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| + | [[Portal:Biogas|►Back to Biogas Portal]] |
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| − | = <span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 23.799999237060547px;">Industrial Digester Types</span> = | + | = Introduction = |
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| − | | [[File:Indsolcontrol.jpg|378px|RTENOTITLE]]<small class="IMGLEGEND">Control glasses for an industrial digester for solid organic waste, Germany</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref><br/> | + | | style="width: 250px;" | |
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| + | [[File:Digestneck.jpg|278px|RTENOTITLE]] |
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| − | To give an overview, some fictitious designs have been chosen as they could be found in, for example, Europe. The designs are selected in a way that all the typical elements of modern <span data-scaytid="2" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> technology appear at least once. All designs are above-ground, which is common in Europe. Underground structures, however, do exist.
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| − | '''Mixing pit''' varies in size and shape according to the nature of substrate. It is equipped with propellers for mixing and/or chopping the substrate and often with a pump to transport the substrate into the digester. At times, the substrate is also pre-heated in the mixing pit in order to avoid a temperature shock inside the digester.
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| − | '''Fermenter or digester''' is insulated and made of concrete or steel. To optimize the flow of substrate, large digesters have a longish channel form. Large digesters are almost always agitated by slow rotating paddles or rotors or by injected <span data-scaytid="3" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span>. Co-fermenters have two or more separated fermenters. The gas can be collected inside the digester, then usually with a flexible cover. The digester can also be filled completely and the gas stored in a separate gas-holder.
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| − | '''Gas-holder''' is usually of flexible material, therefore to be protected against weather. It can be placed either directly above the substrate, then it acts like a balloon plant, or in a separate 'gas-bag'.
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| − | '''Slurry store''' for storage of slurry during winter. The store can be open (like conventional open liquid manure storage) or closed and connected to the gas-holder to capture remaining gas production. Normally, the store is not heated and only agitated before the slurry is spread on the field.
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| − | '''Gas use element''' is in Europe in 95% of the cases a thermo-power unit which produces electricity for the farm, the grid and heat for the house, greenhouses and other uses. The thermo-power unit has the advantage, that the required energy can be produced in any mixture of gas and fossil energy. It can, therefore, react to periods of low gas production and high energy requirements or vice versa. | + | '''Construction of the digester neck with steel reinforcement'''<ref name="Photo: Krämer (TBW)">Photo: Krämer (TBW)</ref><br/> |
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| − | | <p style="text-align: center;">[[File:Concretedigest1.gif|550px|RTENOTITLE]]</p>
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| − | <small class="IMGLEGEND">'''Concrete digester with two chambers (one heated, one unheated for storage)'''</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref>
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| + | Choosing a right biogas digester is a very important while constructing a biogas plant. From the standpoint of fluid dynamics and structural strength, an egg-shaped vessel is about the best possible solution. This type of construction, however, is comparatively expensive, therefore, its use is usually restricted to large-scale sewage treatment plants. The Chinese [[Fixed-dome_Biogas_Plants|fixed-dome]] designs are of similar shape, but less expensive. The hemispherical CAMARTEC design is optimized in structural strength, but does not make optimal use of the excavation required. |
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| − | [[File:Concretedigest2.gif|550px|RTENOTITLE]] | |
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| − | <small class="IMGLEGEND">'''Concrete digester with integrated plastic gas-holder'''</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref>
| + | Simplified versions of such digester designs include cylinders with conical covers and bottoms. They are much easier to build and are sometimes available on the market as prefabricated units. Their disadvantage lies in their less favorable surface-volume ratio. The cylinder should have a height equal to its diameter. ''Prone cylinders'' have become quite popular on farms, since they are frequently the more favorable solution for small-scale bio-methanation. ''Cuboid digesters'' are often employed in batch-fed systems used primarily for fermenting solid material, so that fluid dynamics are of little interest. |
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| + | = Types of Small-Scale Digesters = |
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| − | [[File:Concretedigest3.gif|550px|RTENOTITLE]]
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| − | <br/> | + | == Fixed Dome Biogas Plants == |
| | + | A fixed-dome plant comprises of a closed, dome-shaped digester with an immovable, rigid gas-holder and a displacement pit, also named 'compensation tank'. The gas is stored in the upper part of the digester. When gas production commences, the slurry is displaced into the compensating tank. Gas pressure increases with the volume of gas stored, i.e. with the height difference between the two slurry levels. If there is little gas in the gas-holder, the gas pressure is low.<br/> |
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| − | '''<small class="IMGLEGEND"><span data-scaytid="7" data-scayt_word="Steelvessel">Steelvessel</span> fermenter with <span data-scaytid="8" data-scayt_word="seperate">seperate</span> <span data-scaytid="9" data-scayt_word="ballon">ballon</span> gas-holder</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref>'''
| + | [[Fixed-dome Biogas Plants#Fixed-dome Plants|►Read more here...]] |
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| + | == Floating Drum Plants == |
| | + | Floating-drum plants consist of an underground digester and a moving gas-holder. The gas-holder floats either directly on the fermentation slurry or in a water jacket of its own. The gas is collected in the gas drum, which rises or moves down, according to the amount of gas stored. |
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| | + | [[Floating Drum Biogas Plants|►Read more here...]] |
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| − | = Types of Plants =
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| − | <u>There are various types of plants. Concerning the feed method, three different forms can be distinguished:</u>
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| − | == Batch plants<br/> == | + | == Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester == |
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| − | Batch plants are filled and then emptied completely after a fixed retention time. Each design and each fermentation material is suitable for batch filling, but batch plants require high labor input. As a major disadvantage, their gas-output is not steady.
| + | The Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester model consist of tubular polyethylene film (two coats of 300 microns) bent at each end around a 6 inch PVC drainpipe and is wound with rubber strap of recycled tire-tubes. |
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| + | [[Low-Cost_Polyethylene_Tube_Digester|►Read more here....]] |
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| − | == Continuous plants<br/> ==
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| − | Continuous plants are fed and emptied continuously. They empty automatically through the overflow whenever new material is filled in. Therefore, the substrate must be fluid and homogeneous. Continuous plants are suitable for rural households as the necessary work fits well into the daily routine. Gas production is constant, and higher than in batch plants. Today, nearly all biogas plants are operating on a continuous mode.
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| + | == Balloon Plants == |
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| − | == Semi-batch basis<br/> ==
| + | A balloon plant consists of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gas-holder. The gas is stored in the upper part of the balloon. The inlet and outlet are attached directly to the skin of the balloon.<br/>[[Balloon_Digester_for_Biogas_Plants|►Read more here...]] |
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| − | If straw and dung are to be digested together, a biogas plant can be operated on a semi-batch basis. The slowly digested straw-type material is fed in about twice a year as a batch load. The dung is added and removed regularly.
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| − | <br/> | + | == Horizontal Plants<br/> == |
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| − | == <span style="font-size: 17px;">Balloon Plants</span> ==
| + | Disadvantages''': Problems with gas-space leakage, difficult elimination of scum.'''<br/> |
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| − | A balloon plant consists of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gas-holder. The gas is stored in the upper part of the balloon. The inlet and outlet are attached directly to the skin of the balloon. Gas pressure can be increased by placing weights on the balloon. If the gas pressure exceeds a limit that the balloon can withstand, it may damage the skin. Therefore, safety valves are required. If higher gas pressures are needed, a gas pump is required. Since the material has to be weather- and UV resistant, specially stabilized, reinforced plastic or synthetic <span data-scaytid="10" data-scayt_word="caoutchouc">caoutchouc</span> is given preference. Other materials which have been used successfully include <span data-scaytid="11" data-scayt_word="RMP">RMP</span> (red mud plastic), <span data-scaytid="12" data-scayt_word="Trevira">Trevira</span> and butyl. The useful life-span does usually not exceed 2-5 years.
| + | [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
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| − | '''Advantages''': Standardized prefabrication at low cost, low construction sophistication, ease of transportation, shallow installation suitable for use in areas with a high groundwater table; high digester temperatures in warm climates; uncomplicated cleaning, emptying and maintenance; difficult substrates like water hyacinths can be used.
| + | == Earth-pit Plants<br/> == |
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| − | Balloon <span data-scaytid="15" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plants are recommended, if local repair is or can be made possible and the cost advantage is substantial.
