Latest revision as of 13:51, 8 June 2018

1 Overview
2 The Technology
3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermosiphon SWH
4 Costs
5 Target Groups for SWH
6 Global Market Trends for Solar Water Heaters
7 Market Barriers and Limitations
8 Impacts and Benefits of Solar Water Heaters
9 Political Environment for SWH
- 9.1 Policies
- 9.2 Standards and Quality Aspects
10 Actors in the Field of SWH
11 Further information
12 References

[edit] Overview

A SWH with a water tank in Bolivia. (Picture: GIZ Energising Development Bolivia)

Obtaining hot water is energy intensive. In developing countries, households often spend a large portion of their energy budget on heating water. Solar thermal water heaters are a sustainable solution for poor households as they allow the barrier of high upfront costs to be overcome.^[1]

The technology of solar thermal water heaters is present worldwide and significant deployments are already occurring in emerging economies and developing countries. Regions that do not experience freezing temperatures can use the simplest and most cost-effective kinds of this technology.^[2] In fact, more than 90% of systems worldwide are based on the thermosiphon principle (for a definition see below regarding passive systems).^[3]

[edit] The Technology

Solar water heating (SWH) systems are typically composed of:

Solar thermal collectors (flat plate or evacuated tube)
A storage tank
A circulation loop.

State of the art solar water heaters incorporate features such as: selective surface absorbers, anti-reflective glazing, well-designed collector arrays, and efficient storage systems thereby achieving operation efficiencies of the order of 35 to 40%. Even the simplest types allow households to have convenient access to hot water.^[4].

