Difference between revisions of "Mitigation and Intervention Techniques Related to Micro-hydro Power (MHP) Projects"
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#Increased crop and residue yields. | #Increased crop and residue yields. | ||
#Early harvest when there is shortage of food supply and also help farmers benefit from higher prices. | #Early harvest when there is shortage of food supply and also help farmers benefit from higher prices. | ||
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− | '''Level Soil Bunds''' | + | '''Level Soil Bunds''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: The bund reduces and stops the velocity of runoff and consequently reduces soil erosion and the steady decline of crop yields. They are impermeable structures, unless provided with spillways, intended to retain all rainfall, and hence, increase the moisture retention capacity of the soil profile and water availability to plants, and increase the efficiency of fertilizer applications if any. Through their water retention effect, the bunds may allow some crop yield even in drought years. Soil bunds are entry points for further stabilisation and application of organic residues or compost (especially if applied in the first meters behind the bund where soil is deeper). | *<u>Objectives</u>: The bund reduces and stops the velocity of runoff and consequently reduces soil erosion and the steady decline of crop yields. They are impermeable structures, unless provided with spillways, intended to retain all rainfall, and hence, increase the moisture retention capacity of the soil profile and water availability to plants, and increase the efficiency of fertilizer applications if any. Through their water retention effect, the bunds may allow some crop yield even in drought years. Soil bunds are entry points for further stabilisation and application of organic residues or compost (especially if applied in the first meters behind the bund where soil is deeper). | ||
− | '''<br>Stone Bunds''' | + | '''<br>Stone Bunds''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: The stone bund reduces and stops the velocity of runoff and consequently reduces soil erosion and the steady decline in fertility and crop yields. They are semi-permeable structures unless sealed with soil in their upper side. They increase the moisture retention capacity of the soil profile and water availability to plants, and increase the efficiency of fertilizer applications if any. Through their water retention effect the stone bunds may allow some crop yield even in drought years. Stone bunds are entry points for application of organic residues or compost, especially in the first 2-3 meters behind the bund where soil is deeper. | *<u>Objectives</u>: The stone bund reduces and stops the velocity of runoff and consequently reduces soil erosion and the steady decline in fertility and crop yields. They are semi-permeable structures unless sealed with soil in their upper side. They increase the moisture retention capacity of the soil profile and water availability to plants, and increase the efficiency of fertilizer applications if any. Through their water retention effect the stone bunds may allow some crop yield even in drought years. Stone bunds are entry points for application of organic residues or compost, especially in the first 2-3 meters behind the bund where soil is deeper. | ||
− | '''<br>Stone Faced Soil Bunds''' | + | '''<br>Stone Faced Soil Bunds''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: The stone faced bunds are reinforced soil bunds in one or both their sides. It has the same objectives of soil and stone bunds. Provided they are well constructed stone faced soil bunds<br>offer strong resistance against runoff. Stone faced bunds are suitable in areas with high stoniness and stable soils, combined with trenches and vegetative stabilization. Suitable for dry areas and combined with other moisture conservation measures like tie-ridging and compost applications above bund or benched area. | *<u>Objectives</u>: The stone faced bunds are reinforced soil bunds in one or both their sides. It has the same objectives of soil and stone bunds. Provided they are well constructed stone faced soil bunds<br>offer strong resistance against runoff. Stone faced bunds are suitable in areas with high stoniness and stable soils, combined with trenches and vegetative stabilization. Suitable for dry areas and combined with other moisture conservation measures like tie-ridging and compost applications above bund or benched area. | ||
− | '''<br>Level Fanya Juu''' | + | '''<br>Level Fanya Juu''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: The FJ reduces and stops the velocity of runoff and consequently reduces soil erosion and the steady decline of crop yields. They are impermeable structures intended to retain rainfall,<br>and hence, increase s.oil moisture, water availability to plants, and increase the efficiency of fertilizer application if any. Fanya juus bench quicker than soil bunds but are not as efficient in moisture conservation and more prone to breakages/overtopping. | *<u>Objectives</u>: The FJ reduces and stops the velocity of runoff and consequently reduces soil erosion and the steady decline of crop yields. They are impermeable structures intended to retain rainfall,<br>and hence, increase s.oil moisture, water availability to plants, and increase the efficiency of fertilizer application if any. Fanya juus bench quicker than soil bunds but are not as efficient in moisture conservation and more prone to breakages/overtopping. | ||