| + | Masonry digesters are not necessary in stable soil (e.g. laterite). It is sufficient to line the pit with a thin layer of cement (wire-mesh fixed to the pit wall and plastered) in order to prevent seepage. The edge of the pit is reinforced with a ring of masonry that also serves as anchorage for the gas-holder. The gas-holder can be made of metal or plastic sheeting. If plastic sheeting is used, it must be attached to a quadratic wooden frame that extends down into the slurry and is anchored in place to counter its buoyancy. The requisite gas pressure is achieved by placing weights on the gas-holder. An overflow point in the peripheral wall serves as the slurry outlet'''. |
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| − | '''Disadvantages''': Low gas pressure may require gas pumps; scum cannot be removed during operation; the plastic balloon has a relatively short useful life-span and is susceptible to mechanical damage and usually not available locally. In addition, local craftsmen are rarely in a position to repair a damaged balloon. There is only little scope for the creation of local employment and, therefore, limited self-help potential. | + | '''Advantages''' |
| | + | *Low cost of installation (as little as 20% of a floating-drum plant); |
| | + | *high potential for self help approaches. |
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| − | '''Variations:''' A variation of the balloon plant is the channel-type digester, which is usually covered with plastic sheeting and a sunshade (fig.1-E). Balloon plants can be recommended wherever the balloon skin is not likely to be damaged and where the temperature is even and high. | + | '''Disadvantages''' |
| | + | *Short useful life; serviceable only in suitable, impermeable types of soil. |
| | + | *Earth-pit plants can only be recommended for installation in impermeable soil located above the groundwater table. Their construction is particularly inexpensive in connection with plastic sheet gas-holders. |
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| + | [[Fixed-dome_Biogas_Plants#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
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| − | [[File:Foilplant.jpg|348px|RTENOTITLE]] <small class="IMGLEGEND">Photo<ref name="Henning"> Henning</ref>:Small "foil-plant" (Ivory Coast)</small> | |
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| + | == Ferro-cement Plants == |
| − | [[File:Plant-types s.gif|500px|Plant-types s.gif|alt=Plant-types s.gif]] <small class="IMGLEGEND">Fig. 1<ref name="Biogas Plants, L. Sasse, GATE, 1988, p. 14">Biogas Plants, L. Sasse, GATE, 1988, p. 14</ref>: Simple <span data-scaytid="17" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plants. Floating-drum plant (A), fixed-dome plant (B), fixed-dome plant with separate gas holder (C), balloon plant (D), channel-type digester with plastic sheeting and sunshade (E).</small>
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| + | The ferro-cement type of construction can be applied either as a self-supporting shell or an earth-pit lining. The vessel is usually cylindrical. Very small plants (Volume under 6 m<sup>3</sup>) can be prefabricated. As in the case of a fixed-dome plant, the ferrocement gasholder requires special sealing measures (proven reliability with cemented-on aluminium foil). |
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| − | === Horizontal Plants<br/> ===
| + | '''Disadvantages''' |
| | + | *Substantial consumption of essentially good-quality cement; |
| | + | *workmanship must meet high quality standards; |
| | + | *uses substantial amounts of expensive wire mesh; |
| | + | *construction technique not yet adequately time-tested; |
| | + | *special sealing measures for the gas-holder are necessary. Ferro-cement biogas plants are only recommended in cases where special ferro-cement know-how is available. |
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| − | Horizontal <span data-scaytid="20" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plants are usually chosen when shallow installation is called for (groundwater, rock). They are made of masonry or concrete.
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| − | '''Advantages: '''Shallow construction despite large slurry space.
| + | [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
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| − | '''Disadvantages''': Problems with gas-space leakage, difficult elimination of scum.
| + | = Industrial Digester Types = |
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| − | <blockquote></blockquote>
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| − | === Earth-pit Plants<br/> ===
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| − | Masonry digesters are not necessary in stable soil (e.g. <span data-scaytid="22" data-scayt_word="laterite">laterite</span>). It is sufficient to line the pit with a thin layer of cement (wire-mesh fixed to the pit wall and plastered) in order to prevent seepage. The edge of the pit is reinforced with a ring of masonry that also serves as anchorage for the gas-holder. The gas-holder can be made of metal or plastic sheeting. If plastic sheeting is used, it must be attached to a quadratic wooden frame that extends down into the slurry and is anchored in place to counter its buoyancy. The requisite gas pressure is achieved by placing weights on the gas-holder. An overflow point in the peripheral wall serves as the slurry outlet'''.'''
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| − | '''Advantages''': Low cost of installation (as little as 20% of a floating-drum plant); high potential for self help approaches.
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| − | '''Disadvantages''': Short useful life; serviceable only in suitable, impermeable types of soil.
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| − | Earth-pit plants can only be recommended for installation in impermeable soil located above the groundwater table. Their construction is particularly inexpensive in connection with plastic sheet gas-holders.
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| − | === <span data-scaytid="23" data-scayt_word="Ferrocement">Ferrocement</span> Plants<br/> ===
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| − | The <span data-scaytid="24" data-scayt_word="ferro-cement">ferro-cement</span> type of construction can be applied either as a self-supporting shell or an earth-pit lining. The vessel is usually cylindrical. Very small plants (Volume under 6 <span data-scaytid="25" data-scayt_word="m3">m<sup>3</sup></span>) can be prefabricated. As in the case of a fixed-dome plant, the <span data-scaytid="85" data-scayt_word="ferrocement">ferrocement</span> gasholder requires special sealing measures (proven reliability with cemented-on <span data-scaytid="86" data-scayt_word="aluminium">aluminium</span> foil).
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| − | '''''Advantages''''': Low cost of construction, especially in comparison with potentially high cost of masonry for alternative plants; mass production possible; low material input.
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| − | '''Disadvantages''': Substantial consumption of essentially good-quality cement; workmanship must meet high quality standards; uses substantial amounts of expensive wire mesh; construction technique not yet adequately time-tested; special sealing measures for the gas-holder are necessary. Ferro-cement <span data-scaytid="29" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plants are only recommended in cases where special <span data-scaytid="30" data-scayt_word="ferro-cement">ferro-cement</span> know-how is available. <!-- Navigation Footer -->
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| − | = Digester Types<br/> =
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| − | In this section, the most important types of <span data-scaytid="34" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plants are described:
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| − | '''<u>Wet fermentation:</u>'''
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| − | *[[Types of Biogas Digesters and Plants#Fixed-dome Plants|Fixed-dome plants]]
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| − | *[[Types of Biogas Digesters and Plants#Floating-drum Plants|Floating-drum plants]]
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| − | *[[Types of Biogas Digesters and Plants#Low-Cost Polyethylen Tube Digester|Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester]]
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| − | *Balloon plants
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| − | Typical [[Types of Biogas Digesters and Plants#Digester types in industrialized countries|designs in industrialized countries]] and [[Types of Biogas Digesters and Plants#Selection of appropriate design|appropriate design selection criteria]] have also been considered.
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| − | = Wet Fermentation Plants<br/> =
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| − | == Fixed-dome Plants<br/> ==
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| − | A fixed-dome plant consists of a digester with a fixed, non-movable gas holder, which sits on top of the digester. When gas production starts, the slurry is displaced into the compensation tank. Gas pressure increases with the volume of gas stored and the height difference between the slurry level in the digester and the slurry level in the compensation tank.
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| − | The costs of a fixed-dome <span data-scaytid="37" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plant are relatively low. It is simple as no moving parts exist. There are also no rusting steel parts and hence a long life of the plant (20 years or more) can be expected. The plant is constructed underground, protecting it from physical damage and saving space. While the underground digester is protected from low temperatures at night and during cold seasons, sunshine and warm seasons take longer to heat up the digester. No day/night fluctuations of temperature in the digester positively influence the bacteriological processes.
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| − | The construction of fixed dome plants is labor-intensive, thus creating local employment. Fixed-dome plants are not easy to build. They should only be built where construction can be supervised by experienced <span data-scaytid="40" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> technicians. Otherwise plants may not be gas-tight (porosity and cracks).
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| − | The basic elements of a fixed dome plant (here the '''<span data-scaytid="44" data-scayt_word="Nicarao">Nicarao</span> Design''') are shown in the figure below.
