View source for Feasibility Study - Wind Energy

The term ''Feasibility Study'' related to wind energy projects is used for assessments of very different extensiveness. Feasibility studies consider the results from wind measures (cp.[[Assessing wind potentials|assessing wind potentials]]). If the results from wind measures indicate that technical and economical operation of wind energy (projects) can be considered viable or at least expectable, a feasiblity study will be conducted.&nbsp;Based on the [[Assessing wind potentials|wind resource appraisal]] and other relevant inputs, the feasibility study shall be conducted to<br> 

*Determine the optimum unit size of the wind turbines under the technical and transport infrastructure conditions of country 
*Optimize the technical lay-out of the wind park site 
*Assess the comparative economic and financial viability of the project and propose a decision for implementation

The European Wind Energy Association defines the main contents of a feasibility study as follows: 

*The technical aspects already regarded during the pilot study are assessed in a more detailed manner, including on-site wind monitoring to determine a draft design and layout for the installation.<br> 
*an economic assessment is conducted to establish the commercial viability of the project;<br> 
*an appraisal and scoping exercise to identify specific environmental constraints and opportunities is implemented<br> 
*possible planning constraints are assessed<ref>European Wind Energy Association (1999) European best practice guidelines for wind energy development, retrieved 19.7.2011 [[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/studies/doc/wind_energy/2002_best_practice.pdf]]</ref><br>

Especially the economic assessment of the wind park viability includes several large subtasks to determine all economic parameters and variables of a wind project: 

*An energy production estimation to define expected financial returns 
*A complete estimation of costs (investment, operation and maintenance, costs of project development) 
*An economic assessment of the project benefits concerning economic development and welfare of the region or country. Influence on electricity prices and potential for poverty reduction are important aspects of these economic assessments. 
*An assessment of financing options with focus on potential participation with the [[CDM and Baseline-Assessments for Wind Energy Projects|Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)]] 
*A financial analysis based on the estimation of costs an including a cost-benefit analysis, which allows an exact statement concerning investment returns. Discussion and evaluation of different operation models have to be included.<br>

The project appraisal related to environmental and social constraints should be based also on a dialogue with the local population and planning authorities.<br> 

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== Detailed assessment of site conditions<br>  ==

Assessment of site conditions starts with general description of the area proposed for the project: The altitude above sea level, the orographic conditions as well as the surface properties (e.g. plants, infrastructure) are important information included in site description. The availability of maps is checked.<br> 

Site limitations like domestic dwellings, important roads, nearby airports or telecommunications facilities for the wind park area are identified. And the possible area available for the wind park layout is determined.<br>A central aspect is the analysis of ground and soil conditions to choose the necessary basement types for the individual turbines and the related costs of foundation. The regional site geology is described in general and the seismic conditions at the site are investigated, if there is a potential risk of earthquakes in the area. Distance to city infrastructure and ports is considered, because in most cases turbine parts are transported to the project sites via roads. Road conditions especially the stability for heavy freight, inclination and curve radiants are important for the long an heavy parts of wind turbines, too. Often the feasibility of transport for turbines of capacities &gt; 2 MW is assessed seperatly. Available crane capacities in the project country are checked.<br> 

At the point the feasibility study is conducted, an environmental impact assessment must have been carried out and the environmental constraints are used in the development of the project layout. 

For information about possible legal constraints of the project development, a central task is to identify conflicting interests with other land users (e.g. mining activities, recreational use).<br> 

== Wind Resources<br>  ==

The description of the wind resources for a feasibility study includes a detailed description of the measurement campaign, which has been conducted for project development. Mast positions, used measuring technology like anemometers and data loggers as well as their application are described carefully to provide a reliable informationable basis for project appraisal. Besides wind resources further data like temperature or air density is presented in this section of a feasibility study.<br>The outcome is presented as a list of average wind speeds per wind direction (usually wind direction is divided in sectors of 30°) and their frequency distribution. A very important step for rating the available wind resources is the analysis of the wind data. Primarily quality of data is checked carefully concerning erroneous values, which have to be sorted out or have to be replaced by suitable ones. Data losses over longer periods of time distort the information. <br>Also measurement campaigns for wind park planning are conducted for minimum during one year, the results can be regarded as representative for an estimation of energy yields during common wind project lifetimes of 20 years, because wind conditions<br>are not stable over the years and oscillate around the long term average. For that reason a correlation analysis of the collected data with long-term data gathered from other regional sources has to be conducted. If long-term data is available, gathered wind data of the measurement campaign can be adjusted considering these values.&nbsp;According to international standards, this has to be done by comparing and adjusting the measured wind data by means of suitable mathematical methods with data obtained from long-term measurements - usually meteorological stations. A period of at least 10 years (15 to 20 years is preferred) can be considered as longter. 