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 = Overview<br/> =
 [[File:GIZ EnDev bolivia Bolivien Solarthermie.JPG|thumb|right|300px|A SWH with a water tank in Bolivia. (Picture: GIZ Energising Development Bolivia)]]
-Obtaining hot water is energy intensive. In developing countries, households often spend a large portion of their energy budget on heating water. Solar thermal water heaters are a sustainable solution for poor households as they allow the barrier of high upfront costs to be overcome.[<ref name="Ashok Gadgil et al., ‘Domestic Solar Water Heater for Developing Countries’, Http://Energy. Lbl. Gov/Staff/Gadgil/Docs/2007/Solar-Water-Heater-Rpt. Pdf. Accessed on 6, no. 04 (2007): 2013.">Ashok Gadgil et al., ‘Domestic Solar Water Heater for Developing Countries’, Http://Energy. Lbl. Gov/Staff/Gadgil/Docs/2007/Solar-Water-Heater-Rpt. Pdf. Accessed on 6, no. 04 (2007): 2013.</ref><br/>
+Obtaining hot water is energy intensive. In developing countries, households often spend a large portion of their energy budget on heating water. Solar thermal water heaters are a sustainable solution for poor households as they allow the barrier of high upfront costs to be overcome.<ref name="Ashok Gadgil et al., ‘Domestic Solar Water Heater for Developing Countries’, Http://Energy. Lbl. Gov/Staff/Gadgil/Docs/2007/Solar-Water-Heater-Rpt. Pdf. Accessed on 6, no. 04 (2007): 2013.">Ashok Gadgil et al., ‘Domestic Solar Water Heater for Developing Countries’, Http://Energy. Lbl. Gov/Staff/Gadgil/Docs/2007/Solar-Water-Heater-Rpt. Pdf. Accessed on 6, no. 04 (2007): 2013.</ref><br/>
 The technology of solar thermal water heaters is present worldwide and significant deployments are already occurring in emerging economies and developing countries. Regions that do not experience freezing temperatures can use the simplest and most cost-effective kinds of this technology.<ref name="David Elizinga et al., ‘ADVANTAGE ENERGY Emerging Economies, Developing Countries and the Private-Public Sector Interface’ (Internationale Energy Agency, 2011), http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/advantage_energy.pdf.">David Elizinga et al., ‘ADVANTAGE ENERGY Emerging Economies, Developing Countries and the Private-Public Sector Interface’ (Internationale Energy Agency, 2011), http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/advantage_energy.pdf.</ref> In fact, more than 90% of systems worldwide are based on the thermosiphon principle (for a definition see below regarding passive systems).<ref name="Amy Punter, ‘Solar Thermal Energy Application Heating,cooling, Crop Drying - Practical Answers’, 2007, http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/solar-thermal-energy.">Amy Punter, ‘Solar Thermal Energy Application Heating,cooling, Crop Drying - Practical Answers’, 2007, http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/solar-thermal-energy.</ref><br/>
+<br/>
 = The Technology<br/> =
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 State of the art solar water heaters incorporate features such as: selective surface absorbers, anti-reflective glazing, well-designed collector arrays, and efficient storage systems thereby achieving operation efficiencies of the order of 35 to 40%. Even the simplest types allow households to have convenient access to hot water.<ref name="Energy Technology">GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: I - Energy Technology</ref>.<br/>
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 == Active vs. Passive Systems<br/> ==
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 '''Most solar thermal systems installed in developing countries are thermosiphon systems.'''<br/>
+<br/>[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
+<br/>
 == Collectors<br/> ==
+Flat plate as well as evacuated tube collectors are both used for thermosiphon systems.<ref name="Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.">Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.</ref>
+<br/>
 === Flat Plate Collector<br/> ===
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 At night it is possible for the collector to lose heat by radiation resulting in the circulation being reversed and the water cooling. This can be overcome by use of a suitable non-return valve. However, there is a danger with solar collectors when used under clear night conditions (e.g. in arid and semi-arid regions) that they can actually freeze even when the ambient temperature is above freezing point. In such conditions it may be necessary to have a primary circuit through the collector filled with antifreeze and a separate indirect hot water cylinder where the water from the collector passes through a copper coil to heat the main water supply. This problem will only apply in certain desert regions during the cold season or at high altitudes in the tropics and sub-tropics.<br/>
-<br/>
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 === Evacuated Tube Collector<br/> ===
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 Evacuated-tube solar collectors tend to be more efficient but also more expensive. They are used more frequently for commercial applications in the U.S.A. A collector is made up of several pipes in parallel rows that are connected at the top. The tubes consist of a vacuum with a pipe running through the middle containing the working fluid. The water moves up and down and along through the series of pipes to exit the system at a significantly higher temperature. The heat loss is significantly reduced thanks to high negative pressure in the glass tubes. They can be deployed nearly horizontally on flat roofs.<ref name="Ray Holland, ‘Solar Water Heaters: Hot Water for Washing and Heating - Practical Answers’, 1988, http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/solar-water-heating.">Ray Holland, ‘Solar Water Heaters: Hot Water for Washing and Heating - Practical Answers’, 1988, http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/solar-water-heating.</ref><ref name="Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), ‘Solar Thermal Energy Technologies and Applications’, 17 December 2014, http://www.renewables-made-in-germany.com/en/renewables-made-in-germany/technologies/solar-thermal-energy/solar-thermal-energy/technologies-and-applications.html.">Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), ‘Solar Thermal Energy Technologies and Applications’, 17 December 2014, http://www.renewables-made-in-germany.com/en/renewables-made-in-germany/technologies/solar-thermal-energy/solar-thermal-energy/technologies-and-applications.html.</ref><br/>
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+<br/>[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
+<br/>
 == Installation and Maintenance<br/> ==
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 The following data is required to design, size and select a solar water heating system:: daily hot water requirement (litres/day), average insolation (kWh/m2 day), water quality and storage requirements<ref name="Energy Technology">GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: I - Energy Technology</ref>.<br/>
-Find more technical details on SWH: [http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/solar-water-heaters/solar-water-heater.pdf http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/solar-water-heaters/solar-water-heater.pdf]
+Find more technical details on SWH: [http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/solar-water-heaters/solar-water-heater.pdf GENI: Solar Water Heaters]
 Solar thermal systems are '''relatively maintenance free''' and only require &nbsp;an &nbsp;inspection of the piping for leaks and the cleaning of the collectors on an occasional basis. In some regions, it may also be necessary to inspect the transfer fluid for freeze protection and to remove the build-up of lime scale that chokes the collector and tank recirculating pipes over time.<br/>
+<br/>[[#toc|►Go to Top]];
 = Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermosiphon SWH<br/> =
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 [[File:GIZ Brinkmann Peru SWH Themosyphon.JPG|left|500px|alt=GIZ Brinkmann Peru SWH Themosyphon.JPG]]
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 = Costs =
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 See details for different system sizes within the chapter about households, social institutions and productive use.<br/>
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 = Target Groups for SWH<br/> =
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 The current commercial market for SWH is predominantly: households (mostly high income), hospitals, commercial establishments and tourist facilities. Therefore, this article distinguishes between Solar Water Heating for household uses, for: social institutions, like schools or hospitals and for productive uses in commercial enterprises.