− | '''<br>Bench Terracing''' | + | '''<br>Bench Terracing''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: The terrace in most cases converts a steep slope into a series of steps, with nearly horizonal benches to reduce velocity of runoff, reduce the soil erosion and the decline in crop yields. | *<u>Objectives</u>: The terrace in most cases converts a steep slope into a series of steps, with nearly horizonal benches to reduce velocity of runoff, reduce the soil erosion and the decline in crop yields. | ||
− | '''<br>Conservation Tillage using Maresha and Broad Bed and Farrows Maker (BBM)''' | + | '''<br>Conservation Tillage using Maresha and Broad Bed and Farrows Maker (BBM)''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Undisturbed soil that is permanently protected by vegetative cover improves in the manner that occur in the native ecosystems,including maintenance of porous and soft soil layers through litter accumulation, intense biological activity, movement of soil fauna, and root growth. These functions improve efficient water, heat, and gas transfers within the entire soil profile. The presence of crop residues on the soil surface minimizes soil evaporation, and in regions of low rainfall can conserve water and increase crop water use efficiency thus improving crop yields. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Undisturbed soil that is permanently protected by vegetative cover improves in the manner that occur in the native ecosystems,including maintenance of porous and soft soil layers through litter accumulation, intense biological activity, movement of soil fauna, and root growth. These functions improve efficient water, heat, and gas transfers within the entire soil profile. The presence of crop residues on the soil surface minimizes soil evaporation, and in regions of low rainfall can conserve water and increase crop water use efficiency thus improving crop yields. | ||
− | '''<br> Hillside Terraces''' | + | '''<br> Hillside Terraces''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Hillside terraces are physical structures constructed along the contours, generally suitable in steep degraded slopes and shallow soils (although common in other type of soils), suitable for tree planting and rather effective in controlling runoff and erosion. Common in most parts of Ethiopia, generally in dry areas to support area closure plantation and protect downstream fields. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Hillside terraces are physical structures constructed along the contours, generally suitable in steep degraded slopes and shallow soils (although common in other type of soils), suitable for tree planting and rather effective in controlling runoff and erosion. Common in most parts of Ethiopia, generally in dry areas to support area closure plantation and protect downstream fields. | ||
− | '''<br>Hillside Terrace with Trenches''' | + | '''<br>Hillside Terrace with Trenches''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: HTTs is highly labour intensive - combine both effects of hillsides and trenches constructed immediately above the terrace stone riser, generally suitable for steep slopes (up to 50%) and shallowmedium depth soils (although common in other type of soils). Suitable for tree/shrubs planting and very effective in controlling runoff and erosion. HHTs ensure protection of downstream fields, and play a significant role in replenishing water tables. | *<u>Objectives</u>: HTTs is highly labour intensive - combine both effects of hillsides and trenches constructed immediately above the terrace stone riser, generally suitable for steep slopes (up to 50%) and shallowmedium depth soils (although common in other type of soils). Suitable for tree/shrubs planting and very effective in controlling runoff and erosion. HHTs ensure protection of downstream fields, and play a significant role in replenishing water tables. | ||
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− | '''Hand-dug Wells''' | + | '''Hand-dug Wells''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Hand dug wells are used to irrigate small plots or to supply drinking water for human and livestock. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Hand dug wells are used to irrigate small plots or to supply drinking water for human and livestock. | ||
− | '''<br>Low cost Water Lifting''' | + | '''<br>Low cost Water Lifting''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: They are instrumental in increasing the size of plot and provide the right amount of water to crops at the the right time. The treadle pump, relative to the traditional rope and bucket system will increase irrigated surface areas and reduce irrigation labour time relative to the original irrigated surface area. Thus, resulting in increased production. | *<u>Objectives</u>: They are instrumental in increasing the size of plot and provide the right amount of water to crops at the the right time. The treadle pump, relative to the traditional rope and bucket system will increase irrigated surface areas and reduce irrigation labour time relative to the original irrigated surface area. Thus, resulting in increased production. | ||
