Difference between revisions of "Chingazi club (Cookstove DB)"

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= Overview<br/> =
 
= Overview<br/> =
  
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| colspan="4" align="center" | '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria'''
+
| colspan="4" align="center" | '''People's Republic of Bangladesh'''
 
|-
 
|-
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| &nbsp; [[File:Flag of Algeria.png|border|center|200x150px|Flag of Algeria.png]]<br/>
+
| &nbsp; [[File:120px-Flag of Bangladesh.svg.png|120x72px|120px-Flag of Bangladesh.svg.png]]<br/>
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| &nbsp; [[File:Location Algeria.png|center|100x100px|Location Algeria.png]]<br/>
+
| &nbsp; [[File:541px-Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg.png|107x107px|541px-Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg.png]]<br/>
 
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Algiers ([http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php?pagename=Algeria&params=36_42_N_3_13_E_type:country 36°42′N 3°13′E])
+
Dhaka
  
 
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Arabic, french
+
Bangla
  
 
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Semi-presidential republic
+
Parliamentary Democracy
  
 
|-
 
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|  
 
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Abdelaziz Bouteflika
+
Zillur Rahman
  
 
|-
 
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|  
 
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Ahmed Ouyahia
+
Sheikh Hasina Wazed
  
 
|-
 
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|  
 
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2,381,741 km<sup>2</sup>
+
147,570 km<sup>2</sup>
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|  
 
|  
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35,423,000 (2010 estimate)
+
136,700,000 (July 2004 BBS BD)<ref name="BBS">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics</ref>
 +
 
 +
164,400,000 (2009 estimate)
 +
 
 +
148,692,000 (2010 revised scenario UNPP)<ref>http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp</ref>
 +
 
 +
<span class="st">149,772,364</span>&nbsp;(March 2011 BBS adjusted pop. census (+4-5% expected))<ref name="Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Census2011/Bangladesh_glance.pdf</ref>
 +
 
 +
161,000,000 (IEA WEO 2011 (calculated from electrification estimates))<ref>http://www.iea.org/weo/electricity.asp</ref>
 +
 
 +
161,083,804 (CIA July 2012 est.)<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html</ref>
  
 
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$158.969 billion
+
$285.8 billion (2011 estimate)<ref name="CIA - The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-02-05">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html</ref>
  
 
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|  
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$4,478
+
$1700.00 (2011 estimate)<ref name="CIA - The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-02-05.">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html</ref>
  
 
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Algerian dinar (DZD)
+
Taka (BDT)
  
 
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CET (UTC+01)
+
BST (UTC+06)
  
 
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+213
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+880
  
 
|&#125;
 
|&#125;
  
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| __TOC__
 
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|&#125;
 
|&#125;
−
<div style="clear: both"></div><div class="draft"></div><div class="draft"></div>
 
−
Algeria is located in North Africa and is bordering Tunisia and Libya in the east, Niger and Mali in the south, and Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Morocco in the west. In the north, Algeria’s vast coast of over 1.200 km extends to the Mediterranean Sea. Being part of the Maghreb, Algeria is furthermore considered to be a part of the MENA-region. With its more than two million km2 of national territory, Algeria is by far the largest North African country. However, most of its national territory is being occupied by the Sahara, which thus explains the population of roughly 33 million people.<ref>Auswärtiges Amt (German Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Last Updated: October, 2010, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/Algerien_node.html</ref> This is also expressed in the arrangement of population density: 90% of the population is located in the north.<ref>Deutsche Außenhandelskammer (German Chamber of Foreign Trade - AHK), Last Updated: 2011, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://algerien.ahk.de/algerien/</ref> The mild Mediterranean climate coming from the coast is being replaced by a dry desert climate while moving south. The official language is Arabic, although French can be considered to be a common lingua franca, whereas in some areas Berber dialects can be common as well.<ref>Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref> Having a parliament that consists of a national assembly and a senate, Algeria is a republic with Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who has been reelected with 90.2% of votes in 2009,<ref>Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref> as its president since 1999.<ref>Auswärtiges Amt (German Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Last Updated: October, 2010, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/Algerien_node.html</ref> Ethnic groups are made up of a vast majority of Arab-Berber (99%). However, most Algerians identify themselves with their Berber heritage rather than their Arab one.<ref>Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref> The state religion is Sunni Muslim, likewise represented by a vast majority, while Christians and Jews make up less than 3% of the population.<ref>Auswärtiges Amt (German Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Last Updated: October, 2010, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/Algerien_node.html</ref><br/>Minerals that can be found in this region are amongst others oil, gas, iron, and lead.<ref>Deutsche Außenhandelskammer (German Chamber of Foreign Trade - AHK), Last Updated: 2011, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://algerien.ahk.de/algerien/</ref> Together with agricultural goods, they make up the majority of export goods. Furthermore, they are the reason, why Algeria is part in international economic conglomerates, such as the OPEC or the OAPIC. Algeria’s '''gross domestic product (GDP)''' has been constantly rising in the last couple of years, bringing it to the approximate amount of $160 billion in 2010. The GDP per capita is hence about $7.300.<ref>Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref><br/>Algeria has a number of transnational issues to deal with, including an international dispute with the Moroccan administration of Western Sahara and illegal schemes in form of smuggling, human trafficking and forced labor.<ref>Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref>
 
  
 +
 +
<div style="clear: both"></div>
  
  
 
= Energy Situation<br/> =
 
= Energy Situation<br/> =
  
−
== Energy Supply ==
+
Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest and most densely populated nations. Data from the last Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005 revealed that 40% of the country’s population was classified as poor, with incomes below the upper national poverty line. In rural areas this rate is even&nbsp;higher, counting 44% of the population as poor (urban areas 28%). One fourth of the population is considered extremely poor (urban: 15%; rural: 29%), having incomes below the lower poverty line. Access to modern energy services is one of the&nbsp;reasons for poverty and low economic development.&nbsp;
  
−
In 2008, Algeria has produced a total amount of 162,044 ktoe of energy, which is about 1,884,571 GWh. Its main energy source is crude oil (54.4%), followed by gas (45.5%). In comparison, the numbers concerning the renewable energies are much smaller and close to zero. Other energy sources, such as coal, nuclear power or heat are in fact zero, thus giving an impression that Algeria has quite a unilateral energy landscape. Published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the numbers below offer more detail to Algeria's energy production:
+
Today only an estimated 49% of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid. The electricity supply is not reliable though and peak demand cannot be met. In the rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, only about 25% have electricity.
  
−
<u>Table 1: Total Energy Production of Algeria (2008)</u><ref>International Energy Agency, ©2011, "2008 Energy Balance for Algeria", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 19, 2011, URL: ">http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ">http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ </ref><u>:</u>
+
Only about 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, such as wood, cow dung and agri­cultural residues are collected mainly from the local environment and have become a traded commodity as cooking fuel as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. Inefficient, kerosene based lamps are the most common sources of light. The kerosene price has increased from 42 tk (end 2010) to 61 tk (end 2012)<ref>http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=216321</ref>. Further price hikes are expected to come in place during 2012. The supply of new gas connections to industries have been suspended in 2009 and resumed in April 2012 <ref name="Global Observer March 03 2012">http://www.globserver.com/en/bangladesh/press/bangladesh-resume-new-gas-connections-industrial-users-2012-03-03-1</ref>. At the same time new gas connections to household, which were restricted and therefore expensive, have now been suspended "for the time being" <ref name="Daily Star June 20 2012">http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=239013</ref>.
  
−
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−
|-
 
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
Energy Source
 
  
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
in ktoe
 
−
 
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
in&nbsp;%
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Coal and&nbsp;Peat
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Crude Oil
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
88,187
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
54.4
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Oil Products
 
  
−
|
+
== Energy Supply<br/> ==
−
0
 
  
−
|
+
About 70% of the population of Bangladesh live in rural areas. The rural economy is characterized by slow growth, high unemployment, insufficient infrastructure and widespread poverty. Due to the lack of electricity supply in rural areas, the rural population depends mainly on biomass as a source of energy. Over 70% of total primary energy consumption is covered by biomass, mainly agricultural waste and wood.
−
0
 
  
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Gas
 
  
−
|
 
−
73,783
 
  
−
|
+
=== Electricity ===
−
45.5
 
  
−
|-
+
[[File:Bangladesh grid map.jpg|thumb|right|Bangladesh grid map.jpg]]Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.<br/>In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power.
−
|  
 
−
Nuclear
 
  
−
|
 
−
0
 
  
−
|
 
−
0
 
  
−
|-
+
[[File:Bangladesh installed capacity fuel.jpg|thumb|left|Bangladesh installed capacity fuel.jpg|link=http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/images/stories/gen_cap_fuel.jpg]]&nbsp;
−
|  
 
−
Hydro
 
  
−
|
+
In the Western Zone, Coal and imported liquid fuel is used for generation of electricity. The fuel cost per unit generation in the Western Zone is much higher than that of the Eastern Zone. Therefore, as a policy, low cost electricity generated in the Eastern Zone is transferred to the Western Zone through the 230 kV East-West Inter connector transmission line.
−
24
 
  
−
|
 
−
0.02
 
  
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Geothermal, solar, etc.
 
  
−
|
+
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina (4.11.09)&nbsp;said the government has taken plans to set up solar power plants to generate 280 MW by 2013. She told the parliament that the country, which has now short of about 1,200 to 1,700 MW power, would get rid of the power crisis by 2011 as 1,487 MW of power will be generated and added to the national grid by then.
−
0
 
  
−
|
+
The installed capacity in Bangladesh as increased by roughly 2,000MW between 2009-2011 and is now about 6,900MW (August 2011). Peak hour demand is about 6,000 MW everyday and increases on hot summer days. Maximum demand served so far is 6350 MW on August 4, 2012 (accessed on September 9, 2012).<ref name="BPDB">http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=6</ref>&nbsp;
−
0
 
  
−
|-
+
Bangladesh´s electricity supply strongly relies on gas: About 67.11% of the power plants are fired by gas. Furnace oil, diesel, coal and hydro power are responsible for 21.70%, 6.15%, 2.41&nbsp;% and 2.65% of the total electricity supply respectively (accessed on September 9, 2012).<ref name="Bangladesh Power Development Board">http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=6</ref> A list of all power plants is provided by BPDB [http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/download/power_plants.pdf here (16kB)]. The acute gas shortage causes a loss in production of around 600MW.
−
|
 
−
Combustible renewables and waste
 
  
−
|
+
Bangladesh has signed a protocol deal with Russia on October 21, 2011 after series talks on cooperation in the field of peaceful usage of nuclear energy as the country plans to install a nuclear power plant in Pabna district, some 216 km northwest of capital Dhaka.
−
49
 
  
−
|
 
−
0.03
 
  
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Electricity
 
  
−
|
+
== Energy Consumption ==
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Heat
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Total<sup>1</sup>
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
162,044
 