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| + | | [[File:Indsolcontrol.jpg|378px|RTENOTITLE]]<small class="IMGLEGEND">Control glasses for an industrial digester for solid organic waste, Germany</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref><br/> |
| − | | [[File:Nicarao biogas.gif|555px|RTENOTITLE]] <small class="IMGLEGEND">Fixed dome plant <span data-scaytid="45" data-scayt_word="Nicarao">Nicarao</span> design<ref name="TBW">TBW</ref>''': 1. Mixing tank with inlet pipe and sand trap. 2. Digester. 3. Compensation and removal tank. 4. Gasholder. 5. <span data-scaytid="47" data-scayt_word="Gaspipe">Gaspipe</span>. 6. Entry hatch, with <span data-scaytid="48" data-scayt_word="gastight">gastight</span> seal. 7. Accumulation of thick sludge. 8. Outlet pipe. 9. Reference level. 10. Supernatant scum, broken up by varying level.'''</small><br/> | |
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| − | <br/>
| + | To give an overview, some fictitious designs have been chosen as they could be found in, for example, Europe. The designs are selected in a way that all the typical elements of modern biogas technology appear at least once. All designs are above-ground, which is common in Europe. Underground structures, however, do exist. |
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| − | | [[File:Fixdomscheme.gif|366px|RTENOTITLE]] <small class="IMGLEGEND">picture<ref name="OEKOTOP">OEKOTOP</ref>:Basic function of a fixed-dome <span data-scaytid="49" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plant, 1 Mixing pit, 2 Digester, 3 Gasholder, 4 Displacement pit, 5 Gas pipe</small><br/>
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| − | === <span style="font-size: 17px;">Function</span> ===
| + | '''Mixing pit''' varies in size and shape according to the nature of substrate. It is equipped with propellers for mixing and/or chopping the substrate and often with a pump to transport the substrate into the digester. At times, the substrate is also pre-heated in the mixing pit in order to avoid a temperature shock inside the digester. |
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| − | A fixed-dome plant comprises of a closed, dome-shaped digester with an immovable, rigid gas-holder and a displacement pit, also named 'compensation tank'. The gas is stored in the upper part of the digester. When gas production commences, the slurry is displaced into the compensating tank. Gas pressure increases with the volume of gas stored, i.e. with the height difference between the two slurry levels. If there is little gas in the gas-holder, the gas pressure is low.
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| − | === Digester ===
| + | '''Fermenter or digester''' is insulated and made of concrete or steel. To optimize the flow of substrate, large digesters have a longish channel form. Large digesters are almost always agitated by slow rotating paddles or rotors or by injected biogas. Co-fermenters have two or more separated fermenters. The gas can be collected inside the digester, then usually with a flexible cover. The digester can also be filled completely and the gas stored in a separate gas-holder. |
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| − | The digesters of fixed-dome plants are usually masonry structures, structures of cement and <span data-scaytid="52" data-scayt_word="ferro-cement">ferro-cement</span> exist. Main parameters for the choice of material are:
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| − | *Technical suitability (stability, gas- and liquid tightness);
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| − | *cost-effectiveness;
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| − | *availability in the region and transport costs;
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| − | *availability of local skills for working with the particular building material.
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| − | Fixed dome plants produce just as much gas as floating-drum plants, ''if they are gas-tight''. However, utilization of the gas is less effective as the gas pressure fluctuates substantially. Burners and other simple appliances cannot be set in an optimal way. If the gas is required at constant pressure (e.g., for engines), a gas pressure regulator or a floating gas-holder is necessary.
| + | '''Gas-holder''' is usually of flexible material, therefore to be protected against weather. It can be placed either directly above the substrate, then it acts like a balloon plant, or in a separate 'gas-bag'. |
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| − | <small class="IMGLEGEND">'''[[File:Biogastunesia01.jpg|333px|RTENOTITLE]]'''</small>
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| − | <small class="IMGLEGEND">Fixed-dome plant in <span data-scaytid="102" data-scayt_word="Tunesia">Tunesia</span>. The final layers of the masonry structure are being fixed.</small><ref name="gtz/GATE">gtz/GATE</ref>
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| − | === Gas-Holder ===
| + | '''Slurry store''' for storage of slurry during winter. The store can be open (like conventional open liquid manure storage) or closed and connected to the gas-holder to capture remaining gas production. Normally, the store is not heated and only agitated before the slurry is spread on the field. |
| − | | |
| − | The top part of a fixed-dome plant (the gas space) must be gas-tight. Concrete, masonry and cement rendering are not gas-tight. The gas space must therefore be painted with a [[Plasters and coats for digesters and gas-holder|gas-tight layer]] (e.g. 'Water-proofer', Latex or synthetic paints). A possibility to reduce the risk of cracking of the gas-holder consists in the construction of a [[Optional Parts of a biogas plant#Weak ring|weak-ring]] in the masonry of the digester. This "ring" is a flexible joint between the lower (water-proof) and the upper (gas-proof) part of the hemispherical structure. It prevents cracks that develop due to the hydrostatic pressure in the lower parts to move into the upper parts of the gas-holder.
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| − | <br/>
| + | '''Gas use element''' is in Europe in 95% of the cases a thermo-power unit which produces electricity for the farm, the grid and heat for the house, greenhouses and other uses. The thermo-power unit has the advantage, that the required energy can be produced in any mixture of gas and fossil energy. It can, therefore, react to periods of low gas production and high energy requirements or vice versa. |
| − | | |
| − | === Types of Fixed-dome Plants<br/> ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *'''Chinese fixed-dome plant''' is the archetype of all fixed dome plants. Several million have been constructed in [[Biogas Technology in China|China]]. The digester consists of a cylinder with round bottom and top.
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| − | *'''<span data-scaytid="103" data-scayt_word="Janata">Janata</span> model '''was the first fixed-dome design in [[Biogas Technology in India|India]], as a response to the Chinese fixed dome plant. It is not constructed anymore. The mode of construction lead to cracks in the gasholder - very few of these plant had been gas-tight.
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| − | *'''<span data-scaytid="104" data-scayt_word="Deenbandhu">Deenbandhu</span>,''' the successor of the <span data-scaytid="105" data-scayt_word="Janata">Janata</span> plant in India, with improved design, was more crack-proof and consumed less building material than the <span data-scaytid="106" data-scayt_word="Janata">Janata</span> plant. with a hemisphere digester
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| − | *'''<span data-scaytid="109" data-scayt_word="CAMARTEC">CAMARTEC</span> model''' has a simplified structure of a hemispherical dome shell based on a rigid foundation ring only and a calculated joint of fraction, the so-called weak / strong ring. It was developed in the late <span data-scaytid="110" data-scayt_word="80s">80s</span> in [[Biogas Technology in Tanzania|Tanzania]].
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| − | {| class="IMGcenter FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 500px;" align="center" | + | {| style="width: 500px;" class="IMGcenter FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center" |
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| − | | style="width: 45%;" | <br/> | + | | <p style="text-align: center;">[[File:Concretedigest1.gif|550px|RTENOTITLE]]</p> |
| − | | [[File:Camartecfixdome.gif|550px|RTENOTITLE]]<small class="IMGLEGEND">'''Fixed dome plant <span data-scaytid="111" data-scayt_word="CAMARTEC">CAMARTEC</span> design'''</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref><br/>
| + | <small class="IMGLEGEND">'''Concrete digester with two chambers (one heated, one unheated for storage)'''</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref> |
| − | | style="width: 45%;" | <br/>
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| − | |}
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| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | === Climate and Size<br/> ===
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| − | | |
| − | Fixed-dome plants must be covered with earth up to the top of the gas-filled space to counteract the internal pressure (up to 0,15 bar). The earth cover insulation and the option for internal heating makes them suitable for colder climates. Due to economic parameters, the recommended minimum size of a fixed-dome plant is 5 <span data-scaytid="112" data-scayt_word="m3">m<sup>3</sup></span>. Digester volumes up to 200 <span data-scaytid="221" data-scayt_word="m3">m<sup>3</sup></span> are known and possible.
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| − | | |
| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | === Summary ===
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| − | | |
| − | '''Advantages:''' Low initial costs and long useful life-span; no moving or rusting parts involved; basic design is compact, saves space and is well insulated; construction creates local employment.