− | '''<br>Low Cost Micro-ponds''' | + | '''<br>Low Cost Micro-ponds''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Supplementary irrigation to high value crops (horticulture, fruit trees, etc.). Water for livestock for a few months. Microponds allow to use surface runoff from small catchment areas within and between homesteads (foot paths, small grazing land areas, rocky areas, etc.). Can also collect water from feeder roads, graded bunds, spillways, etc.). Water collected can be used during the rainy season as supplementary irrigation (during dry spells) or after (1-2 months max) for additional support to horticulture crops, fruit trees, compost, small livestock, beekeeping, etc. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Supplementary irrigation to high value crops (horticulture, fruit trees, etc.). Water for livestock for a few months. Microponds allow to use surface runoff from small catchment areas within and between homesteads (foot paths, small grazing land areas, rocky areas, etc.). Can also collect water from feeder roads, graded bunds, spillways, etc.). Water collected can be used during the rainy season as supplementary irrigation (during dry spells) or after (1-2 months max) for additional support to horticulture crops, fruit trees, compost, small livestock, beekeeping, etc. | ||
− | '''<br>Underground Cisterns''' | + | '''<br>Underground Cisterns''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Supplementary irrigation to high value crops (horticulture, fruit rees, small livestock, etc.). Water for livestock for a few months. Water for raising seedlings in dry seasons. Microponds allow to use surface runoff from small catchment areas within and between homesteads (foot paths, small grazing land areas, rocky areas, etc.). Water collected can be used during the rainy season as supplementary irrigation (during dry spells) or after (1-2 months max) for additional support to horticulture crops, fruit trees, compost, small livestock, beekeeping, etc.). | *<u>Objectives</u>: Supplementary irrigation to high value crops (horticulture, fruit rees, small livestock, etc.). Water for livestock for a few months. Water for raising seedlings in dry seasons. Microponds allow to use surface runoff from small catchment areas within and between homesteads (foot paths, small grazing land areas, rocky areas, etc.). Water collected can be used during the rainy season as supplementary irrigation (during dry spells) or after (1-2 months max) for additional support to horticulture crops, fruit trees, compost, small livestock, beekeeping, etc.). | ||
− | '''<br>Percolation pit''' | + | '''<br>Percolation pit''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: A percolation pit is a structure, constructed on any marginal land with pervious soil, with the following objectives: | *<u>Objectives</u>: A percolation pit is a structure, constructed on any marginal land with pervious soil, with the following objectives: | ||
− | #Recharge the ground water<br> | + | #Recharge the ground water<br> |
− | #Enhance biomass production through improved water availability in the soil profile.<br> | + | #Enhance biomass production through improved water availability in the soil profile.<br> |
#Reduce runoff and subsequently erosion and land degradation. | #Reduce runoff and subsequently erosion and land degradation. | ||
− | '''<br>Percolation Pon''' | + | '''<br>Percolation Pon''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: A percolation pond is a structure, constructed on any marginal land with pervious soil, with the following objectives:<br> | *<u>Objectives</u>: A percolation pond is a structure, constructed on any marginal land with pervious soil, with the following objectives:<br> | ||
− | #Recharge the ground water<br> | + | #Recharge the ground water<br> |
− | #Enhance biomass production through improved water availability in the soil profile.<br> | + | #Enhance biomass production through improved water availability in the soil profile.<br> |
#Reduce runoff and subsequently erosion and land degradation. | #Reduce runoff and subsequently erosion and land degradation. | ||
− | '''<br>Farm Pond Construction''' | + | '''<br>Farm Pond Construction''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: To store surface water for use during dry seasons for the purpose of domestic use, human consumption, irrigation or for fish production. | *<u>Objectives</u>: To store surface water for use during dry seasons for the purpose of domestic use, human consumption, irrigation or for fish production. | ||
− | '''<br>Spring Development''' | + | '''<br>Spring Development''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Proper spring development helps protect the water supply from contamination. The objective of spring development is to collect the flowing underground water to protect it from surface contamination, store it and avail for use. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Proper spring development helps protect the water supply from contamination. The objective of spring development is to collect the flowing underground water to protect it from surface contamination, store it and avail for use. | ||
− | '''<br>Family Drip Irrigation System''' | + | '''<br>Family Drip Irrigation System''' |