+<br/>[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == SWH for Households<br/> ==
-Household interests differ depending on their demand, the availability of different system sizes and what they can afford to pay. Relevant questions are, for example, how big must the system be for a family? How many liters of water can usually be heated? How much are the initial costs? What are the alterative costs for biomass heating or other options? What is the payback time for the SWH?
+Household interests differ depending on their demand, the availability of different system sizes and what they can afford to pay. Relevant questions are, for example, how big must the system be for a family? How many liters of water can usually be heated? How much are the initial costs? What are the alterative costs for biomass heating or other options? What is the payback time for the SWH?<br/>
-The system size depends on the number of family members and on the climate: In hotter climates, thermosiphon SWH have often only a smaller collector area of around 2-4 m² and a 100-300 litre storage tank. In China, for example, thermosiphon SWH with an evacuated tube collector of around 2 m² have a hot water storage tank of around 120-200 litres.<ref name="International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.</ref> A 300-liter system is typically suited for family of 4-6 persons and will provide up to 1000 kWh of electricity annually.<ref name="GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: I - Energy Technology">GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: I - Energy Technology</ref><br/>
+The system size depends on the number of family members and on the climate: In hotter climates, thermosiphon SWH have often only a smaller collector area of around 2-4 m² and a 100-300 litre storage tank. In China, for example, thermosiphon SWH with an evacuated tube collector of around 2 m² have a hot water storage tank of around 120-200 litres.<ref name="International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.</ref> In Ghana,&nbsp;a family (of 4 people) will demand 200l of hot water daily, assuming an average hot water demand of 50l per day.<ref name="http://www.iea-shc.org/country-report-ghana">http://www.iea-shc.org/country-report-ghana</ref>&nbsp;<br/>
+The thermosiphon SWH for households usually have a collector area in the range between 2 m² (Israel) and 4 m² (India, South Africa, Turkey) and a corresponding hot water storage tank between 150 L and 400 L. SWH systems last between 10 and 15 years.<ref name="Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.">Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.</ref> A 300-liter system is typically suited for family of 4-6 persons and will provide up to 1000 kWh of electricity annually.<ref name="GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: I - Energy Technology">GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: I - Energy Technology</ref><br/>
 Costs for SWH largely vary among countries: usually prices for SHW are between USD 250-2,500/kW. However, in some developing countries prices could be less than half of this. The figure below shows that the costs for a SWH do not only depend on the type of SWH (blue dots: flat plate collector, red dots: evacuated tube collector, or green dots: active system with a pump) or the collector area, but also on the costs for specific applications of each system (e.g. different materials for tanks, insulation, piping) or other characteristics like warranty (e.g., 5 or 10 years).<ref name="International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.</ref><br/>
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 [[File:SWH costs IRENA.png|border|left|600px|alt=SWH costs IRENA.png]]<br/>
 <div style="clear: both"></div>
-Most solar thermal systems have a relatively high up-front cost of between USD 2,000 and 4,500. However, this price is often cost competitive when the total energy expenses are averaged over the entire lifetime of the systems (e.g. compared to electricity-based (generators) or biomass heated water).<ref name="US Department of Energy, ‘A Consumer’s Guide HeatYourWaterwiththeSun’, 2003, http://solarteknologies.com/pdfs/brochures/water_heat_guide.pdf.">US Department of Energy, ‘A Consumer’s Guide HeatYourWaterwiththeSun’, 2003, http://solarteknologies.com/pdfs/brochures/water_heat_guide.pdf.</ref><br/>
+The levelized costs of solar thermal generated heat for thermosiphon hot water systems are between 2.1 €-ct/kWh (e.g. in Turkey) and 11.6 €-ct/kWh (Australia).<ref name="Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.">Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.</ref> Most solar thermal systems have a relatively high up-front cost of between USD 2,000 and 4,500. However, this price is often cost competitive when the total energy expenses are averaged over the entire lifetime of the systems (e.g. compared to electricity-based (generators) or biomass heated water).<ref name="US Department of Energy, ‘A Consumer’s Guide HeatYourWaterwiththeSun’, 2003, http://solarteknologies.com/pdfs/brochures/water_heat_guide.pdf.">US Department of Energy, ‘A Consumer’s Guide HeatYourWaterwiththeSun’, 2003, http://solarteknologies.com/pdfs/brochures/water_heat_guide.pdf.</ref><br/>
 In China, initial investment costs for a direct thermosiphon systems for households with average collector size of 4 m² (2.8 kW th ) range from 100 to 250 USD/kW th (90 to 225 EUR/kW th ) with an energy cost ranging from 2 to 5 USD cents/kWh th (1.8 to 4.5 EUR cents/kWh th ). In the Mediterranean region, the average cost for a open-loop, pressure-less thermosiphon systems (180 litre hot water, 70 litre feeding tank) is around 920 USD (830 EUR).<ref name="Global Solar Water Heating Market Transformation and Strengthening Initiative (GSWH Project, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling Application Factsheet: Domestic Water Heaters for Single Family Houses’, 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-10-14/application_factsheet_swh_social_amenities.pdf.">Global Solar Water Heating Market Transformation and Strengthening Initiative (GSWH Project, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling Application Factsheet: Domestic Water Heaters for Single Family Houses’, 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-10-14/application_factsheet_swh_social_amenities.pdf.</ref><br/>
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 Low temperature flat-plate solar collectors typically cost 21 US $ per square metre (0,0021 US $ /cm²). Medium to high temperature collectors generally cost approximately 200 US $ per square metre. Flat plate collectors are sized at approximately 0,1 square metre (929 cm²) per gallon (3,79 l ) of daily hot water use or 245 cm² per l of hot water. A complete system installed costs approximately 14 US $/l or 2000 US $ per 150 l.<ref name="Source?">Source?</ref><br/>
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+'''Table: Costs of SWH in a selection of countries according to the IEA SHC programme'''<ref name="http://www.iea-shc.org">http://www.iea-shc.org</ref>
+{| style="width: 100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
+|-
+! scope="col" | Country<br/>
+! scope="col" | Costs
+|-
+| Burkina Faso<br/>
+| 0,7 m2 with 56L: 100,000 FCFA (152 EUR)<br/>1,4 m2 with 100L: 225,000 FCFA (343 EUR)<br/>2m2 with 100L: 525,000 FCFA (800 EUR)<br/>6m2 with 300L: 1,100,000 FCFA (1,600 EUR)
+|-
+| Capo Verde<br/>
+|
+Price found in the market is around 700 € to 850 € per square meter, all included (storage tank, pipes, valves, installation, etc.). The most common type of imported solar collector is the indirect thermosiphon system of flat plate ranging from 150 litres to 300 litres; normally the 150 litres units have 2 m2 of area. Direct type collector of 160 litres capacity is also imported.
+|-
+| Ghana<br/>
+|
+The cost of solar water heating systems and components in Ghana varies depending on the country of origin and the company that manufactured it.
+*Flat plate thermosyphon: 4050 GH (888€)
+*Evacuated tube pumped system: 6600 GH (1400€)
+|-
+| Nigeria<br/>
+| A typical 150 litre system with evacuated tubes cost about N100,000 (€444) with an installation cost of about N30,000 (€133).
+|-
+| Senegal<br/>
+|
+Costs range from FCFA 350,000 (~ 540 €) to 1,250,000 CFA (~ 1920 €) depending on the type of SWH. The connection cost ranges from 75,000 CFA (~ € 115) to 125,000 CFA francs (~ 190 €).
+|}
+[[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 == Solar Water Heating in Social Institutions<br/> ==
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 Find more information for social institutions:
-*Global Solar Water Heating Market Transformation and Strengthening Initiative (GSWH Project. ‘Solar Heating and Cooling Application Factsheet: Domestic Water Heaters for Social Amenities’, 2015. [http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-10-14/application_factsheet_swh_social_amenities.pdf http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-10-14/application_factsheet_swh_social_amenities.pdf].<br/>
+*Global Solar Water Heating Market Transformation and Strengthening Initiative (GSWH Project. ‘[http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-10-14/application_factsheet_swh_social_amenities.pdf Solar Heating and Cooling Application Factsheet: Domestic Water Heaters for Social Amenitie][http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-10-14/application_factsheet_swh_social_amenities.pdf s]’, 2015.<br/>
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 == Productive Use of Solar Water Heating ==
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+<br/>
+<br/>
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+<br/>
+<br/>
 = Global Market Trends for Solar Water Heaters =
+*See also [[Solar Water Heaters Worldwide - Market Development|Solar Water Heaters Worldwide - Market Development]]<br/>
 The use of solar energy to generate heat is a well-established technology that has been used for decades.<ref name="Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), ‘Renewable Energy Solutions for Off-Grid Applications. Providing Electric Power and Heat for Regions without Grid Power or Connected to a Weak Grid’, 2013, http://www.renewables-made-in-germany.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Auslandsmarketing/Offgrid_2013_131020.pdf.">Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), ‘Renewable Energy Solutions for Off-Grid Applications. Providing Electric Power and Heat for Regions without Grid Power or Connected to a Weak Grid’, 2013, http://www.renewables-made-in-germany.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Auslandsmarketing/Offgrid_2013_131020.pdf.</ref><br/>
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 #sufficient government support (e.g. subsidies to consumers or manufacturers, mandates, or technology promotion).<ref name="Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.">Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.</ref><br/>
-For example, market penetration is at 90% in residential homes in Cyprus and Israel which can be at least partially be attributed to the establishment of SWH mandates since the 1980s. Another important example is China which has the largest market is and the biggest share of newly installed capacity (around 80% of recently installed capacity globally).<ref name="International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.</ref> The markets in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, the MENA region and other regions within Asia (excl. China) are comparably small&nbsp; (see figure below).<br/>
+For example, market penetration is at 90% in residential homes in Cyprus and Israel which can be at least partially be attributed to the establishment of SWH mandates since the 1980s. Another important example is China which has the largest market is and the biggest share of newly installed capacity (around 80% of recently installed capacity globally).<ref name="International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’.</ref> The markets in Sub-Saharan Africa, [[Solar Water Heaters in Latin America - Market Development|Latin America]], the MENA region and other regions within Asia (excl. China) are comparably small&nbsp; (see figure below).<br/>
 '''Figure: World market for SWH of flat plate and evacuated tube collectors from 2000 to 2010.<ref name="Alessandro Clerici and World Energy Council, World Energy Resources. 2013 Survey (London: World Energy Council, 2013).">Alessandro Clerici and World Energy Council, World Energy Resources. 2013 Survey (London: World Energy Council, 2013).</ref>'''
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 The highest capacity of SWH was installed in China, Turkey, Brazil, India and the United States. While Chinese and European experiences demonstrated a slower market development than in the past, Denmark, Israel, Mexico, Poland and Turkey reported significant growth in 2015, according to the Global Status Report 2016 by REN21. <ref name="Janet L. Sawin, et al., ‘RENEWABLES 2016. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT. Key Findings 2016’ (REN21, 2016), http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_KeyFindings1.pdf.">Janet L. Sawin, et al., ‘RENEWABLES 2016. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT. Key Findings 2016’ (REN21, 2016), http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_KeyFindings1.pdf.</ref><br/>
-Worldwide, SWH applications differ. The figure below shos that globally approximatly half of the World's installed capacity is for larger domestic SWH (red bars) and the other half for smaller SWH (orange bars), with swimming pool heating (purple bars) and sophisticated SWH-combi systems (blue bars) playing only a minor role.<br/>
+Most of the system installed are passive thermosyphon SWH (90%), while only 10% are active, pumped SWH.<ref name="Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.">Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.</ref>
-'''Figure: SWH applications for newly installed capacity by region, 2014.<ref name="Janet L. Sawin, et al., ‘RENEWABLES 2016. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT. Key Findings 2016’ (REN21, 2016), http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_KeyFindings1.pdf.">Janet L. Sawin, et al., ‘RENEWABLES 2016. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT. Key Findings 2016’ (REN21, 2016), http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_KeyFindings1.pdf.</ref>'''<br/>
+'''Figure: Distribution by type of system (passive vs. active) for the new installed collector capacity in 2014.<ref name="Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.">Mauthner, Franz, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür. ‘Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply’. Internationale Energy Agency, 2016. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2016.pdf.</ref>'''
+[[File:SWH market thermosyphonVSpumped IEA 2016.png|border|left|600px|Figure: Distribution by type of system (passive vs. active) for the new installed collector capacity in 2014. IEA 2016|alt=Figure: Distribution by type of system (passive vs. active) for the new installed collector capacity in 2014. IEA 2016]]
+<div style="clear: both"></div><br/>
+[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
+<br/>
+<br/>
+<br/>
-[[File:SWH applications for newly installed capacity by region, 2014 by REN21 2016.png|border|left|600px|alt=SWH applications for newly installed capacity by region, 2014 by REN21 2016.png]]<br/>
-<div style="clear: both"></div>
-*In <u>Latin America</u>, smaller domestic SWH have the largest share, followed by swimming pool heating. Institutional and commercial use also plays a role.<br/>
-*In <u>Sub-Saharan Africa</u>, the majority (two thirds) of SWH are smaller systems, with swimming pool heating contributing to approximately 30% of newly installed capacity.<br/>
-*Swimming pool heating does not play a role in the <u>Middle East, North Africa or Asia</u>. In Asia and Middle East + North Africa, approximately 60% of newly installed capacity are larger SWH for institutions, while in other Asian countries (except China), approximately 70% of newly installed capacities can be attributed to smaller SWH.'''<ref name="Janet L. Sawin, et al., ‘RENEWABLES 2016. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT. Key Findings 2016’ (REN21, 2016), http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_KeyFindings1.pdf.">Janet L. Sawin, et al., ‘RENEWABLES 2016. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT. Key Findings 2016’ (REN21, 2016), http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_KeyFindings1.pdf.</ref>'''<br/>
-{{Go to Top}}
 = Market Barriers and Limitations =
@@ Line 307: / Line 375: @@
 *<u>Research and development challenges</u><br/>
-<br/>{{Go to Top}}
+<br/>[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Impacts and Benefits of Solar Water Heaters =
@@ Line 321: / Line 389: @@
 *Possibility of improving energy security by reducing energy imports
 *Reduction of CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions: a 100 litres SWH can prevent 1.5 tCO<sub>2</sub>/year or around 350 kg of CO<sub>2</sub> can be saved by a SWH system with 4 m² (2.8 kW<sub>th</sub>) household size. Larger systems with a collector of 20 m² (14 kW<sub>th</sub>) could save approximately 1.75 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>.<br/>
