Difference between revisions of "Mitigation and Intervention Techniques Related to Micro-hydro Power (MHP) Projects"
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− | === '''<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">BIOPHYSICAL MEASURES<ref>DESTA, L. ET AL. (2005): Part 2: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: A Guideline. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.</ref></span>''' === | + | === '''<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">BIOPHYSICAL MEASURES<ref>DESTA, L. ET AL. (2005): Part 2: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: A Guideline. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.</ref></span>''' === |
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| bgcolor="#ffcc99" | '''Stone Checkdams''' | | bgcolor="#ffcc99" | '''Stone Checkdams''' | ||
− | + | *<u>Objectives</u>: A stone checkdam is a structure across the bottom of a gully or a small stream, which reduces the velocity of runoff and prevents the deepening and widening of<br>the gully. Sediments accumulated behind a checkdam could be planted with crops or trees/shrubs grass and thus provide additional income to the farmer.<br> | |
− | *<u>Objectives</u>: A stone checkdam is a structure across the bottom of a gully or a small stream, which reduces the velocity of runoff and prevents the deepening and widening of the gully. Sediments accumulated behind a checkdam could be planted with crops or trees/shrubs grass and thus provide additional income to the farmer.<br> | ||
<br>'''Brushwood Checkdams'''<br> | <br>'''Brushwood Checkdams'''<br> | ||
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'''Gully Resheping, Filling and Revegetation''' | '''Gully Resheping, Filling and Revegetation''' | ||
− | *<u>Objectives</u>: Reshaping & Filling is an operation meant to decrease the gully erosion angle of incidence, create planting areas and encourage revegetation & stabilization, usually in small gullies or in other medium sized gullies from which most runoff has been diverted into a stable waterway or drainage line. When these gullies are shaped and smoothed, vegetation can be established over the levelled gullies. Some of these areas can be used for farming purposes. Revegetation of a gully is the plantation of the reshaped gully sides and bottom with multipurpose species so that it reduces runoff and control erosion and make the land productive. Gully revegetation implies reaching a dense vegetation cover over the entire gully surface, i.e. both sides and bottom by planting grasses, legumes and a variety of trees and shrubs.<br> | + | *<u>Objectives</u>: Reshaping & Filling is an operation meant to decrease the gully erosion angle of incidence, create planting areas and encourage revegetation & stabilization, usually in small gullies or in other medium sized gullies from which most runoff has been diverted into a stable waterway or drainage line.<br>When these gullies are shaped and smoothed, vegetation can be established over the levelled gullies.<br>Some of these areas can be used for farming purposes. Revegetation of a gully is the plantation of the reshaped gully sides and bottom with multipurpose species so that it reduces runoff and control erosion<br>and make the land productive. Gully revegetation implies reaching a dense vegetation cover over the entire gully surface, i.e. both sides and bottom by planting grasses, legumes and a variety of trees and shrubs.<br> |
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'''Sediment Storage and Overflow Earth Dams (SS Dams) for Productive Gulley Control'''<br> | '''Sediment Storage and Overflow Earth Dams (SS Dams) for Productive Gulley Control'''<br> | ||
− | *<u>Objectives</u>: SS dams are water harvesting and conservation systems that convert unproductive large and active gullies into productive areas (fertile cultivated or fodder producing areas, mixed plantations, and fruit tree orchards). SS dams are stone-faced earth dams constructed across medium/large size gullies to trap sediments, collect water and divert excess runoff. SS dams accommodate the runoff generated by the catchment located above the gully. The structures are often constructed in series along the gully. It is just like creating a land that does not exist. Contribute significantly to protect cultivated lands, arrest gully expansion and recharge water tables. Huge potential in Ethiopia - can provide tens of thousand Km of gullies to poor households (small land holders and landless). | + | *<u>Objectives</u>: SS dams are water harvesting and conservation systems that convert unproductive large and active gullies into productive areas (fertile cultivated or fodder producing areas, mixed plantations, and<br>fruit tree orchards). SS dams are stone-faced earth dams constructed across medium/large size gullies to trap sediments, collect water and divert excess runoff. SS dams accommodate the runoff generated by the catchment located above the gully. The structures are often constructed in series along the gully. It is just like creating a land that does not exist. Contribute significantly to protect cultivated lands,<br>arrest gully expansion and recharge water tables. Huge potential in Ethiopia - can provide tens of<br>thousand Km of gullies to poor households (small land holders and landless). |
<br> '''Sediment Storage and Overflow Soil Bunds (SS Bunds)''' | <br> '''Sediment Storage and Overflow Soil Bunds (SS Bunds)''' | ||
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− | ==== '''Agro-forestry, Forage Development and Forestry''' ==== | + | ==== '''Agro-forestry, Forage Development and Forestry''' ==== |
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− | ==== '''Soil Fertility Management and Biological Soil Conservation''' ==== | + | ==== '''Soil Fertility Management and Biological Soil Conservation''' ==== |
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− | ==== Flood Control and Improved Drainage ==== | + | ==== Flood Control and Improved Drainage ==== |
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− | ==== Physical Soil and Water Conservation ==== | + | ==== Physical Soil and Water Conservation ==== |
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− | ==== Water harvesting ==== | + | ==== Water harvesting ==== |
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− | === '''<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">POLITICAL MEASURES</span>''' === | + | === '''<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">POLITICAL MEASURES</span>''' === |
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− | ==== Education and training ==== | + | ==== Education and training ==== |
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− | ==== Income generating measures ==== | + | ==== Income generating measures ==== |
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− | ==== Participatory approach ==== | + | ==== Participatory approach ==== |
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Revision as of 09:36, 23 April 2011
The identification of appropriate mitigation and intervention techniques on the basis of the Environment Assessment is crucial for the implementation of a successful Watershed Action Plan in order to achieve a sustainable use of the catchment area and thus the MHP project. Biophysical as well as political mitigation and intervention techniques are listed in the table below:
BIOPHYSICAL MEASURES[1] |
|
Gully control |
Stone Checkdams
Gully Resheping, Filling and Revegetation
Sediment Storage and Overflow Earth Dams (SS Dams) for Productive Gulley Control
|
Agro-forestry, Forage Development and Forestry |
Area Closure
Microbasins (MBs)
|
Soil Fertility Management and Biological Soil Conservation |
Compost Making
Fertilization and Manuring
Grass Strips along the Contours
|
Flood Control and Improved Drainage |
|
Physical Soil and Water Conservation |
|
Water harvesting |
|
POLITICAL MEASURES |
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Education and training |
|
Income generating measures |
|
Participatory approach |
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Terracing in the Gobecho catchment (Ethiopia) | Gully control near Ambo (Ethiopia) |
Box 1 shows three examples of how (rather simple) interventions can improve the environmental condition of the catchment. A more detailed list of mitigation and intervention techniques and the respective application can be found in DESTA, L. ET AL. (2005): Part 1: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, pages 69 – 165 and DESTA, L. ET AL. (2005): Part 2: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: Annex. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, pages 43 - 48.
Box 1:
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References
- ↑ DESTA, L. ET AL. (2005): Part 2: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: A Guideline. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
- ↑ HELVETAS (2005): Helvetas Wasser Fact Sheet: Quellen und Quellschutz.
- ↑ GALE, J.A. (unknown): Watershedss Wetland Management. http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/wetlands/manage.html#prot
- ↑ SUNGSUMARN, K. (1993): Why Eucalyptus is Not Adopted for Agroforestry. In: Kashio, M. et al. (Hrsg.)(1996): Reports Submitted to the Regional Expert Consultation on Eucalyptus - Volume II. Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
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