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| − | | |
| − | Advantages are the relatively low construction costs, the absence of moving parts and rusting steel parts. If well constructed, fixed dome plants have a long life span. The underground construction saves space and protects the digester from temperature changes. The construction provides opportunities for skilled local employment.
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| − | | |
| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | '''Disadvantages:''' Masonry gas-holders require special <span data-scaytid="120" data-scayt_word="sealants">sealants</span> and high technical skills for gas-tight construction; gas leaks occur quite frequently; fluctuating gas pressure complicates gas utilization; amount of gas produced is not immediately visible, plant operation not readily understandable; fixed dome plants need exact planning of levels; excavation can be difficult and expensive in bedrock.
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| − | | |
| − | Disadvantages are mainly the frequent problems with the gas-tightness of the brickwork gas holder (a small crack in the upper brickwork can cause heavy losses of <span data-scaytid="117" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span>). Fixed-dome plants are, therefore, recommended only where construction can be supervised by experienced <span data-scaytid="118" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> technicians. The gas pressure fluctuates substantially depending on the volume of the stored g''as. Even though the underground construction buffers temperature extremes, digester temperatures are generally low.''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Fixed dome plants can be recommended only where construction can be supervised by experienced <span data-scaytid="119" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> technicians.''<br/>
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Variations:''' Some companies are now looking into small <span data-scaytid="124" data-scayt_word="pre-fab">pre-fab</span> fixed dome plants made of <span data-scaytid="125" data-scayt_word="fibreglass">fibreglass</span> which appears to be a low cost alternative'' to construction intensive <span data-scaytid="126" data-scayt_word="masoned">masoned</span> plants. A custom made plant can be produced in 2 days and -after transport- installed in less than 1 day!
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| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | == Floating-drum Plants<br/> ==
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| − | | |
| − | Floating-drum plants consist of an underground digester and a moving gas-holder. The gas-holder floats either directly on the fermentation slurry or in a water jacket of its own. The gas is collected in the gas drum, which rises or moves down, according to the amount of gas stored. The gas drum is prevented from tilting by a guiding frame. If the drum floats in a water jacket, it cannot get stuck, even in substrate with high solid content.
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| − | [[File:Floating drum mauretania.jpg|333px|RTENOTITLE]]
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| − | <small class="IMGLEGEND">'''Floating-drum plant in <span data-scaytid="127" data-scayt_word="Mauretania">Mauretania</span>'''</small>'''<ref name="gtz/GATE">gtz/GATE</ref>'''
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| + | {| style="width: 500px;" class="IMGcenter FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center" |
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| − | === The Drum<br/> ===
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| − | | |
| − | In the past, floating-drum plants were mainly built in India. A floating-drum plant consists of a cylindrical or dome-shaped digester and a moving, floating gas-holder, or drum. The gas-holder floats either directly in the fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket. The drum in which the <span data-scaytid="128" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> collects has an internal and/or external guide frame that provides stability and keeps the drum upright. If <span data-scaytid="129" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> is produced, the drum moves up, if gas is consumed, the gas-holder sinks back.
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| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | === Size ===
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| − | | |
| − | Floating-drum plants are used chiefly for digesting animal and human feces on a continuous-feed mode of operation, i.e. with daily input. They are used most frequently by small- to middle-sized farms (digester size: <span data-scaytid="132" data-scayt_word="5-15m3">5-15m<sup>3</sup></span>) or in institutions and larger agro-industrial estates (digester size: <span data-scaytid="252" data-scayt_word="20-100m3">20-100m<sup>3</sup></span>)'''''.'''''
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| − | | |
| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | '''Advantages'''<br/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Disadvantages''': The steel drum is relatively expensive and maintenance-intensive. Removing rust and painting has to be carried out regularly. The life-time of the drum is short (up to 15 years; in tropical coastal regions about five years). If fibrous substrates are used, the gas-holder shows a tendency to get "stuck" in the resultant floating scum.
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| − | | [[File:Floatdrumschemewaterjack s.gif|300px|RTENOTITLE]]<small class="IMGLEGEND">'''Water-jacket plant with external guide frame: 1 Mixing pit, 11 Fill pipe, 2 Digester, 3 Gasholder, 31 Guide frame, 4 Slurry store, 5 Gas pipe'''</small>'''<ref name="Sasse, 1984">Sasse, 1984</ref>'''
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| − | |}
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| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | === Water-jacket Floating-drum Plants<br/> ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | Water-jacket plants are universally applicable and easy to maintain. The drum cannot get stuck in a scum layer, even if the substrate has a high solids content. Water-jacket plants are characterized by a long useful life and a more <span data-scaytid="134" data-scayt_word="aesthetic">aesthetic</span> appearance (no dirty gas-holder). Due to their superior sealing of the substrate (hygiene!), they are recommended for use in the fermentation of night soil. The extra cost of the masonry water jacket is relatively modest.
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| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | === Material of Digester and Drum<br/> ===
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| − | | |
| − | The digester is usually made of brick, concrete or quarry-stone masonry with plaster. The gas drum normally consists of 2.5 mm steel sheets for the sides and 2 mm sheets for the top. It has welded-in braces which break up surface scum when the drum rotates. The drum must be protected against corrosion. Suitable coating products are oil paints, synthetic paints and bitumen paints. Correct priming is important. There must be at least two preliminary coats and one topcoat. Coatings of used oil are cheap. They must be renewed monthly. Plastic sheeting stuck to bitumen sealant has not given good results. In coastal regions, repainting is necessary at least once a year, and in dry uplands at least every other year. Gas production will be higher if the drum is painted black or red rather than blue or white, because the digester temperature is increased by solar radiation. Gas drums made of 2 cm wire-mesh-reinforced concrete or fiber-cement must receive a gas-tight internal coating. The gas drum should have a slightly sloping roof, otherwise rainwater will be trapped on it, leading to rust damage. An excessively steep-pitched roof is unnecessarily expensive and the gas in the tip cannot be used because when the drum is resting on the bottom, the gas is no longer under pressure.
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| − | | |
| − | Floating-drums made of glass-fiber reinforced plastic and high-density polyethylene have been used successfully, but the construction costs are higher compared to using steel. Floating-drums made of wire-mesh-reinforced concrete are liable to hairline cracking and are intrinsically porous. They require a gas-tight, elastic internal coating. PVC drums are unsuitable because they are not resistant to UV.
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| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | === Guide Frame<br/> ===
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| − | | |
| − | The side wall of the gas drum should be just as high as the wall above the support ledge. The floating-drum must not touch the outer walls. It must not tilt, otherwise the coating will be damaged or it will get stuck. For this reason, a floating-drum always requires a guide. This guide frame must be designed in a way that allows the gas drum to be removed for repair. The drum can only be removed if air can flow into it, either by opening the gas outlet or by emptying the water jacket.
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| − | | |
| − | The floating gas drum can be replaced by a balloon above the digester. This reduces construction costs but in practice problems always arise with the attachment of the balloon to the digester and with the high susceptibility to physical damage.
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| − | | |
| − | <br/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Types of Floating-drum Plants<br/> ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | <u>There are different types of floating-drum plants:</u>
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| − | *'''<span data-scaytid="136" data-scayt_word="KVIC">KVIC</span> model''' with a cylindrical digester, the oldest and most widespread floating drum <span data-scaytid="135" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plant from India.
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| − | *'''<span data-scaytid="138" data-scayt_word="Pragati">Pragati</span> model''' with a hemisphere digester
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| − | *'''<span data-scaytid="139" data-scayt_word="Ganesh">Ganesh</span> model''' made of angular steel and plastic foil
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| − | *floating-drum plant made of pre-fabricated reinforced concrete compound units
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| − | *floating-drum plant made of <span data-scaytid="140" data-scayt_word="fibre-glass">fibre-glass</span> reinforced polyester
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| − | *low cost floating-drum plants made of plastic water containers or fiberglass drums: [[ARTI Biogas Plant|ARTI Biogas plants]]
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| − | *'''<span data-scaytid="144" data-scayt_word="BORDA">BORDA</span> model: '''The <span data-scaytid="145" data-scayt_word="BORDA-plant">BORDA-plant</span> combines the static advantages of hemispherical digester with the process-stability of the floating-drum and the longer life span of a water jacket plant.