-{{Go to Top}}
+[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
+<br/>
+<br/>
 = Political Environment for SWH<br/> =
@@ Line 330: / Line 400: @@
 == Policies ==
-Government support for SWH systems for low-income families and social housing projects has increased significantly in recent years.<ref name="International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’, 2015, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_ETSAP_Tech_Brief_R12_Solar_Thermal_Residential_2015.pdf">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’, 2015, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_ETSAP_Tech_Brief_R12_Solar_Thermal_Residential_2015.pdf</ref> This support has resulted in several key policies and programmes, including:
+Government support for SWH systems for low-income families and social housing projects has increased significantly in recent years.<ref name="International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’, 2015, http://bit.ly/2nW44Sl">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’, 2015, http://bit.ly/2nW44Sl</ref> This support has resulted in several key policies and programmes, including:
 *Incentive programmes that reduce high upfront costs, thereby increasing SWH access. Incentive programmes can comprise of different mechanisms, including: upfront rebates, performance-based incentives (PBIs), and hybrid incentive structures
@@ Line 352: / Line 422: @@
 *'''United Arab Emirates''' Solar water heating regulation (since 2011): the emirate of Dubai requires new buildings to meet 75% of their water heating requirements by solar power. In case a swimming pool is included in the building footprint, 50% of its water heating requirements must be met by solar power. Source: [http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/unitedarabemirates/name-31250-en.php?return=PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2FibGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg,,&s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s, IEA database]
 *'''Burkina Faso''' Law of finance 2013 relative to the deletion of customs charges and value-added tax on solar energy equipment and material . Source: [https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/burkinafaso/name-46871-en.php?s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s,&return=PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2FibGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg,, IEA database]
-*'''Kenya '''Solar water heating regulations (since 2012): These target premises with hot water requirements above 100 litres: new buildings with hot water requirements of over 100 litres will have to install solar heating systems while the existing ones have 5 years to install and use solar heating systems that cover at least 60% of their hot water demand. Source:[https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/kenya/name-32095-en.php?s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s,&return=PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2FibGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg,, IEA database]
+*'''Kenya '''Solar water heating regulations (since 2012): These target premises with hot water requirements above 100 litres: new buildings with hot water requirements of over 100 litres will have to install solar heating systems while the existing ones have 5 years to install and use solar heating systems that cover at least 60% of their hot water demand. Source: [https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/kenya/name-32095-en.php?s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s,&return=PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2FibGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg,, IEA database]
 *'''El Salvador''': Master Plan for Renewable Energy Development (2012-2026): target of 200 MW of new installed capacity of solar thermal energy until 2026. Source: [https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/elsalvador/name-159633-en.php IEA database]
 *'''Uruguay '''Solar Thermal Energy Plan (since 2012): The plan grants incentives to households and businesses that buy SWH through credit; electricity bill gets discounts. It was designed and implemented by the state-owned generation and transmission UTE. Source: [https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/uruguay/name-31972-en.php?s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s,&return=PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2FibGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg,, IEA database]
@@ Line 367: / Line 437: @@
 *Transportation of standardized components: GIZ experience from Tajikistan showed that the import of glass vacuum solar water heaters from China was not feasible as a high percentage of glass pipes break during the transport resulting in difficulties in ordering spare pipes and solar water heater installation problems in rural settings.<ref name="Anna Brüderle, Johanna Hartmann, and Katja Diembeck, ‘Productive Use of Thermal Energy An Overview of Technology Options and Approaches for Promotion’ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH - Programme - Poverty-oriented Basic Energy Services (HERA) and European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PD, 2014), https://energypedia.info/images/2/24/Productive_Use_of_Thermal_Energy_Overview.pdf.Brüderle, Hartmann, and Diembeck, ‘Productive Use of Thermal Energy An Overview of Technology Options and Approaches for Promotion’.">Anna Brüderle, Johanna Hartmann, and Katja Diembeck, ‘Productive Use of Thermal Energy An Overview of Technology Options and Approaches for Promotion’ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH - Programme - Poverty-oriented Basic Energy Services (HERA) and European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PD, 2014), https://energypedia.info/images/2/24/Productive_Use_of_Thermal_Energy_Overview.pdf.Brüderle, Hartmann, and Diembeck, ‘Productive Use of Thermal Energy An Overview of Technology Options and Approaches for Promotion’.</ref> This indicates that although the equipment may be standardized, it could still result in difficulties and subsequently other, non-standardized, material being used.
+<br/>[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Actors in the Field of SWH<br/> =
@@ Line 377: / Line 447: @@
 *[http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/byC/Germany/byP/solar/solar-water-heating/byB/manufacturers/manufacturers.shtml List of German providers of Solar Water Heaters]
-China is a primary manufacturer and installer of SWH with over 5,000 small- and medium scale companies (only 10 of them opperate at a larger scale).<ref name="International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’, 2015, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_ETSAP_Tech_Brief_R12_Solar_Thermal_Residential_2015.pdf.">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’, 2015, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_ETSAP_Tech_Brief_R12_Solar_Thermal_Residential_2015.pdf.</ref> However, most of them are small and rural with no product quality control.<ref name="Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.">Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.</ref> Moreover, the Chinese SWH market has been predominately in rural areas and is characterised by inexpensive SWH, The substantial government support to consumers and to manufacturers is reflected in the high energy cost relative to income and highly intermittent or non-existent conventional energy supplies.<ref name="Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.">Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.</ref>
+China is a primary manufacturer and installer of SWH with over 5,000 small- and medium scale companies (only 10 of them opperate at a larger scale).<ref name="International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’, 2015, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_ETSAP_Tech_Brief_R12_Solar_Thermal_Residential_2015.pdf.">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP, ‘Solar Heating and Cooling for Residential Applications | Technology Brief’, 2015, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_ETSAP_Tech_Brief_R12_Solar_Thermal_Residential_2015.pdf.</ref> However, most of them are small and rural with no product quality control.<ref name="Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.">Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.</ref> Moreover, the Chinese SWH market has been predominately in rural areas and is characterised by inexpensive SWH, The substantial government support to consumers and to manufacturers is reflected in the high energy cost relative to income and highly intermittent or non-existent conventional energy supplies.<ref name="Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.">Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.</ref><ref>Bennu Solar customizes, brand, and mass produce solar products and appliances for use in rural Africa. Headquartered in Hong Kong, and with three warehouses hubs throughout China, they offer a supply chain solution for solar businesses which operate in Africa. Since 2009, they serve clients to deliver solar products into over 30 developing countries.</ref><br/>
