View source for Urban Freight in Developing Cities


= '''Relevance of freight in urban transportation''' =

The economic development of urban agglomerations depends heavily on a reliable and friction- free supply of goods and materials. At the same time, freight transportation in urban centres contributes considerably to air pollution, noise emission and traffic congestion. On the level of a typical metropolitan area in a developing country, on average 40–50 % of commercial vehicle freight volume is incoming, 20–25 % is outgoing, and the remaining 25–40 % are intra-metropolitan runs. However, typical good flows vary among different functional city areas. Large urban agglomerations include industrial zones and therefore mostly act more as origin for goods transport than as destination. In contrast, city centres, be it the downtown centre or a suburban commercial centre, are usually strong net goods consumers. This implies that more goods are received than dispatched in these precincts. Delivery of sometimes small shipments to the various retail establishments is the main topic here.

Urban freight transportation and urban development are interdependent: A strangulation of the flow of goods in and out of a metropolis would certainly increase the retail price levels, impair the development of the urban centre itself, slow down economic activity and drain the financial resources from the municipal budget. On the other hand, only a stringent and long term metropolitan policy on urban transport can ensure an efficient and sustainable supply structure.

= '''Development of new models for low and middle income countries''' =

Concepts which have proved useful in a western economy do not necessarily work in a developing country environment. Some Asian conurbations present a much higher pressure for action and may therefore be a fertile ground for the implementation of innovative urban logistics concepts, if approached in the right manner. The measures so far implemented in low- and middle income countries may be less sophisticated, but generally it can be said that there is a high degree of public awareness and a sense of urgency concerning urban logistics problems. Many initiatives are underway in prospering cities of Asia and Latin America, aimed at alleviating the negative effects of urban freight transport while securing a friction-free supply of goods into the cities. In many instances, these programs focus on the eco-efficiency of the national vehicle fleet and on the performance of the road infrastructure. Increasingly, traffic management measures can be observed, in some cases accompanied by the provision of truck parking space or of urban logistics centres.

= '''Problems induced by urban freight traffic''' =

'''Roadspace occupation'''

Roadspace is scarce in just about any urban agglomeration. Especially if larger than necessary vehicles are used, if unnecessary long distances are travelled in urban regions, and if the off-loading process is organised in an inefficient way.

'''Green House Gas (GHG) and particle matter (PM) emissions'''

GHG emissions and local air pollution are serious consequences. Emissions of GHG such as carbon dioxide (CO2) can be minimised by using clean vehicle technologies and through an optimisation of the logistics system. Especially with diesel-driven vehicles, the particle-matter (PM) emissions are the main problem. They are responsible for major health hazards to the urban populations, including asthma attacks and other forms of respiratory illness. In addition, air pollution can cause damage to historic buildings and other cultural resources.

'''Noise emissions'''

Traffic noise has severe impacts on health and overall quality of life. It may lead to stress and increased blood pressure. In the medium and long term, the reduction of traffic noise in the vicinity of residential areas is likely to become a focus in all regions.

'''Impairment of road safety'''

Wherever heavy vehicles mix with passenger vehicles, bicycles or pedestrians, the risk of accidents and serious personal damage is increased. In very few situations is it possible to segregate the different vehicle categories. Only professional traffic engineering, good traffic management and an efficient organisation of the logistics sector can alleviate this problem.

'''Damage to road infrastructure'''

Heavy freight trucks increase the potential for damage to the infrastructure. Especially overloading and a poor technical condition of the vehicle fleet contribute more than necessarily to road infrastructure wear and tear and reduce their service life.

'''Congestion/delays'''

Depending on the way goods traffic is organised, it may even have negative effects on traffic flow way beyond its actual share of the traffic volume. Especially in situations where no efficient parking and loading regime has been established, goods distribution sometimes becomes the main cause of traffic congestion.

'''Negative impacts on economic competitiveness and urban development'''

A functioning city goods distribution and transport system is a major precondition for sustained economic development and thus, for poverty reduction. If a reliable and efficient supply of goods to inner city retail outlets cannot be established and ensured, commercial activity might shift to more easily accessible locations.

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= '''A review of proven city logistics concepts''' =

Prior to discussing possible measure to improve the efficiency of city logistics systems for developing cities, it is helpful to quickly review the past development of the sector and illustrate some logistical concepts which have proven to be economically viable and sustainable. Usually they have developed organically out of private sector initiative.

== '''Farmer direct selling''' ==

This form of distribution implies that a member of the farmer’s family travels to town, either on foot, by bicycle or a motorised vehicle and commercialises farm produce to local retailers or directly to the end consumers. Alternatively, a farmer sends his own pickup truck to town, the truck parks besides the pavement or at a road intersection and the produce is sold to passers-by straight from the truck.

== '''Organised street markets''' ==

Street markets are a common appearance in most cities, and may take place daily, weekly or biweekly. Sometimes these markets are specialised, e.g. for fruit, vegetables, seafood. From a logistical perspective, this means that farmers send their produce to an organised market place in town and sell it direct to the public.

== '''Wholesale and morning markets for Perishables''' ==

Farmers bring their produce to a specialised morning market in the outskirts of a city. Sometimes they contract truck operators for the transportation. Shop owners and hawkers purchase produce and sell it in their shops or on local street markets, while restaurant owners purchase for in-house consumption. Wholesale trading with inventory: These establishments do not only trade perishables, but also food products from industrialised production, packaged and non-perishable. The producer can deal with few business partners and logistical destinations, the retailer may be able to purchase his complete demand for supplies from one business partner. The main purpose of a wholesale function is to bundle the regional demand into larger quantities, thus increasing commercial bargaining power towards producers.

== '''Delivery of building materials''' ==

In rapidly growing urban agglomerations, up to 30 % of the transported goods tonnage is building materials and construction equipment. In congested metropolitan areas and commercial inner city districts, the logistical bottleneck is the off-loading operation at the construction site. Sometimes, no off road parking is available at all, space is always scarce and if not organised correctly, the off-loading operation produces long vehicle queues.

== '''Development of the “third account” transport sector''' ==

== '''Proprietary logistics centres''' ==

= '''Conclusions'''<br/> =
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= '''Further Information'''<br/> =

Further and more detailed information can be found on the homepage of the Sustainable Urban Transport Project. The Sustainable Urban Transport Project aims to help developing world cities achieve their sustainable transport goals, through the dissemination of information about international experience, policy advice, training and capacity building.

= '''References''' =

Bernhard O. Herzog 2010, ''Urban Freight in developing cities''<br/>

[[Category:Mobility]]
[[Category:Transport]]