−
 
 
−
|&#125;
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Taking the table above table 1 into consideration, the table below ("Total Primary Energy Supply")&nbsp;offers quite a similar picture. It might yet seem suprising, that gas is now the main energy source with more than 60%, while oil only makes up 37% of the energy supply. This curiosity can be explained by the massive amount of crude oil (-55,002 ktoe) and oil products (-19,334 ktoe) Algeria is exporting and thus decreasing the amount of available oil.<ref>International Energy Agency, ©2011, "2008 Energy Balance for Algeria", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 19, 2011, URL: http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ</ref> Plenty of gas is being exported, as well&nbsp;(-51,259 ktoe).<ref>International Energy Agency, ©2011, "2008 Energy Balance for Algeria", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 19, 2011, URL: http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
<u>Table 2:&nbsp;Total Primary Energy Supply of Algeria (2008)<ref> International Energy Agency, ©2011, "2008 Energy Balance for Algeria", Accessed: September 19, 2011, URL: ">http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ">http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp? COUNTRY_CODE=DZ</ref>:</u>
 
−
 
 
−
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−
|-
 
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
Energy Source
 
  
−
! scope="col" |
+
=== Energy Demand in the Household Sector<br/> ===
−
in ktoe
 
  
−
! scope="col" |  
+
Most Bangladeshi households in rural areas (99%) as well as urban areas (66%) use biomass such as wood, cow dung, jute sticks or other agricultural wastes&nbsp;for cooking. Inefficient and poorly ventilated clay stoves produce fine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dioxins and other carcinogens (ROUSE 2004). Housewives are exposed to high levels of these toxins between three and seven hours a day. Research revealed that this indoor air pollution (IAP) occurs not only in the kitchen but only slightly lower in the living area therewith affecting also other family members such as children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated (based on 2002 data) that more than 46,000 women and children die each year as a direct result of exposure to indoor air pollution, while many more suffer from respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, eye diseases, and lung cancer. Further WHO attributes 1.3 million disability adjusted life years (DALY) to the use of solid fuels . Right behind unsafe water and inadequate sanitation, indoor air pollution is the second biggest environmental contributor to illness worldwide (WHO 2007<ref name="WHO IAP">http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/indoor_air_national_burden_estimate_revised.pdf WHO</ref>).[[File:Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption by Source2.JPG|thumb|right|350px|Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption by Source2.JPG]]<br/>Although the&nbsp;estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is one of the lowest in the world, biomass is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. The&nbsp;natural growth of forests as well as afforestation measures are too low to meet the consumption of the population due to inefficient burning of biomass for cooking purposes and high population growths, putting pressure on the economic situation of biomass-purchasing households. Poor rural households have to spend a significant amount of time on biomass collection. Wastage of biomass is depriving the soil of nutrients, resulting in unsustainable low levels of organic matter in the soil.
−
in&nbsp;%
 
  
−
|-
+
The figure shows the distribution of the energy consumption of rural households. Nearly one half of the total consumption is for firewood.
−
|
 
−
Coal and Peat
 
  
−
|
 
−
755
 
  
−
|
 
−
2.0
 
  
−
|-
+
Annual Household Energy Consumption: All Divisions (average per household)<ref name="BIDS Survey 2004">BIDS Survey 2004 </ref>
−
|
 
−
Oil
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
13,721
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
37.0
 
  
 +
&#123;| style="width: 599px;  height: 563px" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1"
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| colspan="2" | <br/>
−
Gas
+
| colspan="3" | <center>'''Heating'''</center>
−
 
+
| colspan="3" | <br/>
−
|  
 
−
22,524
 
−
 
 
−
|  
 
−
60.8
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|  
 
−
Nuclear
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|  
 
−
0.0
 
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| '''Energy Type'''
−
Hydro
+
| '''All Uses'''
−
 
+
| '''Cooking'''
−
|  
+
| '''Parboiling'''
−
24
+
| '''Other'''
−
 
+
| '''Cooling'''
−
|  
+
| '''Lighting'''
−
0.01
+
| '''Amusement'''
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| colspan="8" | '''Biomass (kg) '''<br/>
−
Geothermal, solar, etc.
 
−
 
 
−
|  
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0.0
 
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Fuelwood
−
Combustible renewables and waste
+
| 1,186.21
−
 
+
| 1,064.84
−
|  
+
| 28.60
−
49
+
| 92.77
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| —
−
0.1
+
| —
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Tree leaves
−
Electricity
+
| 501.51
−
 
+
| 470.67
−
|  
+
| 29.99
−
-4
+
| 0.85
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| —
−
-0.1
+
| —
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Crop residue
−
Heat
+
| 708.18
−
 
+
| 538.86
−
|  
+
| 164.41
−
0
+
| 2.72
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| —
−
0.0
+
| —
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Dung cake/stick
−
Total<sup>1</sup>
+
| 523.90
−
 
+
| 503.68
−
|
+
| 16.07
−
37,069
+
| 4.16
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| —
−
|&#125;
+
| —
−
 
 
−
<sup>1</sup>Total may not add up due to roundings.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Gas in particular appears to be one of the main energy sources for a somewhat mid-term solution. According to the&nbsp;IEA projections, Algeria will have an average growth rate of about 2,7% in natural gas production until 2035.<ref>International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), "World Energy Outlook 2011 - Are we entering a golde age of Gas?", pg. 27</ref> Having said that, most gas production is expected to be in the form of conventional gas,<ref>International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), "World Energy Outlook 2011 - Are we entering a golden age of gas?", pg. 30</ref> as Algeria (together with Nigeria)&nbsp;is expected to be the leading protagonist in&nbsp;gas production growth in Africa,<ref>International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), "World Energy Outlook 2011 - Are we entering a golde age of gas?", pg. 28</ref> thus&nbsp;augmenting export rates&nbsp;once again, after they had dropped in 2009.<ref>International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), "World Energy Outlook 2011 - Are we entering a golden age of gas?", pg. 31</ref>&nbsp;In addition, the technology of liquefied natural gas (LNG) will be installed and exploited by 2013. According to the IEA, two major LNG liquefaction&nbsp;plants&nbsp;are planned for Algeria&nbsp;- Skikda and and Gassi Touil.<ref>International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), "World Energy Outlook 2011 - Are we entering a golden age of gas?", pg. 68</ref>&nbsp;Both projects envision a starting point of construction in 2013.<ref>International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), "World Energy Outlook - Are we entering a golden age of gas?", pg. 68</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
=== Electricity<br/> ===
 
−
 
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;"></span>Between 2001 and 2011, electricity production rose from 26,250 GWh <ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (MEM), Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=perspectives-de-developpement</ref><span style="color:#ff0000;">&nbsp;to 48,900 GWh.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11.</ref> Between 2010 and 2011 there was an increase of 8.2%. The maximum power demand was 8606 MW, registered on 8 August 2011. This is an increase of 11.5% as compared to 2010. At the end of 2011, the installed capacity of elecricity generation reached 11,524 MW, 10,926 MW of which was connected to the national transmission grid. Electricity sales increased by 8.7% to 38,900 GWh in 2011, as compared to 2010. The total number of customers rose in 2011 by 297,470 to 7,115,550.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11-14.</ref></span>
 
−
 
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;"></span>It appears that this development is mainly due to the economic growth that Algeria has experienced along the way.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (MEM), Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=perspectives-de-developpement</ref> As Table 3 shows below, main source for the production of electricity is gas with a relativ percentage to the total amount produced of over 97%. Although there are other minor sources of electricity, such as oil and hydro-power, a similar picture as seen in the tables above is being created, suggesting a rather one-sided production and supply (in this case)&nbsp;of electricity.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
<u>Table 3:&nbsp;Electricity Production and Supply of Algeria (2008)<ref>International Energy Agency, ©2011, "Electricity/Heat in Algeria 2008", Last updated: - , Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL:http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ </ref>:</u>
 
−
 
 
−
&#123;| style="height: 504px; width: 100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" width="335"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="col" |  
+
| Sawdust
−
Energy Source
+
| 8.40
−
 
+
| 8.36
−
! scope="col" |  
+
| 0.02
−
in&nbsp;GWh
+
| 0.02
−
 
+
| —
−
! scope="col" |  
+
| —
−
in&nbsp;%<sup>2,3</sup>
+
| —
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| colspan="8" | '''Non-biomass '''<br/>
−
Coal
 
−
 
 
−
|  
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0.0
 
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Candle (piece)
−
Oil
+
| 15.86
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| —
−
792
+
| —
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| 15.86
−
2.0
+
| —
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Kerosene (liter)
−
Gas
+
| 28.98
−
 
+
| 1.76
−
|  
+
| —
−
39,161
+
| 0.07
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| 27.16
−
97.3
+
| —
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Natural gas (Tk)
−
Biomass
+
| 9.59
−
 
+
| 9.59
−
|  
+
| —
−
0
+
| —
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| —
−
0.0
+
| —
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| LPG/LNG (liter)
−
Waste
+
| 0.05
−
 
+
| 0.05
−
|  
+
| —
−
0
+
| —
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| —
−
0.0
+
| —
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Grid electricity (kWh)
−
Nuclear
+
| 143.83
−
 
+
| 0.25
−
|  
+
| —
−
0
+
| 4.00
−
 
+
| 49.50
−
|  
+
| 80.74
−
0.0
+
| 9.34
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Solar PV (kWh)
−
Hydro
+
| 0.53
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| —
−
283
+
| —
−
 
+
| 0.04
−
|  
+
| 0.48
−
0.7
+
| 0.01
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Storage cell (kWh)
−
Geothermal
+
| 0.55
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| —
−
0
+
| —
−
 
+
| —
−
|  
+
| 0.14
−
0.0
+
| 0.41
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  
+
| Dry-cell battery (piece)
−
Solar&nbsp;PV
+
| 15.01
−
 
+
| —
−
|
+
| —
−
0
+
| —
−
 
+
| —
−
|
+
| —
−
0.0
+
| —
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Solar thermal
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0.0
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Wind
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0.0
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Tide
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0.0
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Other sources
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0.0
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
'''''Total Production'''''
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
'''''40,236'''''
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
100.0
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Imports
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
274
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
0.7
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Exports
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
-323
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
-0.8
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
'''''Domestic Supply'''''
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
'''''40,187'''''
 
−
 
 
−
|
 
−
99.9
 
−
 
 
−
|&#125;
 
−
 
 
−
<sup>2</sup>In relation&nbsp;to the amount given by "Total Production"
 
−
 
 
−
<sup>3</sup>Total may not add up due to roundings and&nbsp;overlapping&nbsp;percentages.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
According to the CREG "Rapport d'activité" of 2011, the percental share of electricity production among the state-run and '''independent producers (IPP)''' looks as follows:
 
−
 
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;"><u>Production sorted by operator (2011)<ref name="Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11.">Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11.</ref>:</u></span>
 
−
 
 
−
&#123;| style="height: 200px; width: 100%" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
 
−
|-
 
−
! scope="col" | <span style="color:#ff0000;">&nbsp;Operator<br/></span>
 
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;">%</span>
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
|  
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;"><span class="titre_article" style="">Sonelgaz Production d'Electricité (<span class="spip_surligne" style="">SPE</span>)</span></span>
 
−
 
 
−
| <p style="text-align: center"><span style="color:#ff0000;">56</span></p>
 
−
|-
 
−
|  
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;"><span class="st" style="">Sharikat Kahraba Hadj</span><span class="st" style="">rat-Ennous</span> (SKH)</span>
 
−
 
 
−
| <p style="text-align: center"><span style="color:#ff0000;">20</span></p>
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;">Sharikat Kahraba Skikda (SKS)</span>
 
−
 
 
−
| <p style="text-align: center"><span style="color:#ff0000;">12</span></p>
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;">Sharikat Kahraba Berrouaghia (SKB)</span>
 
−
 
 
−
| <p style="text-align: center"><span style="color:#ff0000;">6</span></p>
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;">Kahrama</span>
 
−
 
 
−
| <p style="text-align: center"><span style="color:#ff0000;">5</span></p>
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;">Solar Power Plant One (SPP1)</span>
 
−
 
 
−
| <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">1</span></p>
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;">SKT</span>
 
−
 
 
−
| <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">0,16</span></p>
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;">CEVITAL</span>
 
−
 
 
−
| <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">0,001</span></p>
 
 
|&#125;
 
|&#125;
  
  
−
== Energy Consumption ==
 
−
 
−
Compared to&nbsp;2008, Algeria has increased its energy consumption in 2009 by almost 5%.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2010), "Bilan Energetique National de l'année 2009", pg. 19.</ref> In 2008, Algeria's '''total final consumption (TFC)''' added up to 23,447 ktoe units, equal to 272,688.6 GWh.
 