Wind turbines are subjected to environmental conditions which may affect their loading, durability and operation. To ensure an appropriate level of safety and reliability, the environmental parameters shall be taken into account during the selection of appropriate wind turbines. The categories used to describe wind turbines suitable for certain site conditions are the so-called IEC-classes.<br> 

== Technical Layout of Wind Park<br>  ==

Based on the long-term corrected wind data a wind potential map is calculated for the feasibility study using analysis software (e.g. WindPro and WAsP. Considering this map and the outcome of measurement campaign and data analysis the appropriate wind turbine type is selected. Usually several scenarios using different sizes, numbers and types of turbines are considered and their cost and benefits are take into account during the financial viability assessment of the project. The following criteria are used to determine appropriate wind turbine types:<br> 

*Transportation to the foreseen wind park site. 
*Available space on site. 
*Orographical conditions on site which may prevent the installation of larger turbines in the Megawatt - range. 
*Local experiences with regular operation and maintenance with wind turbines. 
*Distances between site and turbine manufacturer who will perform the maintenance within the warranty period. 
*Wind turbines types yet installed in the county. 
*Energy Yield. 
*Turbine types available on the national market.<br>

Besides turbine type and capacity, the suitable tower heights are chosen considering the local wind profil (increase of wind speed with height). Higher towers can exploit higher wind speeds so that the annual energy production can be increased correspondingly. The counteracting effect is the respective additional investment cost for the tower and the foundation.<br>For the micro-siting certain minimum distances between the individual wind turbines have to be observed. A common rule of thumb specifies three to five rotor diameters in cross wind directions (less than three is possible under some circumstances) and six to eight rotor diameters in main wind direction as a minimum spacing between the individual turbines. 

Based on the analysis concerning turbine type, capacity, hub height and optimal distances between the towers, a number of wind park layouts is compared regarding their expected energy yield and investment costs. These layouts are additionaly influenced by noise assessents and shadow impact of the proposed wind farm: The target of the noise assessment is to investigate the potential noise impact of the wind turbine operation on sensitive areas in the vicinity of the wind farm.<br>When the sun is just above the horizon, the shadows of the wind turbine generators can be very long and can move across houses (windows) for short periods of time. If this happens for longer period, it causes stress to the inhabitants. Thus the shadow impact of a certain layout has to be reduced until no significant disturbance should be expected.<br>An important part of the wind park layout is grid-connection, consisting of the implementation of an internal cabling concept and the technical design of the grid connection point. Optimization of cabling and grid-connection can be an important influence for park layout. <br> 

== Energy Production Estimation<br>  ==

The calculation of the wind resources on-site and the corresponding energy production are based on the assessment of wind potentials by anemometric measurement. The wind data is processed by software packages to calculate the expected wind energy yield for the proposed site. This calculation by software packages like WindPro and WAsP combines a great number of characteristics (site conditions and wind speed distribution):<br> 

*Orographic description and roughness values as a quantitative description for the friction of the surface causing a slowdown of the near-surface air flow<br> 
*valleys and similar terrain structures as an influence on wind speed differences within the proposed wind park area. For instance valleys can act as a blast pipe, concentrating the air flow. 
*Wind shear as determined by measurement of wind speed in different heights and mathematic extrapolation<br> 
*Wind turbine parameters and the corresponding power curves of all proposed turbine types; scenario analysis for the different turbine types are worked-out<br>
*Air Density<br>

In a reverse process, the generalised regional wind climate is then applied to topography, surface description and obstacles at the vicinity of each individual wind turbine, providing the wind flow at this point even if the wind data has measured in some distance<br>which can be, depending on the terrain, up to several kilometres.&nbsp; 

A very important aspect of estimation of energy production for use within a feasibility study is the determination of potential losses and uncertainties caused by uncertainties in variables and parameters of the used model. Meteorological phenomena can only be predicted to a certain limited degree. As a consequence it is not possible to make an exact forecast of the wind conditions even if long-term reference data is used. Description of uncertainties includes:<br>

*Turbine Availability - describes the percentage of a year (i.e. 8760 hours) where the turbine is able to generate electrical energy while being connected to the grid. 
*Electrical Losses - the electrical losses depend on the resistance of the conductors and on the current intensity.<br>
*Wind Speed related Uncertainties
*Uncertainties of the Wind Data

The uncertainties are summarized to calculate a value for the complete uncertainties in energy yield estimation, which can be used for the calculation of financial returns of the project. The estimation of energy yield as well as the corresponding uncertainties are calculated for several scenarios to allow extensive comparison before a layout is implemented.<br>

== Grid Connection  ==

Considerations concerning opportunities of grid connection are an important part of the initial site selection. In the feasibility study, the detailled layout and component-choice is determined. <br> 

*If the low voltage distribution grid (e.g. 15 kV grid) is the closest available solution, the expected increase of electrical losses, voltage drops and necessary reactive power compensation have to be taken into account for the calculation of electricity delivered to the grid by the project 
*Another possibility is the construction of a new substation at the wind park area, where a high voltage single overhead transmission line brings the generated electricity into the existing high voltage grid. This option causes significantly higher investment cost, but reduces expected electrical losses on the other hand 
*If the connection should be realized via an existing substation, the remaining capacities of this substation have to be checked. There may be a need to extend the capacity of the existing substation. 
*As an alternative of using overhead lines, a grid connection via underground cables can be considered. 
*Feed-in characteristics of the selected wind turbines are described. Modern wind turbine (pitch-concept wind turbine) installations feature a grid feeding system that meets the latest grid connection requirements and can therefore easily integrated in any<br>supply and distribution structure, especially when stipulated requirements, such as voltage frequency and reactive power for each individual turbine in a wind farm have to be considered 
*In order to provide reliable economical grid operation, power feed timing has to be regulated