+India has over 100 approved SWH manufacturers (60 for flat plate collectors and 44 for evacuated tube collectors).<ref name="Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.">Trudy Forsyth et al., ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters’ (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.</ref><br/>
+Mexico’s association lists [http://www.anes.org/cms/socios.php 14 SWH providers on their homepage].<br/>
 *[http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byP/solar/solar-water-heating/byN/byName.shtml List of SWH providers worldwide] (37 providers)
@@ Line 385: / Line 459: @@
 *[http://solahart.com/ Solahart]: In 80+ countries with an average system life expectancy: 19.2 years
 *[http://www.siliconsolar.com Silicon Solar]: has multi-national offices to serve emerging markets and developing nations around the world (NY, Philippines, China, India); Price: 400-1,250 USD<ref name="http://www.siliconsolar.com/shop/solar-store/solar-hot-water-heaters/thermosyphon-solar-hot-water/">http://www.siliconsolar.com/shop/solar-store/solar-hot-water-heaters/thermosyphon-solar-hot-water/</ref>
-*[http://www.rheem.com/products/water_heating/solar/?&utm_source=/products/solar_water_heating/&utm_medium=vanityURL&utm_campaign=vanityURL Rheem]: has several international offices (also Latin America, Middle East)
+*[http://www.rheem.com/products/water_heating/solar/?&utm_source=/products/solar_water_heating/&utm_medium=vanityURL&utm_campaign=vanityURL Rheem]: has several international offices (also Latin America, Middle East)<br/>
+Among the 40 companies mentioned in [http://sustainnovate.ae/en/innovators-blog/detail/40-companies-organizations-bringing-solar-power-to-the-developing-world this article from 2014], there are 6 explicitly mentioned in providing solar water heaters. All are Zayed Future Energy Prize finalists and winners.
+*India: [http://orbenergy.com/ Orb Energy]&nbsp;was a 2012 Zayed Future Energy Prize finalist in the SME & NGO category (those two categories were combined back in 2012). It serves the Indian market. It sells, installs, and services solar hot water systems, next to solar PV systems, solar lighting, and solar-powered air conditioning.
+*India: [http://www.barefootcollege.org/ Barefoot College]&nbsp;shows again that innovation isn’t over.&nbsp;[http://www.barefootcollege.org/about/ Its story]&nbsp;is worth a read. And its work is much broader than the solar solutions it provides, but since this article is about solar power, the reason Barefoot College is on the list is because it provides solar water heaters to those living in rural India.
+*India:&nbsp;[http://onergy.in/ ONergy], yet another India-based social enterprise, has been providing solar water heating systems and others to underserved households and institutions in India since 2009.
+*India: [http://www.waaree.com/ Waaree]&nbsp;is an Indian manufacturer of solar modules, but it also provides services for solar hot water systems, and distributes other solar products.
+*Afghanistan: The solar company,&nbsp;[http://www.afghan-solar.com/ Zularistan]&nbsp;offers solar water heaters, among other solar technologies.
+*Togo: [http://www.monoege.com/en/about.asp?Unid=41 Mono Eco Green Energy]&nbsp;is based in Togo and serves Togo as well as other African countries. It sells and installs solar hot water heaters, and other solar technologies.
+<br/>[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Research Institutes ==
@@ Line 394: / Line 479: @@
 *[http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/solar-water-heaters/solar-water-heater.pdf http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/solar-water-heaters/solar-water-heater.pdf]
-National Institute of Solar Energy, an autonomous institution of Ministry of New and Renewable (MNRE), India
+Asia
-*[http://nise.res.in/SolarThermalDivision.php http://nise.res.in/SolarThermalDivision.php]
+*India: [http://www.mnre.gov.in/schemes/decentralized-systems/solar-systems/solar-water-heatres-air-heating-systems/ Ministry of new and renewable energ]y&nbsp; and [http://www.jreda.com/programme/solar_thermal_technologies.htm Jharkhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (JREDA)]&nbsp; and [http://nise.res.in/SolarThermalDivision.php National Institute of Solar Energ]y, an autonomous institution of Ministry of New and Renewable (MNRE), India
+Africa
+*ECOWAS [http://www.iea-shc.org/ecreee Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency] (ECREEE)
+MENA
+*[http://rcreee.org/projects/solar-heating-arab-mark-and-certification-initiative-shamci The Solar Heating Arab Mark and Certification Initiative (SHAMCI)] is a quality certification scheme for the production of solar thermal products and services in the Arab region.&nbsp;SHAMCI is the first Arab certification scheme for solar thermal products. It is built around specific characteristics and needs of Arab states in the Middle East and North Africa. SHAMCI is inspired by Solar Keymark, the European certification scheme.
 USA
@@ Line 403: / Line 496: @@
 *National renewable energy laboratory ([https://www.nrel.gov/workingwithus/re-solar.html NREL])
 *NREL's centres for scientific and technological excellence support the research and development efforts of the U.S. Department of Energy, including significant photovoltaic and solar thermal research: [https://www.nrel.gov/solar/ https://www.nrel.gov/solar/]
-*Florida Solar Energy Center: [http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/research/solarthermal/index.htm http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/research/solarthermal/index.htm] and [http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/solar_hot_water/ http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/solar_hot_water/]
+*Florida Solar Energy Center: [http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/research/solarthermal/index.htm Solar Thermal] and [http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/solar_hot_water/ Solar Hot Water]
 Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Malaysia
@@ Line 409: / Line 502: @@
 *[http://www.ukm.my/seri/solar-thermal/ http://www.ukm.my/seri/solar-thermal/]
-== National and International Organisations, NGOs<br/> ==
+<br/>[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
-*Solar Energy Industries Association (USA): [http://www.seia.org/research-resources/environment-america-solar-hot-water-2011-report http://www.seia.org/research-resources/environment-america-solar-hot-water-2011-report] and their list of research links: [http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-research-links http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-research-links]
+=== Certification ===
-*The Solar Action Alliance is a group of environmentalists who want to spread the word about the most clean, reliable, and abundant source of renewable energy: the sun: [https://solaractionalliance.org/heating/ https://solaractionalliance.org/heating/]
-{{Go to Top}}
+*Global Solar Certification Network: [http://www.gscn.solar/ http://www.gscn.solar/]: The “Global Solar Certification Network” is a cooperation between solar certification bodies/schemes around the world. When a product has been certified by one of the participating certification bodies/schemes, the product can obtain certification from other participating certification schemes without re-testing of the product and without re-inspection of production facilities.
+*Europe: [http://www.estif.org/solarkeymarknew/index.php The Solar Keymark] (European certification scheme) and [http://www.estif.org/ European Solar Thermal Industry Federation: ESTIF]
+*North America: SRCC, IAPMO, CSA
+*Asia: Golden Sun
+*Africa: SHAMCI
+*Latin America and Caribbean: no information
+<br/>[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
+<br/>
+== National and International Organisations, NGOs ==
+=== International Energy Agency ===
+[https://www.iea-shc.org/ The Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC)] was established in 1977, as one of the first programmes of the International Energy Agency, to promote the use of all aspects of solar thermal energy.
+=== National and Regional Associations and Organisations ===
+*[http://SolarThermalWorld.org SolarThermalWorld.org]