−
 
−
&nbsp;
 
−
 
−
<u>Table 4:&nbsp;Algeria's TFC of Energy (2008)<ref>International Energy Agency, ©2011, "Electricity/Heat in Algeria 2008", Last updated: - , Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ</ref>:</u>
 
  
 +
=== Electricity ===
  
 +
[[File:Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG|thumb|right|Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG]]<br/>The government’s vision of electrifying the entire country by 2020 through grid expansion may not be realistic due to inaccessibility and low consumer density in many rural areas, as well as financial constraints. To reach the government’s vision of universal electrification, renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy will have to play a vital role for off-grid electrification.
  
−
&#123;| style="width: 100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" width="200"
+
Within the reach of the national grid Bangladesh is still reeling under 600 - 1200 MW of ‘load-shedding’. A situation which deteriorates during irrigation seasons, when the demand-supply gap reaches up to 1500 MW. Domestic and industrial sectors consume about 43% and 44% electrical energy respectively, i.e. a total of about 87% of power consumption occurs in these two sectors. Out of this, a large part of electrical energy is consumed for lighting. All power sector experts acknowledge that the maximum power gap occurs primarily during the evening. A way to manage the evening load is the introduction of energy efficient lights/lighting systems.
−
|-
 
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
Sector&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
  
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
Consumption in GWh
 
−
 
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
in&nbsp;%
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Industry
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
51,381.3
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
18,8
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Transport
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
79,770.2
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
29.3
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Residential
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
117,323.4
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
43.0
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Non-energy use
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
24,213.7
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
8.9
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
TFC
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
272,688.6
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
100
 
−
 
−
|&#125;
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
=== Energy Demand&nbsp;&nbsp;<br/> ===
 
−
 
−
Between 1963 and 2007 – not even half a century of development – Algeria chronicles an enormous rise in the demand of electricity. Whereas electricity consumption in the early 1960’s was less than a single TWh, it has risen to 30 TWh in 2007.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 10</ref> However, the rise in consumption has been quite stable recently, slowly rising by about 5.6% per annum. According to CREG, there are two possible scenarios that the Algerian energy sector might be facing. On one hand there is the medium scenario predicting a rise in demand of about 7,800 MW, on the other hand there is the strong scenario predicting a rise of about 11,200 MW.<ref>Comission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2010, "Rapport d'activité 2010", Algiers: pg. 36.</ref>&nbsp; The first prediciton is a rather moderate one, projecting a steady but fair continuation of the current trend in the rise of energy demand, assuming that the economy is developing in a similar slow and controllable way.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 10-11</ref> The second and rather drastic forecast reckons with a strong and lasting reanimation of the economy, thus challenging the task to meet future energy demands.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 10-11</ref> Depending on the scenario, energy needs could bounce up to spomething between 7.8% and 9.1% until 2017.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 11</ref>
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
== Electricity Grid<br/> ==
 
−
 
−
According to the Wuppertal Institute for Climate,&nbsp;Environment and Energy, Algeria has an extensive AC&nbsp;network that spreads throughout the country with a total length of transmission network of about 18,000 km.<ref name="null">Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref> Within this context, Sonelgaz is the transmission grid operator with electricity making up about 71% of its business,<ref>Groupe Sonelgaz (2009), "Rapport d'Activite 2009 &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; comptes de gestion consolidés", pg. 26</ref> which is not only focused on the densely populated north but also makes efforts to reach down south.<ref>Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref>&nbsp;Algeria is connected with neighbouring grids&nbsp;of Tunisia and&nbsp;Morocco also by&nbsp;a 440 kV line each.<ref>Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref><ref>Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market Ingeration Project, Last Update: September 08, 2011, Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.medemip.eu/WebPages/Common/showpage.aspx?pageid=184</ref>
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
== Transmission & Distribution<br/> ==
 
−
 
−
In terms of the distribution grid, there are several operators providing Algeria with electricity. To offer some overview, the involved players and their functions in the process of transmitting and distributing energy are listed below.
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
<u>Energy distribution by company and the respective activity<ref>Ministère des l'Energies et des Mines (MEM), 2012, "Distribution de l'Energie", Accessed: 17th of June, 2012, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=distribution-de-l-energie </ref>:</u>
 
−
 
−
&#123;| style="height: 150px;  width: 100%" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
 
−
|-
 
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
Company
 
−
 
−
! scope="col" |
 
−
Activity
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Sonelgaz
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="2">National electricity production, commercialisation and distribution of natural gas</font>
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
Algerian Energy Company (AEC)
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
Electricity production, commercialisation, energy transport and distribution, desalination of sea water and telecommunications
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
KAHRAKIB
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
Studies on and realisation of high tension electricity infrastructure
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
KAHRIF
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
Works on electrification
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
KANAGHAZ
 
−
 
−
|
 
−
Studies on and realisation of canalisation and gas transportation
 
−
 
−
|&#125;
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
The electricity&nbsp;distribution itself is organised by four companies: "'''La société de distribution de l'ouest (SDO)'''", "'''la société de distribution du centre (SDC)'''", "'''la société de distribution d'Alger (SDA)'''" and "'''la société de l'est (SDE)'''".
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
== Gas Pipelines<br/> ==
 
−
 
−
Algeria can be considered to be one of the main exploiters and exporters of gas in the MENA-region. Especially Europe profits from Algeria's great amounts of gas (that consist mainly of conventional gas and to a limited extent of natural gas) being transported via gas pipelines.<ref>International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), "World Energy Outlook 2011 - Are we entering a gold age of gas?", pg. 28</ref>&nbsp;
 
−
 
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;">The Algerian gas transport network consisted of 13,826 kilometres of pipelines at the end of 2011, which is 19% longer than in 2010.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 17.</ref></span>
 
−
 
−
One of the only two major pipeline connections that have been commissioned since 2009 is the MedGaz pipeline going from Algeria to Spain.<ref>International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), "World Energy Outlook 2011 - Are we entering a golden age of gas?", pg. 66</ref>&nbsp;Another major project securing and easing Europe's constant gas supply by Algeria is planned for the year 2015 and stipulates a pipeline connecting Algeria and Italy (Gasdotto Algeria Sardegna Italia -&nbsp;GALSI).<ref>International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), "World Energy Outlook - Are we entering a golden age of gas?", pg. 66-67</ref>
 
  
  
 
== Access Rate<br/> ==
 
== Access Rate<br/> ==
  
−
The '''International Energy Agency (IEA)''' states that the average energy supply per individual (TPES/pop. =&nbsp;toe/capita) in 2008 was 1.08 toe, which was much less than the worlds average (1.83 toe).<ref>Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref>&nbsp;Another statistic that seems to reveal a similar deviance is the consumption of electricity per individual (kWh/capita), which is about 957 kWh&nbsp;(compared to the worlds average of 2,782 kWh).<ref>International Energy Association (IEA) (2010), "Key World Energy Statistics 2010", pg. 51</ref>&nbsp;The presumption is that these low numbers are not due to the reasonable energy use of Algeria's population, but due to the insufficient accessibility of electricity. An indiciation to support this hypothetical statement is the number of households considered to be clients of Sonelgaz: 6,525,999.<ref>Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref>&nbsp;Considering the average african household size of 4.7 members,<ref>Baumann, H. (2007), "Changing household patterns create opportunities for construction, retail and finance", Last Updated: April, 2007, Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.euromonitor.com/changing-household-patterns-create-opportunities-for-construction-retail-and-finance/article</ref> this number mounts up to 30,672195.3 mio people - as opposed to the total population of about 34.5 million people.&nbsp;Following this logic, the&nbsp;concrete, explicit access rate would be around&nbsp;89%.&nbsp;Obviously, this is nothing but a rough and approximate estimation due a lack of official numbers. Nevertheless, it offers a first impression on how to evaluate Algeria's access rate. However, it shall not lead to hasty conclusions, for this phenomenon can be explained by a number of potential factors, such as the fact that in 2009 34% of Algeria's population was considered to be part of the rural population, implying much more rudimentary living standards as compared to the urban population.<ref>The World Bank (2011), "Rural population (% of total population)", Last Updated: 2011, Accessed: September 21, 2011, URL: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS</ref>&nbsp; The Algerian state and Sonelgaz are showing quite some effort to supply rural areas with urban-quality services. According to '''Renewable Energy &&nbsp;Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)''' over 98% of the population have used the service provided by the extensive network.<ref>The renewable energy & energy efficiency partnership (REEEP), 2012, "Policy DB Details: Algeria (2012)", Accessed: 18th of June 2012, URL: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&special=viewitem&cid=120</ref>&nbsp;Although the network has already undergone several exentensions recently, an extension of yet another 5% is planned for the upcoming years.<ref>Renewable Energy &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), "Policy DB Details: Algeria (2010)", Last Update: - , Access: September 21, 2011, URL: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;special=viewitem&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;cid=120</ref>
+
Bangladesh is one of the world’s lowest energy producers. Electricity, critical to economic growth, has reached only about half of households, despite the country’s successful rural electrification program. With the exception of kerosene, commercial fuels are beyond reach for many. Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass for cooking will continue for several decades; Today only around 49% of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid and in the rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, only 25% have electricity. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.
−
 
 
−
Network access is generally controlled by CREG. Discriminatory access is granted to '''independent power producers (IPP's)'''.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
== Market Situation for Different Energy Technologies and Services<br/> ==
 