*Objectives: Increased frequency and uniformity of water application plus reduced competition from weeds results in improved plant growth and yield increases of 30 to 50 percent. The system is instrumental in increasing the size of plot and provide the right amount of water to crops at the the right time. Thus, resulting in increased production. | *Objectives: Increased frequency and uniformity of water application plus reduced competition from weeds results in improved plant growth and yield increases of 30 to 50 percent. The system is instrumental in increasing the size of plot and provide the right amount of water to crops at the the right time. Thus, resulting in increased production. | ||
− | '''<br>Roof Water Harvesting System''' | + | '''<br>Roof Water Harvesting System''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Roof water harvesting is a system for the collection of rainwater for domestic water supply. Roof catchments are used to collect water for individual household use, in schools and<br>other institutions. Gutters and ground storage tanks are required to collect rainwater from roofs; Roof catchements are made of GI sheet and grass tatched materials; It also provides water for livestock, agricultural and fish-farming use. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Roof water harvesting is a system for the collection of rainwater for domestic water supply. Roof catchments are used to collect water for individual household use, in schools and<br>other institutions. Gutters and ground storage tanks are required to collect rainwater from roofs; Roof catchements are made of GI sheet and grass tatched materials; It also provides water for livestock, agricultural and fish-farming use. | ||
− | '''<br>Farm Dam Construction''' | + | '''<br>Farm Dam Construction''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Storage farm dams are mainly to store surface runoff water and to use it when required for various uses such as for human and animal consumption, small scale or supplementary irrigation, fish production. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Storage farm dams are mainly to store surface runoff water and to use it when required for various uses such as for human and animal consumption, small scale or supplementary irrigation, fish production. | ||
− | '''<br>River-bed or Permeable Rack Dams''' | + | '''<br>River-bed or Permeable Rack Dams''' |
*Objectives: River bed dams are a floodwater farming techniques where runoff waters are spread in valley bottoms of seasonal riverbeds, large gullies or natural water courses for improved crop and forage producdtion using a long, low structure, made from loose stone (occasionally some gabion baskets may be used). Developing gullies are healed at the same time. Occasionally it is required to raise the riverbed in order to guide spate floods into irrigation canals of spate irrigation schemes, or to accumulate river sediments for riverbed cultivation. In such a case, very strong dams are required that can resist powerful spate floods. It is a relatively low cost structure especially designed to resist heavy flooding. The structures are typically long, low dam walls across valleys. The large amount of work involved means that the technique is labor intensive and needs group approach. | *Objectives: River bed dams are a floodwater farming techniques where runoff waters are spread in valley bottoms of seasonal riverbeds, large gullies or natural water courses for improved crop and forage producdtion using a long, low structure, made from loose stone (occasionally some gabion baskets may be used). Developing gullies are healed at the same time. Occasionally it is required to raise the riverbed in order to guide spate floods into irrigation canals of spate irrigation schemes, or to accumulate river sediments for riverbed cultivation. In such a case, very strong dams are required that can resist powerful spate floods. It is a relatively low cost structure especially designed to resist heavy flooding. The structures are typically long, low dam walls across valleys. The large amount of work involved means that the technique is labor intensive and needs group approach. | ||
− | '''<br>Small Stone Bunds with Run-on and Run-off Areas''' | + | '''<br>Small Stone Bunds with Run-on and Run-off Areas''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: The main objective is to considerably increase the biomass production of forage grass and legumes pastures and fodder crops and/or allow the introduction of species having higher water requirements in abandoned, marginal and eroded dry areas. The principle of the system and its application is the same as for runoff/runon systems suggested for the cultivated areas. Rainfall multiplier systems for grazing land can also rehabilite fertility (decay of grass and increased moisture). In this respect, a few years pasture improvement and soil fertility restoration may allow the<br>area to be cropped again. The main difference between this measure and the one described for the cultivated land is that instead of food crops fodder plants are grown. The system is less demanding in terms of size of structures and management of the plots as fodder species require less water than food crops. | *<u>Objectives</u>: The main objective is to considerably increase the biomass production of forage grass and legumes pastures and fodder crops and/or allow the introduction of species having higher water requirements in abandoned, marginal and eroded dry areas. The principle of the system and its application is the same as for runoff/runon systems suggested for the cultivated areas. Rainfall multiplier systems for grazing land can also rehabilite fertility (decay of grass and increased moisture). In this respect, a few years pasture improvement and soil fertility restoration may allow the<br>area to be cropped again. The main difference between this measure and the one described for the cultivated land is that instead of food crops fodder plants are grown. The system is less demanding in terms of size of structures and management of the plots as fodder species require less water than food crops. | ||