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| − | | |
| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | === Summary<br/> ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Advantages: '''Advantages are the simple, easily understood operation - the volume of stored gas is directly visible. The gas pressure is constant, determined by the weight of the gas holder. The construction is relatively easy, construction mistakes do not lead to major problems in operation and gas yield.
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| − | | |
| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | '''Disadvantages: '''Disadvantages are high material costs of the steel drum, the susceptibility of steel parts to corrosion. Because of this, floating drum plants have a shorter life span than fixed-dome plants and regular maintenance costs for the painting of the drum.
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| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | == Low-Cost <span data-scaytid="146" data-scayt_word="Polyethylen">Polyethylen</span> Tube Digester<br/> ==
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| − | | |
| − | === Digester ===
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| − | | |
| − | In the case of the Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester model which is applied in [[Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digesters in Bolivia|Bolivia]] (Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Centro America and Mexico), the tubular polyethylene film (two coats of 300 microns) is <span data-scaytid="147" data-scayt_word="bended">bended</span> at each end around a 6 inch PVC drainpipe and is wound with rubber strap of recycled tire-tubes. With this system a hermetic isolated tank is obtained (figure <span data-scaytid="148" data-scayt_word="td1">td1</span>).
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| − | [[File:In Outlet winding Tube Digester.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Picture td2: Winding In-/Outlet Tube Digester|alt=In Outlet winding Tube Digester.jpg]]
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| − | | |
| − | <span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">Picture <span data-scaytid="164" data-scayt_word="td2">td2</span>: Winding In-/Outlet Tube Digester.</span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref>
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| − | | colspan="2" style="width: 853px;" |
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| − | <br/>[[File:Low Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester Scheme.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Low Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester Scheme.jpg|alt=Low Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester Scheme.jpg]]
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| − | | |
| − | <span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">Figure <span data-scaytid="492" data-scayt_word="td1">td1</span>: Scheme of Low-cost Polyethylene Tube Digester. </span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ''One of the 6" PVC drainpipes serves as inlet and the other one as the outlet of the slurry. In the tube digester finally, a hydraulic level is set up by itself, so that as much quantity of added prime matter (the mix of dung and water) as quantity of fertilizer leave by the outlet.<br/>Because the tubular polyethylene is flexible, it is necessary to construct a "cradle" which will accommodate the reaction tank, so that a trench is excavated (picture <span data-scaytid="153" data-scayt_word="td3">td3</span>).''
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| − | |}
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| − | <br/>
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| − | <br/>
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| − | | |
| − | === Gasholder and Gas Storage Reservoir<br/> ===
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| − | | |
| − | The capacity of the gasholder corresponds to 1/4 of the total capacity of the reaction tube (figure <span data-scaytid="155" data-scayt_word="td1">td1</span>).
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| − | To overcome the problem of low gas flow rates, two 200 microns tubular polyethylene reservoirs are installed close to the kitchen, which gives a 1,3 m³ additional gas storage (picture <span data-scaytid="157" data-scayt_word="td4">td4</span>).
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| − | [[File:Gas Storage Reservoir double inside.jpg|border|center|350px|Gas Storage Reservoir double inside.jpg|alt=Gas Storage Reservoir double inside.jpg]] | + | [[File:Concretedigest2.gif|550px|RTENOTITLE]] |
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| − | |
| + | <small class="IMGLEGEND">'''Concrete digester with integrated plastic gas-holder'''</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref> |
| − | [[File:Biodigestor familiar bolivia altiplano.jpg|thumb|center|180px|Biodigestor familiar bolivia altiplano.jpg]]
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| − | <span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">Picture <span data-scaytid="39" data-scayt_word="td4">td4</span>: Gas Storage Reservoir</span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref> | |
| − | | |
| − | |
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| − | <span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">Picture <span data-scaytid="60" data-scayt_word="td3">td3</span>: Tube Digester </span><span data-scaytid="59" data-scayt_word="Altiplano" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">Altiplan</span><span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">o</span></span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">of Bolivia</span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref>
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| + | {| style="width: 500px;" class="IMGcenter FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center" |
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| − | === <span data-scaytid="315" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Supply Line<br/> ===
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| − | The track of <span data-scaytid="316" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> up to the kitchen is <span data-scaytid="321" data-scayt_word="realised">realised</span> directly. The digester system works with a <span data-scaytid="317" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> pressure between 15 - 20 cm water column. A security valve, which is constructed of a 1, 5 l or 2, 0 l PET refreshment bottle (picture <span data-scaytid="322" data-scayt_word="td5">td5</span>), <span data-scaytid="323" data-scayt_word="controlls">controlls</span> the pressure. For the supply line a 1/2" flexible PVC tube is used.
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| − | {| style="width: 500px;" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" align="center" | |
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| − | [[File:Tube Digester Security Valve.jpg|border|center|300px|Tube Digester Security Valve.jpg|alt=Tube Digester Security Valve.jpg]] | + | [[File:Concretedigest3.gif|550px|RTENOTITLE]] |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Picture <span data-scaytid="324" data-scayt_word="td5">td5</span>: Tube Digester Security Valve</span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref></p>
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| − | |
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| − | ''[[File:Scheme of the biogas supply line tube digester.jpg|border|center|650px|Scheme of the biogas supply line tube digester.jpg|alt=Scheme of the biogas supply line tube digester.jpg]]''<span style="font-size: 11px;">Figure <span data-scaytid="326" data-scayt_word="td6">td6</span>: Scheme of the gas supply line.</span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref>
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| − | |}
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | === Modification ===
| + | '''<small class="IMGLEGEND"><span data-scaytid="7" data-scayt_word="Steelvessel">Steelvessel</span> fermenter with <span data-scaytid="8" data-scayt_word="seperate">seperate</span> <span data-scaytid="9" data-scayt_word="ballon">ballon</span> gas-holder</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref>''' |
| − | | |
| − | To be able to work in different altitudes and climate zones, in Bolivia the Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester was modified into three climate types.<br/>The three implanted types are calculated for 4 - 5 hours of <span data-scaytid="327" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> using per day. The digesters differ in size and protection of the system.
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| − | The <span data-scaytid="331" data-scayt_word="biodigester">biodigester</span> for the Bolivian <span data-scaytid="329" data-scayt_word="Altiplano">Altiplano</span> (picture <span data-scaytid="330" data-scayt_word="td7">td7</span>) is enclosed in a greenhouse of polyethylene (250 microns), supported by two lateral adobe walls of 40 cm thickness above the hole length of the trench. This lateral walls accumulate the heat of the greenhouse effect, that with freezing temperatures during winter nights, they maintain the digester in function, by the own high thermal inertia. So it is possible to <span data-scaytid="334" data-scayt_word="realise">realise</span> the installation of a working digester in an altitude of more than 4.500 m about sea level.
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| − | | |
| − | For the digesters in the valley and tropical zones (picture <span data-scaytid="339" data-scayt_word="td8">td8</span>) there is no need to install a greenhouse, but it is to protect the polyethylene of the <span data-scaytid="336" data-scayt_word="biodigester">biodigester</span> about the direct solar radiation with a half shade red or better a roof. Additional it is recommended to protect this systems with a wire-mesh fence against animals like e.g. cows or chickens.
