View source for Wind Energy - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Work in progress</span><br> 

see: GTZ 2009: Development of Implementation Strategies for a Regional Regulatory Action Plan (RRAP) for the Western Cape. http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-regional-regulatory-action-plan-western-cape.pdf 

Environmental Impact Assessment pp. 26<br> 

== EIA triggers <br>  ==

A simple schematic of the EIA process is shown in the diagram below. From the diagram it can be seen that there are effectively two types of EIA – one in which the project requires only a ‘basic assessment’ for consideration by the competent authority; and the other more comprehensive process in which the project proponent first prepares a scoping report, outlining the required scope<br>of environmental analysis, for consideration by the competent authority. After the authority is satisfied with the scoping report the project proponent then proceeds to the full environmental impact report.<br> 

[[Image:Schematic EIA process Wind.JPG|781x496px|Schematic EIA process Wind.JPG]]<br><ref>GTZ 2009: Regional Regulatory Action Plan for the Western Cape – November 2009. Section 4: Process Map. Commissioned by the Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning and the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), p. 11</ref><br> 

=== Basic assessment processes<br>  ===

There are a number of potential project activities arising from a renewable energy project that could are included in the basic assessment listed activities. These include the following activites:<br>The construction of facilities or infrastructure, including associated structures or infrastructure, for:<br> 

*The generation of electricity where the electricity output is more than 10 MW but less than 20 MW 
*The transmission and distribution of electricity above ground with a capacity of more than 33 kilovolts and less than 120 kilovolts 
*Any purpose in the one in ten year flood line of a river or stream, or within 32 metres from the bank of a river or stream where the flood line is unknown, excluding purposes associated with existing residential use 
*The off-stream storage of water, including dams and reservoirs, with a capacity of 50 000 cubic metres or more 
*Construction or earth moving activities in the sea or within 100 metres inland of the high- water mark of the sea, in respect of buildings; or infrastructure

The construction of masts of any material or type and of any height, including those used for telecommunication broadcasting and radio transmission, but excluding –<br>(a) masts of 15 metres and lower exclusively used<br>(i) by radio amateurs; or<br>(ii) for lighting purposes<br>(b) flag poles; and<br>c) lightning conductor poles<br>The above examples are not exhaustive and there are certainly other activities in the government notices which developers should consider to determine whether an EIA is required. In consideration of activities requiring EIAs developers should also note that it is not only the project itself that may require an EIA but also any upgrades that may be required to infrastructure, or associated infrastructure.<ref>id. pp. 8</ref><br> 

=== Scoping / Environmental Impact Report processes<br>  ===

Some activities need a thorough assessment process. These are activities that due to their nature and/or extent are likely to have significant impacts that cannot easily be predicted: 

The construction of facilities or infrastructure, including associated structures or infrastructure, for:<br> 

*the generation of electricity where:

o the electricity output is 20 MW or more; or<br>o the elements of the facility cover a combined area in excess of one hectare<br> 

*the extraction or processing of natural gas including gas from landfill sites 
*the transmission and distribution of above ground electricity with a capacity of 120 kilovolts or more <br> 
*Any development activity, including associated structures and infrastructure, where the total area of the developed area is, or is intended to be, 20 hectares or more 
*The construction of a dam where the highest part of the dam wall, as measured from the outside toe of the wall to the highest part of the wall, is 5 metres or higher or where the high-water mark of the dam covers an area of 10 hectares or more<br>

The above examples are not exhaustive and there are certainly other activities in the government notices which developers should consider to determine whether an EIA is required. <br>What is clear is that any renewable energy generation facility greater than 10 MW will require basic assessment and those greater than 20 MW will require a full scoping report and EIR. Many projects under 10 MW will also require at least a basic assessment due to other activities associated with their construction or operation.<br> 

<br> 

=== Description of key EIA steps<br>  ===

The following table is taken from the "Regional Regulatory Action Plan for the Western Cape" commissioned by the Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning and the GIZ: 

{| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1"
|-
| width="20%" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Steps'''<br> 
| width="45%" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Description'''<br> 
| width="34%" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Time frame (example Western Cape, RSA)'''<br>
|-
| width="20%" bgcolor="#cccccc" | 
Intent to apply <br> 

| width="34%" | Where a regional Strategic Environmental Assessment is in place, the developer should ensure that the project is consistent with the framework established by the SEA.<br>Developer provides indication to the competent authority (CA) of their intent to apply for an environmental authorization 
| width="34%" | Developer to submit 14 days before first application form submitted<br>
|-
| width="20%" bgcolor="#cccccc" | 
Basic Assessment <br><br> 

| width="34%" | The basic assessment must include:<br>1. Activity information<br>2. Description of receiving environment<br>3. Public Participation process<br>4. Impact assessment 
| width="34%" | 
The competent authority has 14 days to<br>acknowledge receipt of report 

|-
| width="20%" bgcolor="#cccccc" | 
Scoping <br><br> 

| width="34%" | The Scoping Report covers the main environmental impacts, the depth of analysis needed &amp; the terms of reference for the full assessment. This stage applies to projects which may have impacts that cannot be predicted. 
| width="34%" | The competent authority has 30 days to<br>either accept, reject or request amendment<br>to Scoping Report
|-
| width="20%" bgcolor="#cccccc" | Environmental Impact<br>Assessment<br><br> 
| width="34%" | Full EIA is prepared in accordance with the Scoping Report. The EIA lays out:<br>1. Possible impacts of the activity/ies<br>2. Actions that can be taken to lessen these 
| width="34%" valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" | The competent authority has 60 days tolook at both these reports<br>
|-
| width="20%" bgcolor="#cccccc" | Environmental<br>Management Plan (EMP)<br><br> 
| width="34%" | The EIA has to include a full EMP for consideration by the competent authority. The EMP aims to highlight:<br>1. Unnecessary negative impacts of the project for prevention<br>2. Promotion of the positive impacts
|-
| width="20%" bgcolor="#cccccc" | Environmental<br>Authorisation / Record of<br>Decision (RoD)<br><br><br> 
| width="34%" | The RoD includes:<br>1. Conditions for the authorisation<br>2. Ways in which the protection of human health and the environment can be ensured 
| width="34%" | The competent authority presents decision<br>on authorisation within 45 days (includes<br>conditions as well as relevant appeal<br>information)
|}

<ref>GTZ 2009: Regional Regulatory Action Plan for the Western Cape – November 2009. Section 4: Process Map. Commissioned by the Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning and the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), p. 12</ref><br> 

=== Environmental Impact Assessment - Example from Namibia<br>  ===

In the course of the study the possible dangers of a wind park to flora and fauna as well as<br>effects due to noise and shadow flicker on nearby human settlements has been looked at.<br>Initially, the sites selected by MME included 2 areas. Based on a site visit and the data<br>evaluation, 2 more areas were investigated. According to the data available it could be<br>concluded that environmental problems can be minimised and are acceptable. All<br>considered sites in Lüderitz are several kilometres away from any human settlements, so<br>that noise emissions would not be problematic. The effect of shadow flicker will be<br>calculated, however no problems are expected.<br>As far as the wildlife is concerned, there is a possible danger through wind parks to<br>migratory and resident birds in certain areas as identified in a study undertaken by the<br>Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET). Therefore, only those 3 of the 4 sites which<br>are situated outside the danger areas were further investigated.<br> 

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Source: GIZ 2000: Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia, gtz2000-en-wind-energy-projects-marocco-namibia<br> 

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