− | '''<br>Narrow Stone Lines Along the Contour''' | + | '''<br>Narrow Stone Lines Along the Contour''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Stone lines are semi-permeable or permeable structures, intended to capture some moisture and thus allow the growth of spontaneous grass. By slowing down runoff they also decrease erosion, although not completely. This is a soil and moisture conservation measure suitable for rangelands and degraded grazing lands in dry areas. The measure is less labour intensive and material demanding than small stone faced soil bunds but less efficient. The principle is rainfall multiplier system but the measure is applicable only if stones are available. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Stone lines are semi-permeable or permeable structures, intended to capture some moisture and thus allow the growth of spontaneous grass. By slowing down runoff they also decrease erosion, although not completely. This is a soil and moisture conservation measure suitable for rangelands and degraded grazing lands in dry areas. The measure is less labour intensive and material demanding than small stone faced soil bunds but less efficient. The principle is rainfall multiplier system but the measure is applicable only if stones are available. | ||
− | '''<br>Stone Faced/Soil or Stone Bunds with Run-off/ Run-on Areas''' | + | '''<br>Stone Faced/Soil or Stone Bunds with Run-off/ Run-on Areas''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: This is a rainfall multiplier system for reclaiming and rehabilitating marginal areas with low productivity, shallow soils, often affected by surface crusts and low water infiltration rates, with slope ranging between 1 to 5%. Both runoff and runon areas are included within the bunds. The runoff area is intended to serve as a microcatchment to supply additional water into a runon area (cultivated area) to increase production levels in one portion of the total area or to introduce crops with higher water requirements that otherwise would not grow without additional moisture. | *<u>Objectives</u>: This is a rainfall multiplier system for reclaiming and rehabilitating marginal areas with low productivity, shallow soils, often affected by surface crusts and low water infiltration rates, with slope ranging between 1 to 5%. Both runoff and runon areas are included within the bunds. The runoff area is intended to serve as a microcatchment to supply additional water into a runon area (cultivated area) to increase production levels in one portion of the total area or to introduce crops with higher water requirements that otherwise would not grow without additional moisture. | ||
− | '''<br>Conservation Bench Terraces (s) (CBT(s))''' | + | '''<br>Conservation Bench Terraces (s) (CBT(s))''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: CBTs are constructed on steep slopes to combinesoil and water conservation with water harvesting practices. They control erosion and retain moisture and are suitable for food/ tree crops and are effective in controlling runoff and erosion. They are also water harvesting structures, the riser acts as a catchment. Common in most parts of Ethiopia, (e.g Konso) generally in dry areas. Benching action eases cultivation operation by oxen, however, more appropriate to use. | *<u>Objectives</u>: CBTs are constructed on steep slopes to combinesoil and water conservation with water harvesting practices. They control erosion and retain moisture and are suitable for food/ tree crops and are effective in controlling runoff and erosion. They are also water harvesting structures, the riser acts as a catchment. Common in most parts of Ethiopia, (e.g Konso) generally in dry areas. Benching action eases cultivation operation by oxen, however, more appropriate to use. | ||
− | '''<br>Tie Ridge (s)''' | + | '''<br>Tie Ridge (s)''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Tie ridges are small rectangular series of basins formed withing the furrow of cultivated fields mainly to increase surface storage and to allow more time for rainfall to infiltrate the soil. Making tied ridges manually is time and labor consuming. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Tie ridges are small rectangular series of basins formed withing the furrow of cultivated fields mainly to increase surface storage and to allow more time for rainfall to infiltrate the soil. Making tied ridges manually is time and labor consuming. | ||