+*[http://www.ises.org/home/ International Solar Energy Society]
+*[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee?commid=54018 ISO/TC 180 Solar Energy]
+*Mexico: [http://www.anes.org/cms/index.php Asociación Nacional de Energía Solar (ANES)]
+*[http://www.seia.org/research-resources/environment-america-solar-hot-water-2011-report Solar Energy Industries Association] (USA) and their [http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-research-links list of research links].
+*The [https://solaractionalliance.org/heating/ Solar Action Alliance] is a group of environmentalists who want to spread the word about the most clean, reliable, and abundant source of renewable energy the sun.
+[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
+=== NGOs ===
+*Bennu Solar [http://bennu-solar.com/resources/by-region/#.WNKjnme1vIV lists many companies and organisations]active in the solar energy field for many countries (sorted by region).
+*The [https://solaractionalliance.org/heating/ Solar Action Alliance] is a group of environmentalists who want to spread the word about the most clean, reliable, and abundant source of renewable energy the sun.
+[[#toc|►Go to Top]]
+<br/>
+<br/>
+<br/>
+<br/>
 = Further information =
@@ Line 423: / Line 555: @@
 *[[:Category:Solar Heater|All articles on solar water heaters]]
 *[[Solar Thermal Technologies|Solar thermal technologies]]
+*[[Solar Water Heaters Worldwide - Market Development|Solar Water Heaters Worldwide - Market Development]]
 *Technical Brief: Solar Water Heating by Amy Punter. This publication by Practical Action explains how solar energy may be used to heat water and how the technology works. [http://practicalaction.org/solar-water-heating http://practicalaction.org/solar-water-heating]
-*Construction of Solar Collectors for Warm Water – Practical guide by Regina Drexel and Rostom Gamisonia. This brochure by Women in Europe for a Common Future shows how to use the energy from the sun for heating water, how to construct a solar water heater and gives an overview of other solar collector models. [http://www.wecf.eu/download/2010/WECF_Construction_ of_solar_collectors.pdf http://www.wecf.eu/download/2010/WECF_Construction_ of_solar_collectors.pdf]&nbsp;
+*[http://www.wecf.eu/download/2010/WECF_Construction__of_solar_collectors.pdf Construction of Solar Collectors for Warm Water] – Practical guide by Regina Drexel and Rostom Gamisonia. This brochure by Women in Europe for a Common Future shows how to use the energy from the sun for heating water, how to construct a solar water heater and gives an overview of other solar collector models.
-*Solar Water Heater with Thermosyphon Circulation by Bernd Sitzmann. This publication describes briefly the advantages and engineering aspects of solar water heaters with thermosyphon circulation. [http://www.gate-international.org/documents/techbriefs/webdocs/pdfs/e021e_2003.pdf http://www.gate-international.org/documents/techbriefs/webdocs/pdfs/e021e_2003.pdf]&nbsp;&nbsp;
+*[[:File:Solar_Water_Heater_with_Thermosyphon_Circulation_GATE_2003_Bernd_Sitzmann.pdf|Solar Water Heater with Thermosyphon Circulation]] by Bernd Sitzmann. This publication describes briefly the advantages and engineering aspects of solar water heaters with thermosyphon circulation.&nbsp;&nbsp;
-*Guidelines for Fabrication of serpentine solar water heaters by Ben Dana. Practical Action, 2009. [http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/serpentine-solar-water-heating-guidelines-for-fabrication http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/serpentine-solar-water-heating-guidelines-for-fabrication]
+*[http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/serpentine-solar-water-heating-guidelines-for-fabrication Guidelines for Fabrication of serpentine solar water heaters] by Ben Dana. Practical Action, 2009.
-*Two very comprehensive studies on the Solar Heating and Cooling Sector were published in early June 2016: REN21’s the Renewables 2016 Global Status Report (GSR2016) from REN21 and Solar Heat Worldwide from the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling programme (IEA SHC). This webinar will highlight the key data and findings of these two studies looking at new installations, prospering applications, market barriers, industry trends, costs of solar heat and jobs. [http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/webinar-global-view-solar-heating-and-cooling-market-industry-and-policy http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/webinar-global-view-solar-heating-and-cooling-market-industry-and-policy]
+*Two very comprehensive studies on the Solar Heating and Cooling Sector were published in early June 2016: REN21’s the [http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/webinar-global-view-solar-heating-and-cooling-market-industry-and-policy Renewables 2016 Global Status Report (GSR2016) from REN21 and Solar Heat Worldwide] from the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling programme (IEA SHC). This webinar will highlight the key data and findings of these two studies looking at new installations, prospering applications, market barriers, industry trends, costs of solar heat and jobs.
 *IRENA offers various trainings regarding solar water heating, e.g. [https://irelp.irena.org/courses/description.aspx?CourID=152 Solar Water Heating Project Feasibility Analysis Course]
-*How to set up a test laboratory for Solar Water Heater (2015) by Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS) Stephan Fischer: [http://www.irena.org/EventDocs/Costa Rica/8-Setup test lab SWH -Stephan Fischer.pdf http://www.irena.org/EventDocs/Costa Rica/8-Setup test lab SWH -Stephan Fischer.pdf]
+*[http://www.irena.org/EventDocs/Costa_Rica/8-Setup_test_lab_SWH_-Stephan_Fischer.pdf How to set up a test laboratory for Solar Water Heater] (2015) by Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS) Stephan Fischer.
-*IRENA held a Forum on Quality Assurance Schemes for Solar Water Heating in Latin America and the Caribbean 29-30 June 2015 in San Jose, Costa Rica. [http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?CatID=79&PriMenuID=30&SubcatID=623&mnu=Subcat http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?CatID=79&PriMenuID=30&SubcatID=623&mnu=Subcat]
+*IRENA held a [http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?CatID=79&PriMenuID=30&SubcatID=623&mnu=Subcat Forum on Quality Assurance Schemes for Solar Water Heating in Latin America and the Caribbean] 29-30 June 2015 in San Jose, Costa Rica.
-*Introduction to solar thermal technology: [https://energypedia.info/images/9/95/Solar_Thermal_Energy_Basis_Mr_Kofler_ITW.pdf https://energypedia.info/images/9/95/Solar_Thermal_Energy_Basis_Mr_Kofler_ITW.pdf]
+*[https://energypedia.info/images/9/95/Solar_Thermal_Energy_Basis_Mr_Kofler_ITW.pdf Introduction to solar thermal technology].
-*[[:File:Solar Heat for Industrial Process in Tunisia. An Economic Assessment with Policy Recommendations.pdf|Solar Heat for Industrial Processes in Tunisia: An Economic Assessment with Policy Recommendations (2014) by Filip Schaffitzel]]
+*[[:File:Solar Heat for Industrial Process in Tunisia. An Economic Assessment with Policy Recommendations.pdf|Solar Heat for Industrial Processes in Tunisia: An Economic Assessment with Policy Recommendations]](2014) by Filip Schaffitzel
-*FSEC Public Information Office. ‘Solar Water Heater Troubleshooting Checklist’. Florida Solar Energy Center. Accessed 9 March 2017. [http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-FS-32-86.pdf http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-FS-32-86.pdf]
+*FSEC Public Information Office. ‘[http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-FS-32-86.pdf Solar Water Heater Troubleshooting Checklist]’. Florida Solar Energy Center. Accessed 9 March 2017.
 *John Harrison & Tom Tiedeman. ‘Thermosyphon Systems - Passive Solar Water Heating Systems’, 1997. [http://www.flasolar.com/thermosyphon_systems.htm http://www.flasolar.com/thermosyphon_systems.htm]
-*Philibert, Cédric. ‘Barriers to Technology Diffusion: The Case of Solar Thermal Technologies’. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and International Energy Agency, Paris, 2006. [https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Solar_Thermal.pdf https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Solar_Thermal.pdf]
+*Philibert, Cédric. ‘[https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Solar_Thermal.pdf Barriers to Technology Diffusion: The Case of Solar Thermal Technologies]’. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and International Energy Agency, Paris, 2006.
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 = References =
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 [[Category:Water_Heating]]
 [[Category:Solar]]