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| − | [[File:Low Cost Tube Digester Altiplano.JPG|thumb|right|450px|Low Cost Tube Digester Altiplano.JPG|alt=Low Cost Tube Digester Altiplano.JPG]]
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| − | <br/>
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| − | <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Picture <span data-scaytid="337" data-scayt_word="td7">td7</span>: Low-cost Tube Digester <span data-scaytid="338" data-scayt_word="Altiplano">Altiplano</span> of Bolivia</span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref></p>
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| − | [[File:Low Cost Tube Digester Valley.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Low Cost Tube Digester Valley.JPG|alt=Low Cost Tube Digester Valley.JPG]]
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| − | <span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">Picture <span data-scaytid="340" data-scayt_word="td8">td8</span>: Low-cost Tube Digester - Valley</span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref>
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| − | <u>'''Advantages'''</u>
| + | [[#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| − | Advantages are that tubular polyethylene is produced in most countries. The choice of supplementary fittings and related materials has been limited to those available locally on farms or in rural markets; they are the basic components of sanitary installations which are similar all over the world. The polyethylene tubular film <span data-scaytid="344" data-scayt_word="biodigester">biodigester</span> technology is a cheap and simple way to produce gas.
| + | == Batch plants == |
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| − | <br/>
| + | Batch plants are filled and then emptied completely after a fixed retention time. Each design and each fermentation material is suitable for batch filling, but batch plants require high labor input. As a major disadvantage, their gas-output is not steady. |
| | | | |
| − | <u>'''Disadvantages'''</u>
| + | [[#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| − | Disadvantages are the lower gas pressure (20 cm water column / 19,6 mbar) than in the <span data-scaytid="346" data-scayt_word="fixed-dom">fixed-dom</span> system or floating drum system<span style="font-style: italic">. </span>You can't walk or use the area over the digester like in the case of the underground plants. There is a need to protect the tubular polyethylene against e.g. cows, because it could burst when the animal jumps into the digester.
| + | === Continuous plants<br/> === |
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| − | {| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" align="center" style="width: 850px;"
| + | Continuous plants are fed and emptied continuously. They empty automatically through the overflow whenever new material is filled in. Therefore, the substrate must be fluid and homogeneous. Continuous plants are suitable for rural households as the necessary work fits well into the daily routine. Gas production is constant, and higher than in batch plants. Today, nearly all biogas plants are operating on a continuous mode. |
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| − | [[File:Tube Digester Altiplano Carabuco Bolivia.JPG|thumb|center|400px|Tube Digester Altiplano Carabuco Bolivia.JPG|alt=Tube Digester Altiplano Carabuco Bolivia.JPG]]
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| − | <span style="font-size: 11px;">Tube Digester <span data-scaytid="347" data-scayt_word="Altiplano">Altiplano</span> - <span data-scaytid="349" data-scayt_word="Carabuco">Carabuco</span>/Bolivia</span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref>
| + | [[#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| − | |
| + | === Semi-batch basis<br/> === |
| − | [[File:Tube Digester Altiplano inside.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Tube Digester Altiplano inside.jpg|alt=Tube Digester Altiplano inside.jpg]]
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| − | <span style="font-size: 11px;">Tube Digester Inside - <span data-scaytid="350" data-scayt_word="Carabuco">Carabuco</span>/Bolivia</span><ref name="GTZ / EnDev Bolivia">GTZ / EnDev Bolivia</ref>
| + | If straw and dung are to be digested together, a biogas plant can be operated on a semi-batch basis. The slowly digested straw-type material is fed in about twice a year as a batch load. The dung is added and removed regularly. |
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| − | |} | + | [[#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| − | <br/>
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| − | To contrast these simple <span data-scaytid="351" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plants, figure 2 gives an impression about dimensions of industrial plants which are, for example, built in Europe.
| + | = Dry Fermentation Plants<br/> = |
| − | | |
| − | {| style="width: 500px;" class="IMGcenter FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center"
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| − | [[File:Indplant.gif|605px|RTENOTITLE]]
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| − | <small class="IMGLEGEND">Fig. 2: Industrial <span data-scaytid="353" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> plant with utilization of domestic organic wastes</small><ref name="TBW">TBW</ref>
| + | Dry fermentation is an anaerobic process in which micro-organism break down biodegradable material. Renewable organic feedstocks are used as a the source of energy for the process. The nutrient-rich solids resulting from the digestion can be used as a fertiliser subsequently. |
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| − | |}
| + | Almost any organic material can be processed with dry fermentation. This includes biodegradable waste materials such as waste paper, grass clippings, leftover food, sewage and animal waste. |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | === Experience with <span data-scaytid="356" data-scayt_word="Plythylene">Plythylene</span> <span data-scaytid="354" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Digester (<span data-scaytid="358" data-scayt_word="PBD">PBD</span>)<br/> ===
| + | <u>'''Process'''</u><br/> |
| − | | + | *[[:file:VTI_Dry_fermentation_biogas_in_Germany.pdf|Dry fermentation in germany]] (vTI presentation, 2 MB) |
| − | *[[Experience with Polyethylene Biogas Digester (PBD) from some countries|Experience with Polyethylene Biogas Digester (PBD) from some countries (click HERE)]] | |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | === Variation <span data-scaytid="363" data-scayt_word="Tyre">Tyre</span> Tube Household Digester<br/> ===
| + | [[Types_of_Biogas_Digesters_and_Plants#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| − | | |
| − | *[https://energypedia.info/TyreTube Biogas Plant Variation tyre tube household digester]
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| − | = Dry Fermentation Plants<br/> = | + | = Further Information<br/> = |
| − | | + | <u>'''English'''</u><br/> |
| − | Dry fermentation is an anaerobic process in which micro-organism break down biodegradable material. Renewable organic <span data-scaytid="367" data-scayt_word="feedstocks">feedstocks</span> are used as a the source of energy for the process. The nutrient-rich solids resulting from the digestion can be used as a <span data-scaytid="368" data-scayt_word="fertiliser">fertiliser</span> subsequently.
| + | *Amaratunga, M.: Structural Behaviour and Stress Conditions of Fixed Dome Type of Biogas Units. Elhalwagi, M.M. (Ed.): Biogas Technology, Transfer and Diffusion, London & New York, pp. 295-301. 1986. 0001182; ISBN: 1-85166-000-3 |
| − | | + | *van Buren, A.; Crook, M.: A Chinese Biogas Manual – Popularizing Technology in the Countryside. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. London (UK), 1979, sixth impression 1985, 135 P. ISBN: 0903031655 |
| − | Almost any organic material can be processed with dry fermentation. This includes biodegradable waste materials such as waste paper, grass clippings, leftover food, sewage and animal waste.
| + | *Fulford, D.: Fixed Concrete Dome Design. Biogas - Challenges and Experience from Nepal. Vol I. United Mission to Nepal, 1985, pp.3.1-3.10. |
| | + | *Ringkamp , M. – FH Hildesheim Holzminden/Faculty of Civil Engineering Holzminden (Germany): Regional Biogas Extension Programme GCR - Final Report on Statistical and Structural Examination of Caribbean Biogas Plants. 1989, 60 P. |
| | + | *Sasse, L. - GATE, Bremer Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Überseeforschung Entwicklung (BORDA): Biogas Plants - Design and Details of Simple Biogas Plants. 2nd edition, 1988, 85 P., ISBN: 3-528-02004-0 |
| | + | *Werner, U., Stoh, U., Hees, N. - GATE: Biogas Plants in Animal Husbandry - A Practical Guide. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden (Germany), 1989; 153 p., ISBN: 3-528-02048-2 |
| | + | * Sasse, L. - Centro de Investigacion, Estudios y Documentacion (CIED) Lima (Peru): La Planta de Biogas - Bosquejo y Detaille de Plantas Simples. Reciclaje de la Materia Organica 3. 1986. 103 p. |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | <u>'''Process'''</u><br/> | + | <u>Articles on energypedia</u> |
| − | *[[:file:VTI Dry fermentation biogas in Germany.pdf|Dry fermentation in germany]] (<span data-scaytid="370" data-scayt_word="vTI">vTI</span> presentation, 2 MB) | + | *[http://www.biogaspartner.de/en/biowhat-biomethane/value-chain/biogas-upgrade.html How to upgrade biogas on BIOGASPARTNER] |
| | + | *[http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/bdv11206/$file/biogasplantdatasheets0606.pdf?OpenElement Data sheets of biogas plants] |
| | + | *[[Plastic Tube Digesters in Kenya|Plastic tube digester (domestic).]] |
| | + | *[[Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digesters in Bolivia|Polyethylene digester in Bolivia.]] |
| | + | *[[Biogas Technology in India|Biogas technology in India.]] |
| | + | *[https://energypedia.info/index.php/Types_of_Biogas_Digesters_and_Plants Types of biogas digesters and plants (mainly domestic applications)] |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| |
| | | | |
| − | = Further Information<br/> =
| + | [[#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | <u>'''English'''</u><br/>
| |
| − | *<span data-scaytid="375" data-scayt_word="Amaratunga">Amaratunga</span>, M.: Structural <span data-scaytid="376" data-scayt_word="Behaviour">Behaviour</span> and Stress Conditions of Fixed Dome Type of <span data-scaytid="371" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Units. <span data-scaytid="381" data-scayt_word="Elhalwagi">Elhalwagi</span>, M.M. (Ed.): <span data-scaytid="372" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Technology, Transfer and Diffusion, London & New York, pp. 295-301. 1986. 0001182; ISBN: 1-85166-000-3
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| − | *van Buren, A.; Crook, M.: A Chinese <span data-scaytid="725" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Manual - <span data-scaytid="727" data-scayt_word="Popularising">Popularising</span> Technology in the Countryside. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. London (UK), 1979, sixth impression 1985, 135 P. ISBN: 0903031655
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| − | *<span data-scaytid="728" data-scayt_word="Fulford">Fulford</span>, D.: Fixed Concrete Dome Design. <span data-scaytid="726" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> - Challenges and Experience from Nepal. <span data-scaytid="729" data-scayt_word="Vol">Vol</span> I. United Mission to Nepal, 1985, <span data-scaytid="730" data-scayt_word="pp">pp</span>. 3.1-3.10.