−
 
 
−
Although&nbsp;state-run&nbsp;gas and electricity&nbsp;company Sonelgaz&nbsp;considers energy prices to be far too cheap,&nbsp;prices are set by the&nbsp;likewise state-run regulatory commission CREG and thus add up 0.04583 €/kWh (4,1789 DZD/kWh).<ref>German-Algerian Chamber of Industry and Commerce (2010), "AHK-Geschäftsreise Algerien - Geschäftschancen für deutsche Unternehmen im Bereich Photovoltaik, Solarthermie und CSP", pg. 1</ref>&nbsp;Although the energy market has officially been liberalised, energy supply is still dominated by state-owned enterprises (mainly in form of the just mentioned companies under the Sonelgaz Group), with the&nbsp;exception of a few&nbsp;private enterprises in which Sonelgaz is mostly a major stakeholder.<ref>German-Algerian Chamber of Industry and Commerce (2010), "AHK-Geschäftsreise Algerien - Geschäftschancen für deutsche Unternehmen im Bereich Photovoltaik, Solarthermie und CSP", pg. 1</ref>&nbsp;
 
−
 
 
−
Despite the insufficient but highly expendable use of renewable energy, the Ministry of Energy and Mining of Algeria has published an ambitious renewable energy and energy efficiency programme dating March, 2011. The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program includes the idea of installing up to 22,000 MW&nbsp;of power generating capacity from renewable resources until 2030.<ref name="null">Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Progam", pg. 4</ref>
 
  
−
The renewable energy & energy efficiency partnership (REEEP) suggests that due to future rises in energy consumption and the necessary expansion of power generating capacities, the relevance of independent power producers (IPP's) will heavily increase. REEEP is expecting for the IPP's to contribute to further expansions with up to 70%.<ref>Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), 2012, Policy DB Details: Algeria (2012), accessed: June 18th, 2012, URL: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&special=viewitem&cid=120</ref>
 
  
−
The Algerian electricity market is regulated by CREG, functioning under the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM).
 
  
 +
= Market Situation for Different Energy Technologies and Services<br/> =
  
 +
== Solar Energy ==
  
−
=== Solar Energy ===
+
[[File:Bangladesh SHS Distribution map.jpg|thumb|left|Bangladesh SHS distribution map]]
  
−
Algeria comes with 20 solar villages, of which the majority is in action and is contributing to the overall production of&nbsp;energy.<ref name="null">Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Bilan général des réalisations", Last Update: - , Accessed: September 21, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/enr/energie%20solaire/Bilan_generale.htm</ref>&nbsp;Solar energy is considered to be the most potential source of renewable energy, the most of which is being naturally collected in the Sahara region with 2,650 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/year.<ref name="null">Ministry of Energy and Mines (2007), "Guidelines to Renewable Energies", pg. 13</ref>&nbsp; Nevertheless, solar energy makes up only a minimal amount of the total energy that is being produced in Algeria. The 35 TWh that energy production has reached by now is mainly based on the exploitation of natural gas.<ref name="null">Renewable Energy &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), "Policy DB Details: Algeria (2010), Last Update: - , Accessed: September 21, 2011, URL: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;special=viewitem&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;cid=120</ref>&nbsp;According to Renewable Energy &&nbsp;Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), the amount of produced solar energy is about&nbsp;6.57 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day.<ref>Renewable Energy &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), "Policy DB Details: Algeria (2010), Last Update: - , Accessed: September 21, 2011, URL: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;special=viewitem&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;cid=120</ref>
+
<u>''Solar photovoltaic'':</u> '''Solar photovoltaic (PV)''' systems are in use throughout the country with over 1.5 million household-level installations having capacity of about 75 MW (August 2012). Scaling-up of solar PV systems assisted by the development partners are being implemented through '''Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL)''', '''Rural Electrification Board (REB)''', '''Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)''', '''Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)''', NGOs and Private Organizations implementing solar energy program. There is a strong potential for solar energy within the country. Dissemination of '''solar home systems (SHSs)''' is being promoted mainly by private sector companies and NGOs, mainly based on the direct-sale approach and provision refinancing funds for micro-financing of SHSs to participating organizations (mostly NGOs) through IDCOL.
  
−
The renewable energy programme aims at the creation of a solar energy industry. On one hand the industrial integration of photovoltaic solar energy is supposed to be promoted to reach about 60% by 2013.<ref>Ministère d'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program", pg. 18</ref> On the other hand, solar thermal energy is allegedly to experience an industrial integration of 50%&nbsp;by year 2020, starting with a series of studies concerning the manufacturing of the respective equipment between 2011 and 2013.<ref>Ministère d'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program", pg. 19</ref>
+
<u><br/></u>
  
 +
<u>''Solar Thermal Power / '''Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)'''''': </u>The technology involves harnessing solar radiation for generation of electricity through a number of steps finally generating mechanical energy to run a generator. This technology needs to be disseminated in the country to supplement the power supply.
  
  
−
=== Wind Energy ===
 
  
−
In past reports, the potential of energy gained by the exploitation of wind has been rated as very low.<ref>Renewable Energy &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Energy Efficiency Partnership, "Policy DB Details: Algeria (2010)", Last Update: - , Accessed: September 21, 2011, URL: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;special=viewitem&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;cid=120</ref> The 2011 report however promotes a rather different attitude by the Ministry of Energy and Mines. The so far quite underestimated and neglected sector of&nbsp;wind energy is&nbsp;therein identified as a field of future study (by 2013), in order to soon be able to implement wind energy industry.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program", pg. 20-21</ref>
+
[[File:Bangladesh SHS Capacitywise installation.jpg|border|center|700x270px|Bangladesh SHS Capacitywise installation.jpg]]
  
  
  
−
=== Biomass ===
+
== Wind Energy ==
  
−
Similar to wind energy, the potential of energy extracted from&nbsp;biomass is&nbsp;relatively low, according to the&nbsp;Algerian Ministry of Energy and Mines.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program", pg. 4</ref>&nbsp;Having said that, the Ministry does not neglect the chance of producing and using biomass energy. In fact, it plans to implement experimental projects to approach yet another source of&nbsp;renewable energy.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program", pg. 4</ref> Nevertheless, further information on this topic appear to be rather vague. Responsible for developing and implementing these research projects is the '''Center for Renewable Energy Development&nbsp;(CDER)'''.<br/>The REEEP&nbsp;estimates the potential of Biomass to be about 37,000 ktoe that can be gained by forest reserves.<ref name="null">Renewable Energy &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), "Policy DB Details: Algeria (2010)", Last Update: - , Accessed: September 23, 2011, URL: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;special=viewitem&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;cid=120</ref>
+
Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia.
  
  
  
−
=== Biogas ===
+
== Biomass ==
  
−
Biogas, considered to be a sub-category of biomass, is just like the biomass itself in quite limited use in&nbsp;Algeria. Although no official figures can confirm an extended use of biogas, REEEP&nbsp;asserts that in 2010, Algeria had "roughly 1,1330 ktoe of agricultural and municipal residues"&nbsp;available.<ref>Renewable Energy &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), "Policy DB Details: Algeria (2010)", Last Update: - , Accessed: September 23, 2011, URL: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;special=viewitem&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;cid=120</ref>
+
Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse etc. This technology can be disseminated on a larger scale for electricity generation.
  
  
  
−
=== Hydro Power ===
+
== Biogas ==
  
−
Hydro Power represents yet another source of renewable energy that is considered to have lower potential. Although flows are estimated to be about 65 billion m<sup>3</sup>, limited precipitation and high evaporation constrict extensive usage of the ressource of water.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Potential", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 23, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=potentiels</ref>&nbsp;Recent evaluations showed that only 25 billion m<sup>3</sup> can be used effectively.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Potential", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 23, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=potentiels</ref> Despite these facts, Algeria still comes with more than 100 dams and some dozens more that are already projected.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Potential", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 23, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=potentiels</ref>
+
Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls.
  
  
  
−
=== Other Renewable Sources<br/> ===
+
== Hydro Power ==
  
−
Another potential source of renewable energy is given by geothermal energy - energy generated and stored in the earth. Due to multiple hot springs located in Algeria that can be used for low-temperature geothermal applications, Algeria's energy potential (in the context of geothermal activity)&nbsp;is in the range of 700 MW.<ref>Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie GmbH; Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE) (2010), "Provision of Technical Support/Services for an Economical, Technological and Environmental Impact Assessment of National Regulations and Incentives for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency - Desk Study Algeria", pg. 35</ref>
+
&nbsp;Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracts. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 kW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with present installed capacity of 230 MW.
  
  
  
−
== Key Problems of the Energy Sector<br/> ==
+
== Other Renewable Sources<br/> ==
  
−
Two major problems that are indirectly linked to the energy sector are the decaying infrastructure limiting mobility, and a rapid population growth that is&nbsp;adding further tension to the situation due to a certain inability of providing services and a lack of ability or willingness to pay for electricity, while the unemployment rate is simultaneously rising, as well.<ref>U.S. Department of State - Diplomacy in Action (2011), "Background note: Algeria", Last Updated: February 17, 2011, Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/8005.htm</ref>
+
Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Potentialities of these sources are yet to be explored.
  
−
<span style="color:#ff0000;">The current situation in the electricity sector is characterised by accumulated delays in the launching and realisation of projects. This poses problems for decision making and project management.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 16.</ref></span>
 
  
  
−
== Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> ==
+
= Key Problems of the Energy Sector<br/> =
  
−
=== General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy<br/> ===
+
*Only 49% of its 160 million people are connected to the electricity grid and, in the rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, only 25% have electricity
 +
*A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas
 +
*Electricity supply is not reliable and peak demand cannot be met
 +
*Substantial amount of energy is used inefficiently
 +
*Most people in the rural areas depend on kerosene lamps for light
 +
*90% of all Bangladeshis cook with biomass, such as rice straw, dried leaves, jute sticks, cow dung, or wood.
  
−
The general approach and strategy intended by the Algerian Ministry of Energy and Mines is constituted by decree no. 07-266, dating the 9th of September 2007.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007), "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites</ref> It represents one of the main basic modules, describing the function and role of the Ministry with respect to the intentions of the Algerian government.
 