Based on these considerations a principle wind park grid connection layout is developed and related costs can be used in the [[Financing Aspects - Wind Energy|Financial analysis]].<br> 

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== Estimation of costs  ==

Investment costs estimation<br> 

Construction period<br> 

Potential for local/regional input<br> 

Operation and Maintenance Costs<br> 

== Capacity Credit  ==

Any kind of electrical power plant is required to answer the crucial question: To what extent is a specific energy production unit with an installed nameplate capacity available to meet system demand? 

Typically the answer is derived from a statistical analysis of this period, when a unit or technology is not available, even if it is supposed to be working, generally termed as forced outage. For conventional generation units this is mainly a technical question, whereas for intermittent resources like wind, solar and hydro power, it is a question of fuel availability: is wind, water or solar radiation available when it is needed? And if yes, what amount is available and how does the intermittency influence the rest of the electrical supply system? The answer is given by the capacity credit, which should consider each of the posed questions. 

There are various definitions of the term capacity credit (CC), and several synonyms are used in parallel, each bearing a similar variety of definitions. The two most common synonyms of CC are "firm capacity" and "capacity value". 

The CC can be defined as the firm capacity, which can be replaced by a certain amount of installed wind power or any other energy source. It can be used either as a value in MW or as a percentage of the installed wind capacity. This is the terminology used in recent studies throughout industrialised countries, where wind energy is replacing other forms of energy<ref>Dena (2005) Konzept für eine stufenweise Entwicklung des Stromnetzes in DeutschlandfckLRzur Anbindung und Integration von Windkraftanlagen Onshore und Offshore unter Berücksichtigung der Erzeugungs- und Kraftwerksentwicklungen sowie der erforderlichen Regelleistung. In: Energiewirtschaftliche Planung für die Netzintegration von WindenergiefckLRin Deutschland an Land und Offshore bis zum Jahr 2020 - Netzstudie I, DeutschefckLREnergie Agentur (German Energy Agency)</ref>. In developing countries, which pursue high goals for improving the electrification rate, it is important to analyse how much capacity wind energy can add to the current system.<br> 

== Economic Analysis  ==

Following the "World Bank Handbook for Economic Analysis of Investment Operations" <ref>World Bank (1996) Handbook on Economic AnalysisfckLRof Investment Operations, retrieved 19.7.2011 [[http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/toolkits/highways/pdf/82.pdf]]</ref>, the main purpose of an economic analysis is to help to design and select projects that contribute to the welfare of a country. Whereas the financial analysis evaluates the project from the point of view of the operating company or Independent Power Producer (IPP), the economic analysis evaluates the project from the point of view of the whole economy of the country.<br>The purpose of the investigation is to compare from a macroeconomic standpoint the benefits of the project with the costs it incurs, as is customary in any cost-benefit analysis. The standard of evaluation for costs and benefits is a monetary quantification. To the greatest possible extent, the project impacts are evaluated in terms of economic market prices. Shadow prices are employed, i.e., internal accounting prices that free the day-to-day (market) prices from multifarious biases. In other words, shadow prices represent an attempt to illuminate the actual costs of a product or service for the economy as a whole. In comparison with micro- and macro-economic prices, shadow prices are devoid of taxes and charges, duties and subsidies.<br>

== CDM Assessment  ==

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as established under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol (KP) represents a collaborative policy approach between industrialised and developing countries aimed at promoting sustainable infrastructure projects in developing countries whilst simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as CO2. From the perspective of industrialised countries, CDM represents a cost-effective option to comply with their national emission reduction obligations under the KP. Developing countries benefit from CDM as an additional co-financing source for sustainable energy projects. Its applicability to particular projects, however, depends on how these cope with country-specific and project specific eligibility requirements.<br> 

== Financial Analysis  ==

This financial analysis is intended to clarify whether or not the wind farm project is financially feasible for the described parameters. And, as the case may be, whether or not and, if so, how the financial efficiency threshold can be reached and surpassed and, if so, how by which means of technical and non-technical modifications. 

The main difference between a financial analysis and an economic analysis is that, in the financial analysis, the wind farm is viewed as an enterprise and in the economic analysis the windfarm is evaluated from the point of view of the national economy of the country. In the financial analysis, the windfarm operating company has to earn enough money, by feeding electricity into the existing grid, to cover its operating costs, interest payments, loan payments and distribution of dividends to equity investors. The object of consideration is the commercial or microeconomic.<br> 

== Framework Analysis for Wind Energy<br>  ==

Financing Options<br> 

Regulatory and Legal Framework<br> 

== References<br>  ==

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[[Portal:Wind]]<br> 

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[[Category:Wind]]