− | '''<br>The Zai and Planting Pit System''' | + | '''<br>The Zai and Planting Pit System''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: Zai pits are systems of small pits dug along approximate contours allows the cultivation of crops on degraded lands. The zaï pits restore degraded lands (crusted, hard, compacted and poorly structured soils), thus increasing the land available for cultivation. It is a simple technique that, amongst others, landless or oxenless can practice because it requires only manual labour. | *<u>Objectives</u>: Zai pits are systems of small pits dug along approximate contours allows the cultivation of crops on degraded lands. The zaï pits restore degraded lands (crusted, hard, compacted and poorly structured soils), thus increasing the land available for cultivation. It is a simple technique that, amongst others, landless or oxenless can practice because it requires only manual labour. | ||
− | '''<br>Large Half Moons''' | + | '''<br>Large Half Moons''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: The measure is a rainfall multiplier system that allow cultivation of crops in low rainfall areas. It is applied in areas with sandy and sandy loamy soils affected by low fertility levels and thin<br>surface crusts that inhibit infiltration and increase runoff. Large half moons are suitable structures to enable cultivation of drought resistant crops in areas with very low rainfall. They intercept all runoff and stop erosion. It is also a measure suitable for rangelands and degraded grazing lands in dry areas (forage crops). | *<u>Objectives</u>: The measure is a rainfall multiplier system that allow cultivation of crops in low rainfall areas. It is applied in areas with sandy and sandy loamy soils affected by low fertility levels and thin<br>surface crusts that inhibit infiltration and increase runoff. Large half moons are suitable structures to enable cultivation of drought resistant crops in areas with very low rainfall. They intercept all runoff and stop erosion. It is also a measure suitable for rangelands and degraded grazing lands in dry areas (forage crops). | ||
− | '''<br>Diversion Weir Design and Construction <br>''' | + | '''<br>Diversion Weir Design and Construction <br>''' |
*<u>Objectives</u>: To divert stream flow for use during dry seasons for the purpose of small scale irrigation and for any other supplementary irrigation. | *<u>Objectives</u>: To divert stream flow for use during dry seasons for the purpose of small scale irrigation and for any other supplementary irrigation. | ||
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− | ==== Education and training ==== | + | ==== [http://energypedia.info/index.php/Watershed_Action_Planning_related_to_MHP_projects_in_Ethiopia#Training Education and training] ==== |
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− | ==== Participatory approach ==== | + | ==== [http://energypedia.info/index.php/Watershed_Planning_Team_related_to_MHP_Projects_in_Ethiopia Participatory approach] ==== |
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Revision as of 10:14, 25 April 2011
The identification of appropriate mitigation and intervention techniques on the basis of the Environment Assessment is crucial for the implementation of a successful Watershed Action Plan in order to achieve a sustainable use of the catchment area and thus the MHP project. Biophysical as well as political mitigation and intervention techniques are listed in the table below:
BIOPHYSICAL MEASURES[1] |
|
Gully control |
Stone Checkdams
Gully Resheping, Filling and Revegetation
Sediment Storage and Overflow Earth Dams (SS Dams) for Productive Gulley Control
|
Agro-forestry, Forage Development and Forestry |
Area Closure
Microbasins (MBs)
|
Soil Fertility Management and Biological Soil Conservation |
Compost Making
Fertilization and Manuring
Grass Strips along the Contours
|
Flood Control and Improved Drainage |
Waterways (Vegetative and Stone Paved)
Cut-off Drains
|
Physical Soil and Water Conservation |
Level Soil Bunds
|
Water harvesting |
Hand-dug Wells
|
POLITICAL MEASURES |
|
Education and training |
|
Income generating measures |
|
Participatory approach |
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![]() |
Terracing in the Gobecho catchment (Ethiopia) | Gully control near Ambo (Ethiopia) |
Box 1 shows three examples of how (rather simple) interventions can improve the environmental condition of the catchment. A more detailed list of mitigation and intervention techniques and the respective application can be found in DESTA, L. ET AL. (2005): Part 1: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, pages 69 – 165 and DESTA, L. ET AL. (2005): Part 2: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: Annex. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, pages 43 - 48.
Box 1:
|
References
- ↑ DESTA, L. ET AL. (2005): Part 2: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: A Guideline. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
- ↑ HELVETAS (2005): Helvetas Wasser Fact Sheet: Quellen und Quellschutz.
- ↑ GALE, J.A. (unknown): Watershedss Wetland Management. http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/wetlands/manage.html#prot
- ↑ SUNGSUMARN, K. (1993): Why Eucalyptus is Not Adopted for Agroforestry. In: Kashio, M. et al. (Hrsg.)(1996): Reports Submitted to the Regional Expert Consultation on Eucalyptus - Volume II. Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
Per