  
−
In Article 1, the Ministry commits to the elaboration of political and strategic research, the production and valorisation of hydrocarbon, mineral and energetic resources and the embedding of the respective industry in this sector.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007), "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites</ref> In Article 5 it furthermore commits to the necessary studies and research and the promotion of sources of renewable energy.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007), "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites</ref>
 
  
 +
= Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> =
  
 +
== Poverty Reduction Strategy ==
  
−
=== Important Laws and Regulations<br/> ===
+
<u>All mentioned problems related to inefficient biomass and indoor air pollution use are addressed in the Bangladesh Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05410.pdf Bangladesh Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper]</ref>, chapters 5.H.1 ‘Conservation of Nature’ and 5.H.2 ‘Combating Pollution’:</u>
  
−
Due to the increasing importance of renewable energies, Algeria has created a legal framework concerning the promotion and exploitation of renewable energy. The foundation of this legal framework is given by the following legal documents:<ref>Minstère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Programm for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency", pg. 28</ref>
+
*"The relationship between the amount of the fire wood use and level of income is clearly positive and monotonic. This means that the poor has much less access to quality fuel for cooking. Income poverty thus translates into energy poverty." (p. 164)
 +
*"Population pressure on land has been leading to conversion of forest land and land under tree cover into other uses. This at the same time further lowers the supply of biomass and fuel wood for cooking raising their market value including further deforestation and cutting down of trees. Smoke due to fuel wood burning also is a major cause of a significant rise in the level of indoor air pollution affecting adversely the health of women and children." (p.164)
 +
*"Air pollution needs to address both the outdoor and indoor sources of pollution. […] Indoor air pollution is mainly caused by cooking fuels such as firewood and dried cow dung. Most of the poor families use these as fuel and women and children are the main victims of indoor air pollution. Due to air pollution the number of people suffering from respiratory diseases is on the rise." (p. 167)
  
−
*'''Law no. 99-09 '''concerning energy cuts (July 28th, 1999)
+
<br/><u>The PRSP derives the following national strategies to address the mentioned problems:</u>
−
*'''Law no. 02-01 '''concerning electricity and distribution of gas (February 5th, 2002)&nbsp;
 
−
*'''Law no. 04-09 '''concerning the promotion and exploitation of renewable energies in the context of sustainable development (August 14th, 2004)
 
−
*Special purposes account '''no. 302-131''', titled Fonds National pour les Energies Renouvelables, comprised in '''article 63 '''of the budgetary law of 2010
 
−
*Executive decree '''no. 04-92''' concerning the application of a subsidisation of renewable energy based electricity production
 
  
 +
*"For controlling indoor air pollution use of natural gas, biogas and LPG may be encouraged through various means including policy supports for their lower relative prices as well as more efficient and cost- effective cooking stoves." (p. 167)
 +
*The introduction of energy efficient cook stoves was set one of the key targets to control air pollution in rural settings. "Building coalitions with NGOs for wider dissemination of fuel-efficient cooking stoves" and "Promote R&D to change building and construction standards and designs for pollution-free kitchens" were the respective planned actions on the policy agenda for the fiscal year 2005/06 (p. 301).
  
  
−
=== Specific Strategies (Biomass, Renewable Energies, Rural Electrification, Energy Access Strategy etc.)<br/> ===
 
  
−
Especially the law concerning energy cuts is worth mentioning, for it secures the direct and indirect promotion and support of the deployment and exploitation of renewable energies in the form of financial, fiscal and customs-wise perquisites.
+
== General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy<br/> ==
  
−
Moreover, Algeria has founded the "Algerian Institute of Renewable Energies" (IAER), a public establishment of industrial nature under the authority of the Algerian Ministry of Energy. The founding of this organisation has been recorded by decree of the Ministry of Energy and Mines in January 2011.<ref>Ministère d’Energie et des Mines (January 27, 2011), „Décret exécutif n°11-33 du 27 janvier 2011 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de l’institut algérien des énergies renouvelables“</ref>
+
The Bangladeshi Energy Strategy of 1996 with its actualisation in 2002 is the main document of the promotion of RE It focusses on energy supply in rural areas. In December 2009 the "Renewable Energy Policy for Bangladesh was ratified. It was intended to integrate this policy paper into the New Energy Policy (NEP). The NEP was developed in 2006 by the "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme" in cooperation with the UNDP.
  
 +
<u>The Renewable Energy Policy ([http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/REP_English.pdf Download PDF; 83 kB])<ref>http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/REP_English.pdf</ref> contains the following parts:</u>
  
 +
*Overview of potentials of RE sources
 +
*Institutional arrangements in the RE sector (above all the responsibilities of the Sustainable Renewable Energy Authority (SREDA) which has been approved on Monday 18th of July 2012<ref>http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=133542&date=2012-06-19</ref>
 +
*Resource, technology and program development
 +
*Investment and fiscal incentives
 +
*Regulatory Policy
  
−
== Institutional Setup in the Energy Sector<br/> ==
 
  
−
=== Governmental Institutions<br/> ===
 
  
−
The Algerian energy sector is politically represented by the '''Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)'''. MEM is the most important player in the Algerian energy sector. Its mandate is given by decree no. 07-266 of 2010, assuring the ministry’s responsibility of elaboration and implementation of policies and strategies in the context of research, exploitation, production and usage of minerals and energy sources.<ref>Richter, A., Buss, I., Dedorath, G., (2012), Capacity Assessment (Evaluation des Capacités du Secteur des Energies Renouvelables en Algérie, Berlin et al.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, pg. 25</ref> MEM is assured control of the energy sector. Public institutions and organisations are subordinated to it.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: -, Accessed: September 30, 2007, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites</ref> MEM is thus engaged in the domains of production, transport, sale and distribution. MEM’s function also comprises the superintendence of the '''Fonds National des Energies Renouvelables (FNER)''' and the '''Fonds National de la Maitrise de l’Energie (FNME)'''.<ref>Richter, A., Buss, I., Dedorath, G., (2012), Capacity Assessment (Evaluation des Capacités du Secteur des Energies Renouvelables en Algérie, Berlin et al.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, pg. 25</ref>
+
== Specific Strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.)<br/> ==
  
−
On the basis of article 63 of the budgetary law, the FNER was found in 2010 and is financed by 0,5% of revenues gained from the export of fossil energy resources.<ref>(ibid.)</ref> It is institutionalised by the special purposes account no. 302-131. In a more global context, the funds main task is the reinforced development of renewable energies in Algeria.
+
== Important Laws and Regulations<br/> ==
  
−
A very particular notice should be given to the&nbsp;fewer institutions that deal with renewable energy and energy efficiency. Although the trend and global awareness of these issues has mainly grown in the last decade, some efforts have been made to approach them in earlier times. '''L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE)''', e.g., was already found in 1985.<ref>L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), 2010, "Qui sommes nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aprue.org.dz/maitrise-energetique.html</ref> According to decree no. 99-09, dating July 28th 1999, APRUE's main tasks include amonst others the implementation of the '''Programme National de Maîtrisse de l'Energie (PNME)''' and sectorial projects involving partnerships with other sectors (e.g.&nbsp;industry, transportation).<ref>L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), 2010, "Qui sommes nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aprue.org.dz/maitrise-energetique.html</ref>&nbsp;Having said that, the descirption of competencies and missions are formulated quite vaguely. Another organisation that should be mentioned explicitly is the '''New Energy Algeria (NEAL)''' that was found in 2002.<ref>New Energy Algeria Spa (NEAL) (2010), "Qui sommes-nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.neal-dz.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=275&amp;Itemid=124&amp;lang=fr</ref>&nbsp;Its function mainly involves the production and development of renewable energies, the establishment of win-win partenerships within the framework of technology-cooperations, and the consultation of national and international enterprises dealing with renewable energies and energy efficiency.<ref>New Energy Algeria Spa (NEAL) (2010), "Qui sommes-nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.neal-dz.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=271&amp;Itemid=123&amp;lang=fr</ref>
+
The '''Private Sector Power Generation Policy''' ([http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/PSEPGPB.pdf Download PDF; 135kB])<ref>http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/PSEPGPB.pdf</ref> shall attract private investment for installing new power generation capacity on build-own-operate (BOO) basis.
  
 +
<u>Number of Fiscal Incentives are provided in the Policy for the private power companies. Some of them are as follows:</u>
  
 +
*Exemption from corporate income tax for a period of 15 years.
 +
*Exemption from Customs Duties (CD), VAT (Value Added Tax) and any other surcharges in importing plants and equipment.
 +
*Repatriation of equity along with dividends allowed freely.
 +
*Exemption from income tax for foreign lenders to such companies.
 +
*Avoidance of double taxation case of foreign investors on the basis of bilateral agreements.
 +
*Remittance of up to 50% of salary of the foreigners employed in Bangladesh.
 +
*Companies are eligible for all other concessions which are available to industrial projects.
  
−
=== State-owned Enterprises<br/> ===
+
<br/><u>The '''Renewable Energy Policy''' (see above) provides incentives for renewable energy. Some of them are as follows:</u>
  
−
The Algerian energy sector is characterized by a few company networks with national enterprises numerously scattered&nbsp;over the respective branches of the energy sector.<br/>The hydrocarbon&nbsp;and petroleum&nbsp;branch mainly consists of the ''Groupe SONATRACH'', a dominating organisation dealing with the exploitation, transportation and commercialisation of oil and gas products. The subordinated company NAFTAL&nbsp;SPA&nbsp;is a national petrol station chain and is owned 100% by SONATRACH, which itself was found by the government in 1963 (presidential decree no. 63 - 491 December 31st, 1963).<ref>SONATRACH (2010), "Elements d'histoire des Hydrocarbures en Algerie", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonatrach-dz.com/NEW/histoire.html</ref>&nbsp;SONATRACH is the main player in terms of oil and gaz production and is - despite the fact that it is officially to be a commercial entity - a state-owned company of Algeria with the state being the sole shareholder of SONATRACH.<ref>El-Katiri, Dr. Mohammed (2010, 5), "Special Series - Sonatrach: An International Giant in the Making", Shrivenham (England): Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, pg. 3</ref> Overall, the SONATRACH&nbsp;group is made up of 29 subordinated companies and organisations.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur</ref>
+
*all renewable energy equipments and related raw materials in producing renewable energy equipments will be exempted from charging 15% VAT.
 +
*a network of micro-credit support system will be established especially in rural and remote areas to provide financial support for purchases of renewable energy equipment.
 +
*SEDA will consider providing subsidies to utilities for installation of solar, wind, biomass or any other renewable/clean energy projects.
 +
*Renewable energy project investors both in public and private sectors shall be exempted from corporate income tax for a period of 5 years from the date of notification of this policy in the official gazette and it will be extended periodically following impact assessment of tax exemption on renewable energy.
 +
*An incentive tariff may be considered for electricity generated from renewable energy sources which may be 10% higher than the highest purchase price of electricity by the utility from private generators.
  
−
Just as SONATRACH, ''Groupe SONELGAZ, ''responsible for the production and commercialisation of electricity and the national distribution of natural gaz, is likewise state-owned. Together, the two companies are the most important and influential players in the algerian energy sector. In 2001, the found the Algerian Energy Company (AEC)<ref>Algerian Energy Company (AEC) (2011), "Présentation de l'Activite", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aec.dz/site/home.php</ref>, whose main task it is to produce, commercialise, transport and distribute electricity troughout Algeria. Being a part of the SONELGAZ&nbsp;group, the Société Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité (SPE)&nbsp;is in charge of electricity production, as well,<ref>Groupe SONELGAZ Spa, "Scoiété Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=67</ref> whereas the electricity transportation is mainly carried out by the '''Société Algérienne de Gestion du réseau de Transport de l'Electricité (SGTE)'''.<ref>Groupe SONELGAZ Sap, "Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=68</ref>&nbsp;In total, the SONELGAZ&nbsp;group consists of 38 subordinated companies and organisations.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur</ref>
+
Furthermore a lot of procedures will be simplified and investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects will be facilitated.
  