| |
| − | *<span data-scaytid="397" data-scayt_word="Ringkamp">Ringkamp</span>, M. - <span data-scaytid="398" data-scayt_word="FH">FH</span> <span data-scaytid="399" data-scayt_word="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</span>/<span data-scaytid="400" data-scayt_word="Holzminden">Holzminden</span>/Faculty of Civil Engineering <span data-scaytid="401" data-scayt_word="Holzminden">Holzminden</span> (Germany): Regional <span data-scaytid="386" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Extension <span data-scaytid="406" data-scayt_word="Programme">Programme</span> <span data-scaytid="407" data-scayt_word="GCR">GCR</span> - Final Report on Statical and Structural Examination of Caribbean <span data-scaytid="387" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Plants. 1989, 60 P.
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| − | *<span data-scaytid="408" data-scayt_word="Sasse">Sasse</span>, L. - GATE, Bremer <span data-scaytid="409" data-scayt_word="Arbeitsgemeinschaft">Arbeitsgemeinschaft</span> <span data-scaytid="410" data-scayt_word="für">für</span> <span data-scaytid="411" data-scayt_word="Überseeforschung">Überseeforschung</span> und <span data-scaytid="412" data-scayt_word="Entwicklung">Entwicklung</span> (<span data-scaytid="390" data-scayt_word="BORDA">BORDA</span>): <span data-scaytid="388" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Plants - Design and Details of Simple <span data-scaytid="389" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Plants. <span data-scaytid="414" data-scayt_word="2nd">2nd</span> edition, 1988, 85 P., ISBN: 3-528-02004-0
| |
| − | *Werner, U., <span data-scaytid="415" data-scayt_word="St�hr">St�hr</span>, U., <span data-scaytid="416" data-scayt_word="Hees">Hees</span>, N. - GATE: <span data-scaytid="396" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Plants in Animal Husbandry - A Practical Guide. <span data-scaytid="418" data-scayt_word="Friedr">Friedr</span>. <span data-scaytid="419" data-scayt_word="Vieweg">Vieweg</span> & Sohn, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden (Germany), 1989; 153 p., ISBN: 3-528-02048-2
| |
| − | *<span data-scaytid="420" data-scayt_word="Sasse">Sasse</span>, L. - Centro de <span data-scaytid="423" data-scayt_word="Investigacion">Investigacion</span>, <span data-scaytid="424" data-scayt_word="Estudios">Estudios</span> y <span data-scaytid="425" data-scayt_word="Documentacion">Documentacion</span> (<span data-scaytid="426" data-scayt_word="CIED">CIED</span>) Lima (Peru): La <span data-scaytid="427" data-scayt_word="Planta">Planta</span> de <span data-scaytid="421" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> - <span data-scaytid="429" data-scayt_word="Bosquejo">Bosquejo</span> y <span data-scaytid="430" data-scayt_word="Detaille">Detaille</span> de <span data-scaytid="431" data-scayt_word="Plantas">Plantas</span> Simples. <span data-scaytid="432" data-scayt_word="Reciclaje">Reciclaje</span> de la <span data-scaytid="433" data-scayt_word="Materia">Materia</span> <span data-scaytid="434" data-scayt_word="Organica">Organica</span> 3. 1986. 103 p.
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| | | | |
| − | <br/> | + | = References<br/> = |
| | | | |
| − | <u>'''Deutsch'''</u><br/>
| + | This article is based on the following publication: |
| − | *<span data-scaytid="437" data-scayt_word="Sasse">Sasse</span>, L. - GATE; Bremer <span data-scaytid="439" data-scayt_word="Arbeitsgemeinschaft">Arbeitsgemeinschaft</span> <span data-scaytid="440" data-scayt_word="für">für</span> <span data-scaytid="441" data-scayt_word="Überseeforschung">Überseeforschung</span> und <span data-scaytid="442" data-scayt_word="Entwicklung">Entwicklung</span> (<span data-scaytid="443" data-scayt_word="BORDA">BORDA</span>): Die <span data-scaytid="454" data-scayt_word="Biogas-Anlage">Biogas-Anlage</span> - <span data-scaytid="455" data-scayt_word="Entwurf">Entwurf</span> und Detail <span data-scaytid="456" data-scayt_word="einfacher">einfacher</span> <span data-scaytid="457" data-scayt_word="Anlagen">Anlagen</span>. 2. <span data-scaytid="458" data-scayt_word="Aufl">Aufl</span>. 1987, 85 P., ISBN: 3-528-01003-2
| |
| − | *<span data-scaytid="438" data-scayt_word="Sasse">Sasse</span>, L.: <span data-scaytid="444" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> in <span data-scaytid="461" data-scayt_word="der">der</span> <span data-scaytid="462" data-scayt_word="GTZ">GTZ</span> - <span data-scaytid="463" data-scayt_word="Zur">Zur</span> <span data-scaytid="464" data-scayt_word="Statik">Statik</span> von <span data-scaytid="465" data-scayt_word="Festdomanlagen">Festdomanlagen</span>. <span data-scaytid="445" data-scayt_word="Biogas">Biogas</span> Information Nr. 27. 1988, <span data-scaytid="446" data-scayt_word="pp">pp</span>. 19-24
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| − | *Werner, U.; <span data-scaytid="468" data-scayt_word="St�hr">St�hr</span>, U.; <span data-scaytid="469" data-scayt_word="Hees">Hees</span>, N.: <span data-scaytid="476" data-scayt_word="Praktischer">Praktischer</span> <span data-scaytid="477" data-scayt_word="Leitfaden">Leitfaden</span> <span data-scaytid="470" data-scayt_word="für">für</span> <span data-scaytid="479" data-scayt_word="Biogasanlagen">Biogasanlagen</span> in <span data-scaytid="471" data-scayt_word="der">der</span> <span data-scaytid="482" data-scayt_word="Tierproduktion">Tierproduktion</span>. <span data-scaytid="483" data-scayt_word="Sonderpublikation">Sonderpublikation</span> <span data-scaytid="472" data-scayt_word="der">der</span> <span data-scaytid="473" data-scayt_word="GTZ">GTZ</span> Nr. 180. 1986. ISBN: 3-88085-311-8
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| − | <br/>
| + | GTZ: [[:File:Biogas gate volume 2.pdf|Biogas Digest Volume II: Biogas - Application and Product Development]] |
| − | | |
| − | = References<br/> =
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| | <references /> | | <references /> |
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| − | <br/>
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| − | *[[Biogas|Back to "Biogas" section]]
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| − | </div></div>
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| − | <br/>
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| | [[Category:Bioenergy]] | | [[Category:Bioenergy]] |
| | [[Category:Biogas]] | | [[Category:Biogas]] |
►Back to Biogas Portal
Introduction
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Construction of the digester neck with steel reinforcement[1]
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Choosing a right biogas digester is a very important while constructing a biogas plant. From the standpoint of fluid dynamics and structural strength, an egg-shaped vessel is about the best possible solution. This type of construction, however, is comparatively expensive, therefore, its use is usually restricted to large-scale sewage treatment plants. The Chinese fixed-dome designs are of similar shape, but less expensive. The hemispherical CAMARTEC design is optimized in structural strength, but does not make optimal use of the excavation required.
