the finance organisation does not want to repossess the equipment, it wants to ensure that the systems perform as expected at least until they are fully re-paid. Typically, the finance professionals involved in making loans are not experienced in technical matters in general, and are certainly not experts in PV. They rely mainly on external consultants, but also on documentation on an individual’s, an organisation’s, or the equipment’s qualifications in their assessments. Without such documentation, it is difficult for the financial professional to approve loans.
For development organisations providing financing and funding, there may be technical experts available as well as managerial, economic and social experts. However, even experienced professionals may not be able to accurately evaluate the capabilities of those individuals or organisations requesting support and funding or the quality of PV equipment proposed. A qualifying certificate can help in the selection of a contractor but it is important to recognise that contractors should be assessed against a range of relevant criteria.
4 Energy for the Poor: Underpinning the Millennium Development Goals published by DfID, August 2002.
5 It should be noted that technical failures are not the only reason for non-payment of loan installments or service fees. However, if a system ceases to operate and is not repaired promptly, it is inevitable that any payments from the end-user will be very difficult to collect.
Government Ministries
In many countries, there are a number of government ministries involved with the planning and implementation of rural and remote energy installation and infrastructure programmes. These might include ministries with responsibilities for the following: energy, trade, finance, environment, education, employment, planning, military, economic and social affairs, education, and health. Either directly or indirectly, these ministries are responsible to those supplying the funding, and to the beneficiaries of the programme plans. In order to better ensure the success of programmes they manage, they should include requirements for certified hardware, accredited training organisations, and certified practitioners in the terms of reference for their programmes.
In order to ensure that these requirements can be met, it is important that an infrastructure for quality control is established and – when necessary – subsidies provided to lower the high up-front costs of establishing such an infrastructure. These subsidies may be required to assist small local manufacturing and installation companies to develop quality management systems, particularly if they are made a requirement for accessing donor funded programmes. Training on quality control issues and the promotion of approaches focussed on quality help to promote the sustainable implementation of rural electrification/development programmes.
This infrastructure not only provides greater assurances of the success of projects, but it provides a means to encourage local development and support the creation of sustainable local jobs within the context of the social requirements and needs of the local communities. Specifying the requirement of quality hardware, training, and practitioner systems as a project component provides longer-term local benefits.
Service Delivery Chain
While quality management systems for products and practitioners in the service delivery chain will inevitably represent an added cost, it must also be viewed as a source of benefit. Using products of recognised quality and consistency from manufacturers using quality management systems can improve system reliability, reducing the frequency and expense of maintenance calls; it can assist in relations with the manufacturer, providing for a better working relationship and product/delivery quality based on experience; and it can improve customer satisfaction, providing reliable systems that perform as expected and encourage interest by a larger customer base.
In addition, using installation and maintenance practitioners that are certified to recognised knowledge and skills competency standards provides a number of clear benefits. One benefit is that a practitioner is more likely to properly and safely install the system, reducing the potential for system failures and improving customer satisfaction. In addition, as the direct interface with the customer, the certified practitioner will be better able to provide customer education on the uses and limitations of the system and the customer-dependent maintenance issues. The certified practitioner will also be able to most efficiently evaluate, troubleshoot, and provide maintenance on a wider range of potential systems failures. For the employer in the service delivery chain, having access to certified hardware allows for an equitable means to evaluate purchases and to plan and budget for the terms of any maintenance or warranty work. And, when considering potential employees, having a certification available provides a means to evaluate the skills of the candidates in a moreobjective manner and, by pre-qualifying employees, may reduce the need for companies to provide extensive and expensive training.
Finally, companies in the service delivery chain have a commercial advantage in the market if they are able to demonstrate their adherence to quality management systems and their use of certified equipment and personnel. Large programme sponsors, government agencies, and organisations such as utilities are likely to appreciate and understand the value of quality management systems when considering procurements.
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