  
  
−
=== Activities of Other Donors, Activities of NGOs<br/> ===
+
== Short explanation to what degree EnDev activities are consistent with the national poverty reduction and energy policy ==
  
−
Algeria's range of foreign donors and their acitivities and forms of support are quite big. Amongst other external donors, such as the ''World Bank, ''the ''United Nations Development Programm'' (UNDP), the ''African Development Bank ''(ADB), the USA, Canada, and Japan, the European Union is among the most active donors.<ref>European Union (2007), "European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument - Algeria", pg. 17</ref> Apart from the individual effort of several EU-member states (e.g.&nbsp;Italy, Spain, and Belgium), the European Investement Bank (EIB) and the European Commission (EC)&nbsp;have contributed decisive support in the recent decades.<ref>European Union (2007), "European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument - Algeria", pg. 13-17</ref>
+
= Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector, Activities of Other Donors<br/> =
  
 +
''Please confine your explanation to areas relevant for the intended project activities''
  
 +
== Governmental institutions<br/> ==
  
−
= Existing Projects<br/> =
+
*''Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission'' (BERC): BERC has authority over consumer protection, approval of tariffs and pricing, issuance of generation and distribution licenses, and promotion of competition.
 +
*''Power Cell'': Within the MPEMR power division, the Power Cell oversees power sector reform.
 +
*''Rural Electrification Board'' (REB): REB oversees operations of consumer-owned rural electric cooperatives (PBSs). It performs supervisory and regulatory duties to ensure that technical standards are met and performance is monitored.
 +
*''Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Agency'' (SREDA): SREDA will act as a focal point for sustainable energy development and promotion, ‘sustainable energy’ comprising renewable energy and energy efficiency. (This institution is not established yet but concrete steps have been taken in this regard by the Government, with SED support).
 +
*''Bangladesh Power Development Board'' (BPDB): BPDB operates most publicly owned generators and some urban distributors; it acts as a single buyer, purchasing from public and private generators and selling to distributors.
 +
*''Power Grid Company of Bangladesh'' (PGCB): PGCB is a wholly owned subsidiary of the BPDB, operates the national transmission grid, schedules grid operations and wheels energy to distributors.
 +
*''The Dhaka Power Distribution Company Ltd.'' (DPDCL): DPDCL distributes energy and conducts commercial operations in Dhaka and adjoining areas, except for Mirpur and Gulshan.
 +
*''Dhaka Electricity Supply Company Ltd.'' (DESCO): DESCO distributes energy and conducts commercial operations in the Mirpur and Gulshan jurisdictions of the Dhaka metropolitan area.
 +
*''West Zone Power Distribution Company'' (WZPDC): The WZPDC is responsible for regional distribution in Khulna.
  
−
'''Renewable energy development programme ([[:file:Programme ENR et efficacite energetique DEU.pdf|German version]]):&nbsp;'''
 
  
−
The renewable energy development programme of Algeria schedules a massive increase in the energy production from renewable energy sources until 2030. According to the Ministry of Energy and Mines, <u>this programme will be arranged in four major phases:</u><ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Programm für Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz", pg. 9</ref>&nbsp;
 
  
−
#Installed power capacity of 110 MW by 2013
+
== Private Sector (enterprises, NGOs)<br/> ==
−
#Expansion of installed power capacity up to 650 MW by 2015
 
−
#By 2020 and yet another phase of capacity development, available capacity for demostic needs is expected to be about 2,600 MW, whereas another 2,000 MW are supposed to be ready for export
 
−
#By year 2030 available capacity for domestic needs are envisioned to grow up to 12,000 MW. Export-ready capacities are scheduled to be about 10.000 MW.
 
  
−
<u>Projects in the planning phase or under implementation:</u>
+
*''Summit Power Company'': A private power company that operates some smaller size power plants.
 +
*''EnergyPac'': A private sector enterprise that produces transormers, energy saving lamps, etc.
 +
*''Rahim Afrooz'': The biggest manufacturer of batteries in Bangladesh. Besides battery manufacturing, it is also involved in the import of solar panels and installation of solar home systems:
 +
*Infrastructure Development Company''Limited (IDCOL)'': IDCOL is a government owned company. Although its mandate is to finance all types of infrastructure projects in Bangladesh, its main activity is to manage REREDP project and biogas projects supported by KfW and SNV.
 +
*''Grameen Shakti (GS)'': The biggest NGO involved in the dissemination of renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh.
 +
*''Rural Services Foundation'' (RSF): A foundation established by Rahim Afrooz. It is engaged in the dissemination of renewable energy technologies.
 +
*''Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee'' (BRAC): One of the biggest NGOs in the world and internationally active. The focal areas are wide, in Bangladesh they comprise of poverty allevation, micro-finance, health, environmental protection, and social empowerment, also through provision of improved energy services with a focus on solar household systems.
  
−
*Hassi R'MEL CSP Centrale Hybride, operator: Abener & NEAL, total capacity: 150 MW, operating since june 2011
 
−
*AlSol, CSP solar Tower, total capacity: 3 MW, under construction
 
−
*Wind farm of Adrar, operator: Sonelgaz, total capacity: 10 MW
 
−
*Electrification of 16 villages with individual PV kits, operator: Sonelgaz and CEEG, total capacity: 5 MW
 
−
*Fabrication of PV modules, operator: Sonelgaz/ Rouiba Eclairage, total production capacity: 116 MWp/ year, start: 2014
 
  
  
 +
== Activities of Other Donors<br/> ==
  
−
'''Energy efficiency programme:'''
+
*''Asian Development Bank'' (ADB): The ADB as the major donor took the coordinating role and acts as the chief negotiator with the Government of Bangladesh. All international donor activities in the energy sector are coordinated by the Local Consultative Group led by ADB. Since recently ADB is providing funds to the REREDP program implemented by IDCOL.
−
 
+
*''The World Bank'' (WB): The WB is providing funds to the Government of Bangladesh to increase the electricity generation, transmission and distribution capacity. The WB initiated the REREDP program and is still financing the credit part of the program.
−
The energy efficiency programme is big step for Algeria towards an eco-friendly energy policy, showing that an ecologically sensitive use of already existing energy resources are just as important as developing new sources of exploitation.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Programm für Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz", pg. 14</ref> The announced goal is to provide the same service as usual - but with less energy being used in the process of it.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Programm für Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz", pg. 14</ref> Planned provisions to facilitate the desired energy efficiency include thermal insulation in domestic households, an extensive use of energy-saving lamps, efficient public lighting by using sodium vapour lamps, and the promotion of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as fuel. Furthermore, public commercial vehicles are planned to run with natural gas by 2020. For the moment, a research pilot has been launched in Algier to test the feasibility of this vision. By 2020, all major cities in Algeria are planned to follow this lead. Last but not least a rather ambitious plan is to develop air conditioning technology running with solar power - although this idea is only at the outset and only exists in form of preliminary research, it can be considered to be one of the most changing reforms regarding the high usage of air conditions during summer months.
+
*''Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)'': JICA is helping Bangladesh in the generation of electricity. Currently, JICA is also providing funds to REREDP program.
 +
*''Global Environment Facility'' (GEF): GEF has supported REREDP from the very beginning and plans to undertake projects in the areas energy efficiency and improved brick kilns.
 +
*''SNV'': SNV is active in the field of biogas technology dissemination and is showing interest in improved cook stoves.
 +
*''Urban Partnership for Poverty Reduction (UPPR)'': Under UNDP initiated UPPR is collaborating with SED in the cook stove sector and is also open for cooperation in biogas plants in urban settings.
 +
*''U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)'': USAID has been supporting rural electrification program of Bangladesh for the last 35 years. Currently, USAID supported the implementation of the project “Integrated Protected Area Comanagement” (IPAC). SED and IPAC are collaborating in the promotion of improved cook stoves.
 +
*''Practical Action'' (PA): PA is mostly active in infrastructure and livelihood improvement in poor urban areas. As part of their efforts to provide energy access to the poor, they are interested to cooperate with SED in the promotion of improved cook stove as well as related monitoring and evaluation activities.
 +
*''Swedis<span style="font-weight: bold"></span>h International Development Agency'' (SIDA): SIDA is planning to start improved cook stove activities in Bangladesh. It is not yet decided wheter this will happen in cooperation with GIZ.
 +
*''UK Department for International Development'' (DFID): DFID has made tremendous funds available for electrification projects. They have indicated strong interest in SHS/SSHS, PicoPV as well as improved cook stove activities. Also they will be active in the field of political advisory, e.g. they are working on the topic of reallocation of subsidies for energy services and fuels.
 +
*''Climate and Clean Air Coalition'' (CCAC): CCAC is a new partnership represented by the USA, Canada, Sweden, Mexico, Ghana and Bangladesh. This group is focussing on the reduction of short lived pollutants such as black carbon and methane by promoting new environmentally friendly technologies and processes like improved cook stoves, brick kilns and rice parboiling system. Detailed discussions for cooperation have taken place in Toronto and Paris recently.
 +
*''Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau'' (KfW): Besides their efforts in rehabilitation of old power plants and grid efficiency, KfW has been a strong promoter and supporter of the SHS and SSHS dissemination under IDCOL. Further cooperation can be envisaged also for PicoPV.
 +
*[http://www.cleancookstoves.org/countries/asia/bangladesh.html ''Global Alliance for Clean Cookstove''&nbsp;(GACC)]: GACC, an UN Foundation, is now start working in Bangladesh and developing a Country Action Paln (CAP) which will give the whole cookstove sector participants a common platform.
  