Simplified versions of such digester designs include cylinders with conical covers and bottoms. They are much easier to build and are sometimes available on the market as prefabricated units. Their disadvantage lies in their less favorable surface-volume ratio. The cylinder should have a height equal to its diameter. Prone cylinders have become quite popular on farms, since they are frequently the more favorable solution for small-scale bio-methanation. Cuboid digesters are often employed in batch-fed systems used primarily for fermenting solid material, so that fluid dynamics are of little interest.
Types of Small-Scale Digesters
Fixed Dome Biogas Plants
A fixed-dome plant comprises of a closed, dome-shaped digester with an immovable, rigid gas-holder and a displacement pit, also named 'compensation tank'. The gas is stored in the upper part of the digester. When gas production commences, the slurry is displaced into the compensating tank. Gas pressure increases with the volume of gas stored, i.e. with the height difference between the two slurry levels. If there is little gas in the gas-holder, the gas pressure is low.
►Read more here...
Floating Drum Plants
Floating-drum plants consist of an underground digester and a moving gas-holder. The gas-holder floats either directly on the fermentation slurry or in a water jacket of its own. The gas is collected in the gas drum, which rises or moves down, according to the amount of gas stored.
►Read more here...
Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester
The Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester model consist of tubular polyethylene film (two coats of 300 microns) bent at each end around a 6 inch PVC drainpipe and is wound with rubber strap of recycled tire-tubes.
►Read more here....
Balloon Plants
A balloon plant consists of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gas-holder. The gas is stored in the upper part of the balloon. The inlet and outlet are attached directly to the skin of the balloon.
►Read more here...
Horizontal Plants
Disadvantages: Problems with gas-space leakage, difficult elimination of scum.
►Go to Top
Earth-pit Plants
Masonry digesters are not necessary in stable soil (e.g. laterite). It is sufficient to line the pit with a thin layer of cement (wire-mesh fixed to the pit wall and plastered) in order to prevent seepage. The edge of the pit is reinforced with a ring of masonry that also serves as anchorage for the gas-holder. The gas-holder can be made of metal or plastic sheeting. If plastic sheeting is used, it must be attached to a quadratic wooden frame that extends down into the slurry and is anchored in place to counter its buoyancy. The requisite gas pressure is achieved by placing weights on the gas-holder. An overflow point in the peripheral wall serves as the slurry outlet.
Advantages
- Low cost of installation (as little as 20% of a floating-drum plant);
- high potential for self help approaches.
Disadvantages
- Short useful life; serviceable only in suitable, impermeable types of soil.
- Earth-pit plants can only be recommended for installation in impermeable soil located above the groundwater table. Their construction is particularly inexpensive in connection with plastic sheet gas-holders.
►Go to Top
Ferro-cement Plants
The ferro-cement type of construction can be applied either as a self-supporting shell or an earth-pit lining. The vessel is usually cylindrical. Very small plants (Volume under 6 m3) can be prefabricated. As in the case of a fixed-dome plant, the ferrocement gasholder requires special sealing measures (proven reliability with cemented-on aluminium foil).
Disadvantages
- Substantial consumption of essentially good-quality cement;
- workmanship must meet high quality standards;
- uses substantial amounts of expensive wire mesh;
- construction technique not yet adequately time-tested;
- special sealing measures for the gas-holder are necessary. Ferro-cement biogas plants are only recommended in cases where special ferro-cement know-how is available.
►Go to Top
Industrial Digester Types
 Control glasses for an industrial digester for solid organic waste, Germany[2]
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To give an overview, some fictitious designs have been chosen as they could be found in, for example, Europe. The designs are selected in a way that all the typical elements of modern biogas technology appear at least once. All designs are above-ground, which is common in Europe. Underground structures, however, do exist.
Mixing pit varies in size and shape according to the nature of substrate. It is equipped with propellers for mixing and/or chopping the substrate and often with a pump to transport the substrate into the digester. At times, the substrate is also pre-heated in the mixing pit in order to avoid a temperature shock inside the digester.
Fermenter or digester is insulated and made of concrete or steel. To optimize the flow of substrate, large digesters have a longish channel form. Large digesters are almost always agitated by slow rotating paddles or rotors or by injected biogas. Co-fermenters have two or more separated fermenters. The gas can be collected inside the digester, then usually with a flexible cover. The digester can also be filled completely and the gas stored in a separate gas-holder.
Gas-holder is usually of flexible material, therefore to be protected against weather. It can be placed either directly above the substrate, then it acts like a balloon plant, or in a separate 'gas-bag'.
Slurry store for storage of slurry during winter. The store can be open (like conventional open liquid manure storage) or closed and connected to the gas-holder to capture remaining gas production. Normally, the store is not heated and only agitated before the slurry is spread on the field.
Gas use element is in Europe in 95% of the cases a thermo-power unit which produces electricity for the farm, the grid and heat for the house, greenhouses and other uses. The thermo-power unit has the advantage, that the required energy can be produced in any mixture of gas and fossil energy. It can, therefore, react to periods of low gas production and high energy requirements or vice versa.
Concrete digester with two chambers (one heated, one unheated for storage)[2]
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Concrete digester with integrated plastic gas-holder[2]
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Steelvessel fermenter with seperate ballon gas-holder[2]
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►Go to Top
Batch plants
Batch plants are filled and then emptied completely after a fixed retention time. Each design and each fermentation material is suitable for batch filling, but batch plants require high labor input. As a major disadvantage, their gas-output is not steady.
►Go to Top
Continuous plants
Continuous plants are fed and emptied continuously. They empty automatically through the overflow whenever new material is filled in. Therefore, the substrate must be fluid and homogeneous. Continuous plants are suitable for rural households as the necessary work fits well into the daily routine. Gas production is constant, and higher than in batch plants. Today, nearly all biogas plants are operating on a continuous mode.
►Go to Top
Semi-batch basis
If straw and dung are to be digested together, a biogas plant can be operated on a semi-batch basis. The slowly digested straw-type material is fed in about twice a year as a batch load. The dung is added and removed regularly.
►Go to Top
Dry Fermentation Plants
Dry fermentation is an anaerobic process in which micro-organism break down biodegradable material. Renewable organic feedstocks are used as a the source of energy for the process. The nutrient-rich solids resulting from the digestion can be used as a fertiliser subsequently.
Almost any organic material can be processed with dry fermentation. This includes biodegradable waste materials such as waste paper, grass clippings, leftover food, sewage and animal waste.
Process
►Go to Top
Further Information
English
- Amaratunga, M.: Structural Behaviour and Stress Conditions of Fixed Dome Type of Biogas Units. Elhalwagi, M.M. (Ed.): Biogas Technology, Transfer and Diffusion, London & New York, pp. 295-301. 1986. 0001182; ISBN: 1-85166-000-3
- van Buren, A.; Crook, M.: A Chinese Biogas Manual – Popularizing Technology in the Countryside. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. London (UK), 1979, sixth impression 1985, 135 P. ISBN: 0903031655
- Fulford, D.: Fixed Concrete Dome Design. Biogas - Challenges and Experience from Nepal. Vol I. United Mission to Nepal, 1985, pp.3.1-3.10.
- Ringkamp , M. – FH Hildesheim Holzminden/Faculty of Civil Engineering Holzminden (Germany): Regional Biogas Extension Programme GCR - Final Report on Statistical and Structural Examination of Caribbean Biogas Plants. 1989, 60 P.
- Sasse, L. - GATE, Bremer Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Überseeforschung Entwicklung (BORDA): Biogas Plants - Design and Details of Simple Biogas Plants. 2nd edition, 1988, 85 P., ISBN: 3-528-02004-0
- Werner, U., Stoh, U., Hees, N. - GATE: Biogas Plants in Animal Husbandry - A Practical Guide. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden (Germany), 1989; 153 p., ISBN: 3-528-02048-2
- Sasse, L. - Centro de Investigacion, Estudios y Documentacion (CIED) Lima (Peru): La Planta de Biogas - Bosquejo y Detaille de Plantas Simples. Reciclaje de la Materia Organica 3. 1986. 103 p.
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References
This article is based on the following publication:
GTZ: Biogas Digest Volume II: Biogas - Application and Product Development
Control glasses for an industrial digester for solid organic waste, Germany[2]