Advantages	Disadvantages
very simple systems	only applicable in regions without frost
very efficient systems	(aesthetic aspects)
very cheap
no electricity, no pump, no controller
self-controlling systems

Country	Costs
Burkina Faso	0,7 m2 with 56L: 100,000 FCFA (152 EUR) 1,4 m2 with 100L: 225,000 FCFA (343 EUR) 2m2 with 100L: 525,000 FCFA (800 EUR) 6m2 with 300L: 1,100,000 FCFA (1,600 EUR)
Capo Verde	Price found in the market is around 700 € to 850 € per square meter, all included (storage tank, pipes, valves, installation, etc.). The most common type of imported solar collector is the indirect thermosiphon system of flat plate ranging from 150 litres to 300 litres; normally the 150 litres units have 2 m2 of area. Direct type collector of 160 litres capacity is also imported.
Ghana	The cost of solar water heating systems and components in Ghana varies depending on the country of origin and the company that manufactured it. Flat plate thermosyphon: 4050 GH (888€) Evacuated tube pumped system: 6600 GH (1400€)
Nigeria	A typical 150 litre system with evacuated tubes cost about N100,000 (€444) with an installation cost of about N30,000 (€133).
Senegal	Costs range from FCFA 350,000 (~ 540 €) to 1,250,000 CFA (~ 1920 €) depending on the type of SWH. The connection cost ranges from 75,000 CFA (~ € 115) to 125,000 CFA francs (~ 190 €).

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Solar Water Heater

Latest revision as of 13:51, 8 June 2018

Contents

[edit] Overview

[edit] The Technology

[edit] Active vs. Passive Systems

[edit] Collectors

[edit] Flat Plate Collector

[edit] Evacuated Tube Collector

[edit] Installation and Maintenance

[edit] Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermosiphon SWH

[edit] Costs

[edit] Target Groups for SWH

[edit] SWH for Households

[edit] Solar Water Heating in Social Institutions

[edit] Productive Use of Solar Water Heating

[edit] Global Market Trends for Solar Water Heaters

[edit] Market Barriers and Limitations

[edit] Impacts and Benefits of Solar Water Heaters

[edit] Political Environment for SWH

[edit] Policies

[edit] Standards and Quality Aspects

[edit] Actors in the Field of SWH

[edit] Companies/Technology Providers

[edit] Research Institutes

[edit] Certification

[edit] National and International Organisations, NGOs

[edit] International Energy Agency

[edit] National and Regional Associations and Organisations

[edit] NGOs

[edit] Further information

[edit] References