  
Line 917: Line 488:
 
= Further Information<br/> =
 
= Further Information<br/> =
  
−
*Official website of the Algerian&nbsp;MEM:&nbsp;[http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php]
+
*[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/04/07/000333037_20100407004249/Rendered/PDF/538770PUB0Bang101Official0Use0Only1.pdf <font color="#0167a5">Restoring Balance: Bangladesh's Rural Energy Realities (ESMAP Report)</font>]
−
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html Algeria entry at The World Factbook]
+
*[http://go.worldbank.org/YELIS8MY30 <font color="#0167a5">Energy Access, Efficiency, and Poverty - How many Households are Energy Poor in Bangladesh? (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper)</font>]
−
*Official website of the Algerian "Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz": [http://www.creg.gov.dz/ http://www.creg.gov.dz/]
+
*[http://www.lged-rein.org LGED-REIN.org ]BAngladeshs renewable energy information network
−
*Official website of the Algerian "Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables": [http://www.cder.dz/ http://www.cder.dz/]
+
*Alamgir-Kabir (Bangladesh Power Development Board, Sept. 2011) [http://www.scribd.com/doc/66762248/ASM-Alamgir-Kabir-Solar-Projects-in-Bangladesh presentation on Energy Sector and Solar Projects]
 +
*vcbcb
 +
*[http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P071794/rural-electrification-renewable-energy-development?lang=en Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development]&nbsp;(World Bank Report)
  
  
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= References<br/> =
 
= References<br/> =
  
−
<references />
+
<references /><br/>
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Country Situation|Country_Situation]] <br/>
  
−
[[Category:Algeria]]
+
[[Category:Bangladesh]]
 +
[[Category:Country_Situation]]
 
{{Malawi cookstoves DB
 
{{Malawi cookstoves DB
 
|CS id=42866
 
|CS id=42866
−
|CS date=27.01.2016
+
|CS date=2016-01-27
 
|CS activity=Production centre (portable stoves)
 
|CS activity=Production centre (portable stoves)
−
|CS gps latitude=-160.400.000.000
+
|CS gps latitude=-16.0400000000
−
|CS gps longitude=353.600.000.000
+
|CS gps longitude=35.3600000000
 
|CS district=Mulanje
 
|CS district=Mulanje
 
|CS ta=Mthiramanja
 
|CS ta=Mthiramanja

Revision as of 07:41, 5 July 2016

Overview

{| style="float: right" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="400" |- | colspan="4" align="center" | People's Republic of Bangladesh |- |   120px-Flag of Bangladesh.svg.png
|   541px-Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg.png
|- | Capital

| Dhaka

|- | Official language(s)

| Bangla

|- | Government

| Parliamentary Democracy

|- | President

| Zillur Rahman

|- | Prime Minister

| Sheikh Hasina Wazed

|- | Total area

| 147,570 km2

|- | Population

| 136,700,000 (July 2004 BBS BD)[1]

164,400,000 (2009 estimate)

148,692,000 (2010 revised scenario UNPP)[2]

149,772,364 (March 2011 BBS adjusted pop. census (+4-5% expected))[3]

161,000,000 (IEA WEO 2011 (calculated from electrification estimates))[4]

161,083,804 (CIA July 2012 est.)[5]

|- | GDP (nominal)

| $285.8 billion (2011 estimate)[6]

|- | GDP Per capita

| $1700.00 (2011 estimate)[7]

|- | Currency

| Taka (BDT)

|- | Time zone

| BST (UTC+06)

|- | Calling code

| +880

|}

{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" align="left" border="0" width="350" |-

|


|}



Energy Situation

Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest and most densely populated nations. Data from the last Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005 revealed that 40% of the country’s population was classified as poor, with incomes below the upper national poverty line. In rural areas this rate is even higher, counting 44% of the population as poor (urban areas 28%). One fourth of the population is considered extremely poor (urban: 15%; rural: 29%), having incomes below the lower poverty line. Access to modern energy services is one of the reasons for poverty and low economic development. 

Today only an estimated 49% of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid. The electricity supply is not reliable though and peak demand cannot be met. In the rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, only about 25% have electricity.

Only about 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, such as wood, cow dung and agri­cultural residues are collected mainly from the local environment and have become a traded commodity as cooking fuel as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. Inefficient, kerosene based lamps are the most common sources of light. The kerosene price has increased from 42 tk (end 2010) to 61 tk (end 2012)[8]. Further price hikes are expected to come in place during 2012. The supply of new gas connections to industries have been suspended in 2009 and resumed in April 2012 [9]. At the same time new gas connections to household, which were restricted and therefore expensive, have now been suspended "for the time being" [10].


Energy Supply

About 70% of the population of Bangladesh live in rural areas. The rural economy is characterized by slow growth, high unemployment, insufficient infrastructure and widespread poverty. Due to the lack of electricity supply in rural areas, the rural population depends mainly on biomass as a source of energy. Over 70% of total primary energy consumption is covered by biomass, mainly agricultural waste and wood.


Electricity

Bangladesh grid map.jpg

Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.
In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power.


File:Bangladesh installed capacity fuel.jpg
Bangladesh installed capacity fuel.jpg

 

In the Western Zone, Coal and imported liquid fuel is used for generation of electricity. The fuel cost per unit generation in the Western Zone is much higher than that of the Eastern Zone. Therefore, as a policy, low cost electricity generated in the Eastern Zone is transferred to the Western Zone through the 230 kV East-West Inter connector transmission line.


Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina (4.11.09) said the government has taken plans to set up solar power plants to generate 280 MW by 2013. She told the parliament that the country, which has now short of about 1,200 to 1,700 MW power, would get rid of the power crisis by 2011 as 1,487 MW of power will be generated and added to the national grid by then.

The installed capacity in Bangladesh as increased by roughly 2,000MW between 2009-2011 and is now about 6,900MW (August 2011). Peak hour demand is about 6,000 MW everyday and increases on hot summer days. Maximum demand served so far is 6350 MW on August 4, 2012 (accessed on September 9, 2012).[11] 

Bangladesh´s electricity supply strongly relies on gas: About 67.11% of the power plants are fired by gas. Furnace oil, diesel, coal and hydro power are responsible for 21.70%, 6.15%, 2.41 % and 2.65% of the total electricity supply respectively (accessed on September 9, 2012).[12] A list of all power plants is provided by BPDB here (16kB). The acute gas shortage causes a loss in production of around 600MW.

Bangladesh has signed a protocol deal with Russia on October 21, 2011 after series talks on cooperation in the field of peaceful usage of nuclear energy as the country plans to install a nuclear power plant in Pabna district, some 216 km northwest of capital Dhaka.


Energy Consumption

Energy Demand in the Household Sector

Most Bangladeshi households in rural areas (99%) as well as urban areas (66%) use biomass such as wood, cow dung, jute sticks or other agricultural wastes for cooking. Inefficient and poorly ventilated clay stoves produce fine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dioxins and other carcinogens (ROUSE 2004). Housewives are exposed to high levels of these toxins between three and seven hours a day. Research revealed that this indoor air pollution (IAP) occurs not only in the kitchen but only slightly lower in the living area therewith affecting also other family members such as children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated (based on 2002 data) that more than 46,000 women and children die each year as a direct result of exposure to indoor air pollution, while many more suffer from respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, eye diseases, and lung cancer. Further WHO attributes 1.3 million disability adjusted life years (DALY) to the use of solid fuels . Right behind unsafe water and inadequate sanitation, indoor air pollution is the second biggest environmental contributor to illness worldwide (WHO 2007[13]).

Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption by Source2.JPG


Although the estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is one of the lowest in the world, biomass is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. The natural growth of forests as well as afforestation measures are too low to meet the consumption of the population due to inefficient burning of biomass for cooking purposes and high population growths, putting pressure on the economic situation of biomass-purchasing households. Poor rural households have to spend a significant amount of time on biomass collection. Wastage of biomass is depriving the soil of nutrients, resulting in unsustainable low levels of organic matter in the soil.

The figure shows the distribution of the energy consumption of rural households. Nearly one half of the total consumption is for firewood.


Annual Household Energy Consumption: All Divisions (average per household)[14]

{| style="width: 599px; height: 563px" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1" |- | colspan="2" |

| colspan="3" |

Heating

| colspan="3" |
|- | Energy Type | All Uses | Cooking | Parboiling | Other | Cooling | Lighting | Amusement |- | colspan="8" | Biomass (kg)
|- | Fuelwood | 1,186.21 | 1,064.84 | 28.60 | 92.77 | — | — | — |- | Tree leaves | 501.51 | 470.67 | 29.99 | 0.85 | — | — | — |- | Crop residue | 708.18 | 538.86 | 164.41 | 2.72 | — | — | — |- | Dung cake/stick | 523.90 | 503.68 | 16.07 | 4.16 | — | — | — |- | Sawdust | 8.40 | 8.36 | 0.02 | 0.02 | — | — | — |- | colspan="8" | Non-biomass
|- | Candle (piece) | 15.86 | — | — | — | — | 15.86 | — |- | Kerosene (liter) | 28.98 | 1.76 | — | 0.07 | — | 27.16 | — |- | Natural gas (Tk) | 9.59 | 9.59 | — | — | — | — | — |- | LPG/LNG (liter) | 0.05 | 0.05 | — | — | — | — | — |- | Grid electricity (kWh) | 143.83 | 0.25 | — | 4.00 | 49.50 | 80.74 | 9.34 |- | Solar PV (kWh) | 0.53 | — | — | — | 0.04 | 0.48 | 0.01 |- | Storage cell (kWh) | 0.55 | — | — | — | — | 0.14 | 0.41 |- | Dry-cell battery (piece) | 15.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — |}


Electricity

Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG


The government’s vision of electrifying the entire country by 2020 through grid expansion may not be realistic due to inaccessibility and low consumer density in many rural areas, as well as financial constraints. To reach the government’s vision of universal electrification, renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy will have to play a vital role for off-grid electrification.

Within the reach of the national grid Bangladesh is still reeling under 600 - 1200 MW of ‘load-shedding’. A situation which deteriorates during irrigation seasons, when the demand-supply gap reaches up to 1500 MW. Domestic and industrial sectors consume about 43% and 44% electrical energy respectively, i.e. a total of about 87% of power consumption occurs in these two sectors. Out of this, a large part of electrical energy is consumed for lighting. All power sector experts acknowledge that the maximum power gap occurs primarily during the evening. A way to manage the evening load is the introduction of energy efficient lights/lighting systems.


Access Rate

Bangladesh is one of the world’s lowest energy producers. Electricity, critical to economic growth, has reached only about half of households, despite the country’s successful rural electrification program. With the exception of kerosene, commercial fuels are beyond reach for many. Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass for cooking will continue for several decades; Today only around 49% of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid and in the rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, only 25% have electricity. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.


Market Situation for Different Energy Technologies and Services

Solar Energy

Bangladesh SHS distribution map

Solar photovoltaic: Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are in use throughout the country with over 1.5 million household-level installations having capacity of about 75 MW (August 2012). Scaling-up of solar PV systems assisted by the development partners are being implemented through Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), Rural Electrification Board (REB), Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), NGOs and Private Organizations implementing solar energy program. There is a strong potential for solar energy within the country. Dissemination of solar home systems (SHSs) is being promoted mainly by private sector companies and NGOs, mainly based on the direct-sale approach and provision refinancing funds for micro-financing of SHSs to participating organizations (mostly NGOs) through IDCOL.


Solar Thermal Power / Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)': The technology involves harnessing solar radiation for generation of electricity through a number of steps finally generating mechanical energy to run a generator. This technology needs to be disseminated in the country to supplement the power supply.


Bangladesh SHS Capacitywise installation.jpg


Wind Energy

Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia.


Biomass

Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse etc. This technology can be disseminated on a larger scale for electricity generation.


Biogas

Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls.


Hydro Power

 Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracts. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 kW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with present installed capacity of 230 MW.


Other Renewable Sources

Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Potentialities of these sources are yet to be explored.


Key Problems of the Energy Sector

  • Only 49% of its 160 million people are connected to the electricity grid and, in the rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, only 25% have electricity
  • A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas
  • Electricity supply is not reliable and peak demand cannot be met
  • Substantial amount of energy is used inefficiently
  • Most people in the rural areas depend on kerosene lamps for light
  • 90% of all Bangladeshis cook with biomass, such as rice straw, dried leaves, jute sticks, cow dung, or wood.


Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

Poverty Reduction Strategy

All mentioned problems related to inefficient biomass and indoor air pollution use are addressed in the Bangladesh Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)[15], chapters 5.H.1 ‘Conservation of Nature’ and 5.H.2 ‘Combating Pollution’:

  • "The relationship between the amount of the fire wood use and level of income is clearly positive and monotonic. This means that the poor has much less access to quality fuel for cooking. Income poverty thus translates into energy poverty." (p. 164)
  • "Population pressure on land has been leading to conversion of forest land and land under tree cover into other uses. This at the same time further lowers the supply of biomass and fuel wood for cooking raising their market value including further deforestation and cutting down of trees. Smoke due to fuel wood burning also is a major cause of a significant rise in the level of indoor air pollution affecting adversely the health of women and children." (p.164)
  • "Air pollution needs to address both the outdoor and indoor sources of pollution. […] Indoor air pollution is mainly caused by cooking fuels such as firewood and dried cow dung. Most of the poor families use these as fuel and women and children are the main victims of indoor air pollution. Due to air pollution the number of people suffering from respiratory diseases is on the rise." (p. 167)


The PRSP derives the following national strategies to address the mentioned problems:

  • "For controlling indoor air pollution use of natural gas, biogas and LPG may be encouraged through various means including policy supports for their lower relative prices as well as more efficient and cost- effective cooking stoves." (p. 167)
  • The introduction of energy efficient cook stoves was set one of the key targets to control air pollution in rural settings. "Building coalitions with NGOs for wider dissemination of fuel-efficient cooking stoves" and "Promote R&D to change building and construction standards and designs for pollution-free kitchens" were the respective planned actions on the policy agenda for the fiscal year 2005/06 (p. 301).


General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy

The Bangladeshi Energy Strategy of 1996 with its actualisation in 2002 is the main document of the promotion of RE It focusses on energy supply in rural areas. In December 2009 the "Renewable Energy Policy for Bangladesh was ratified. It was intended to integrate this policy paper into the New Energy Policy (NEP). The NEP was developed in 2006 by the "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme" in cooperation with the UNDP.

The Renewable Energy Policy (Download PDF; 83 kB)[16] contains the following parts:

  • Overview of potentials of RE sources
  • Institutional arrangements in the RE sector (above all the responsibilities of the Sustainable Renewable Energy Authority (SREDA) which has been approved on Monday 18th of July 2012[17]
  • Resource, technology and program development
  • Investment and fiscal incentives
  • Regulatory Policy


Specific Strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.)

Important Laws and Regulations

The Private Sector Power Generation Policy (Download PDF; 135kB)[18] shall attract private investment for installing new power generation capacity on build-own-operate (BOO) basis.

Number of Fiscal Incentives are provided in the Policy for the private power companies. Some of them are as follows:

  • Exemption from corporate income tax for a period of 15 years.
  • Exemption from Customs Duties (CD), VAT (Value Added Tax) and any other surcharges in importing plants and equipment.
  • Repatriation of equity along with dividends allowed freely.
  • Exemption from income tax for foreign lenders to such companies.
  • Avoidance of double taxation case of foreign investors on the basis of bilateral agreements.
  • Remittance of up to 50% of salary of the foreigners employed in Bangladesh.
  • Companies are eligible for all other concessions which are available to industrial projects.


The Renewable Energy Policy (see above) provides incentives for renewable energy. Some of them are as follows:

  • all renewable energy equipments and related raw materials in producing renewable energy equipments will be exempted from charging 15% VAT.
  • a network of micro-credit support system will be established especially in rural and remote areas to provide financial support for purchases of renewable energy equipment.
  • SEDA will consider providing subsidies to utilities for installation of solar, wind, biomass or any other renewable/clean energy projects.
  • Renewable energy project investors both in public and private sectors shall be exempted from corporate income tax for a period of 5 years from the date of notification of this policy in the official gazette and it will be extended periodically following impact assessment of tax exemption on renewable energy.
  • An incentive tariff may be considered for electricity generated from renewable energy sources which may be 10% higher than the highest purchase price of electricity by the utility from private generators.

Furthermore a lot of procedures will be simplified and investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects will be facilitated.


Short explanation to what degree EnDev activities are consistent with the national poverty reduction and energy policy

Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector, Activities of Other Donors

Please confine your explanation to areas relevant for the intended project activities

Governmental institutions

  • Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission (BERC): BERC has authority over consumer protection, approval of tariffs and pricing, issuance of generation and distribution licenses, and promotion of competition.
  • Power Cell: Within the MPEMR power division, the Power Cell oversees power sector reform.
  • Rural Electrification Board (REB): REB oversees operations of consumer-owned rural electric cooperatives (PBSs). It performs supervisory and regulatory duties to ensure that technical standards are met and performance is monitored.
  • Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Agency (SREDA): SREDA will act as a focal point for sustainable energy development and promotion, ‘sustainable energy’ comprising renewable energy and energy efficiency. (This institution is not established yet but concrete steps have been taken in this regard by the Government, with SED support).
  • Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB): BPDB operates most publicly owned generators and some urban distributors; it acts as a single buyer, purchasing from public and private generators and selling to distributors.
  • Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB): PGCB is a wholly owned subsidiary of the BPDB, operates the national transmission grid, schedules grid operations and wheels energy to distributors.
  • The Dhaka Power Distribution Company Ltd. (DPDCL): DPDCL distributes energy and conducts commercial operations in Dhaka and adjoining areas, except for Mirpur and Gulshan.
  • Dhaka Electricity Supply Company Ltd. (DESCO): DESCO distributes energy and conducts commercial operations in the Mirpur and Gulshan jurisdictions of the Dhaka metropolitan area.
  • West Zone Power Distribution Company (WZPDC): The WZPDC is responsible for regional distribution in Khulna.


Private Sector (enterprises, NGOs)

  • Summit Power Company: A private power company that operates some smaller size power plants.
  • EnergyPac: A private sector enterprise that produces transormers, energy saving lamps, etc.
  • Rahim Afrooz: The biggest manufacturer of batteries in Bangladesh. Besides battery manufacturing, it is also involved in the import of solar panels and installation of solar home systems:
  • Infrastructure Development CompanyLimited (IDCOL): IDCOL is a government owned company. Although its mandate is to finance all types of infrastructure projects in Bangladesh, its main activity is to manage REREDP project and biogas projects supported by KfW and SNV.
  • Grameen Shakti (GS): The biggest NGO involved in the dissemination of renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh.
  • Rural Services Foundation (RSF): A foundation established by Rahim Afrooz. It is engaged in the dissemination of renewable energy technologies.
  • Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee (BRAC): One of the biggest NGOs in the world and internationally active. The focal areas are wide, in Bangladesh they comprise of poverty allevation, micro-finance, health, environmental protection, and social empowerment, also through provision of improved energy services with a focus on solar household systems.


Activities of Other Donors

  • Asian Development Bank (ADB): The ADB as the major donor took the coordinating role and acts as the chief negotiator with the Government of Bangladesh. All international donor activities in the energy sector are coordinated by the Local Consultative Group led by ADB. Since recently ADB is providing funds to the REREDP program implemented by IDCOL.
  • The World Bank (WB): The WB is providing funds to the Government of Bangladesh to increase the electricity generation, transmission and distribution capacity. The WB initiated the REREDP program and is still financing the credit part of the program.
  • Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA): JICA is helping Bangladesh in the generation of electricity. Currently, JICA is also providing funds to REREDP program.
  • Global Environment Facility (GEF): GEF has supported REREDP from the very beginning and plans to undertake projects in the areas energy efficiency and improved brick kilns.
  • SNV: SNV is active in the field of biogas technology dissemination and is showing interest in improved cook stoves.
  • Urban Partnership for Poverty Reduction (UPPR): Under UNDP initiated UPPR is collaborating with SED in the cook stove sector and is also open for cooperation in biogas plants in urban settings.
  • U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID): USAID has been supporting rural electrification program of Bangladesh for the last 35 years. Currently, USAID supported the implementation of the project “Integrated Protected Area Comanagement” (IPAC). SED and IPAC are collaborating in the promotion of improved cook stoves.
  • Practical Action (PA): PA is mostly active in infrastructure and livelihood improvement in poor urban areas. As part of their efforts to provide energy access to the poor, they are interested to cooperate with SED in the promotion of improved cook stove as well as related monitoring and evaluation activities.
  • Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA): SIDA is planning to start improved cook stove activities in Bangladesh. It is not yet decided wheter this will happen in cooperation with GIZ.
  • UK Department for International Development (DFID): DFID has made tremendous funds available for electrification projects. They have indicated strong interest in SHS/SSHS, PicoPV as well as improved cook stove activities. Also they will be active in the field of political advisory, e.g. they are working on the topic of reallocation of subsidies for energy services and fuels.
  • Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC): CCAC is a new partnership represented by the USA, Canada, Sweden, Mexico, Ghana and Bangladesh. This group is focussing on the reduction of short lived pollutants such as black carbon and methane by promoting new environmentally friendly technologies and processes like improved cook stoves, brick kilns and rice parboiling system. Detailed discussions for cooperation have taken place in Toronto and Paris recently.
  • Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW): Besides their efforts in rehabilitation of old power plants and grid efficiency, KfW has been a strong promoter and supporter of the SHS and SSHS dissemination under IDCOL. Further cooperation can be envisaged also for PicoPV.
  • Global Alliance for Clean Cookstove (GACC): GACC, an UN Foundation, is now start working in Bangladesh and developing a Country Action Paln (CAP) which will give the whole cookstove sector participants a common platform.


Further Information


References

  1. ↑ http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
  2. ↑ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp
  3. ↑ http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Census2011/Bangladesh_glance.pdf
  4. ↑ http://www.iea.org/weo/electricity.asp
  5. ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html
  6. ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html
  7. ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html
  8. ↑ http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=216321
  9. ↑ http://www.globserver.com/en/bangladesh/press/bangladesh-resume-new-gas-connections-industrial-users-2012-03-03-1
  10. ↑ http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=239013
  11. ↑ http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=6
  12. ↑ http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=6
  13. ↑ http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/indoor_air_national_burden_estimate_revised.pdf WHO
  14. ↑ BIDS Survey 2004
  15. ↑ Bangladesh Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
  16. ↑ http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/REP_English.pdf
  17. ↑ http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=133542&date=2012-06-19
  18. ↑ http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/PSEPGPB.pdf




Establishment/Project Data

ID: 42866
Name:
Chingazi club
Type: Production centre (portable stoves)
Start: Year establishment started business 2014
Technology: unknown
ICS produced: 270 ICS sold: 200 Date: 2016-01-27
Employees (total): 0|.|,}} Female: 0|.|,}} Male: 0|.|,}}
Programme: Programme under which establishment is active CARD

Picture

Cookstove default.png

Location Data

District: Mulanje
Loading map...
TA: Mthiramanja
GVH: Matipwiri
Village: Njemera
Road: Accessibilty/Road (Distance in KM to primary road) 6 km
District information
Area in sq. Km: 2,056 km²
Population: 684,107
Tree cover (%): 21 %

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