Difference between revisions of "Mali Energy Situation"

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= Situation Analysis and Framework Conditions  =
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{{CES Country
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|CES Country Name=Mali
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|CES Country Capital=Bamako
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|CES Country Region Africa = Sub-Saharan Africa
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|CES Country Coordinates=12.6500° N, 8.0000° W
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}}
  
== Energy Situation  ==
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<br/>
  
Mali is a net importer of petroleum products. Its energy situation is characterised by the predominance of biomass (87&nbsp;%) in meeting the needs of households for cooking, and by a very low level of electrification (16&nbsp;%).
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= Energy Situation =
  
&nbsp;<span style="color: #ff0000">Access to Electricity (% of households) 2001: 9%(32% urb.); 2007: 17%.(51% urb.)</span>
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At 78% of a 3500 kToe annual primary energy supply, biomass, mainly in the form of wood and charcoal for domestic use, plays the dominant role in the Malian energy balance.
  
Extreme poverty denies access to modern energy services to much of the population.  
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Despite substantial oil (and uranium) reserves in the north of the country, till date for its fossil fuel provision, accounting for 18&nbsp;% of the primary supply, Mali fully depends on importation; cost of this supply corresponds to 16&nbsp;% of the national budget, increasing by 1/10th annually.
  
The energy supply in Mali is very low. The newest official energy balance available shows that only 2,929 ktoe were consumed in 2000. Thereof 85&nbsp;% are used as traditional sources (e.g. firewood), 14% are oil and petrol products and the electricity consumption only accounts 1% of the total energy consumption.  
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The remaining 4% of the primary energy supply is largely made up of renewably generated electricity, mainly by hydropower.
  
Mali has an relatively high potential for hydropower. It is estimated in 1,000 MW with an average annual production of 5,000 GWh. But just one quarter of the potential is used.  
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On the energy consumption side, households consume 86&nbsp;% of Mali’s energy, (road) transport 10&nbsp;%, industry (mainly mining) 3&nbsp;% and agriculture 1&nbsp;% (2003 figures).
  
Despite changing temperatures and migrating rainfall patterns, Mali appears well placed to increase the resilience of its hydro and renewable energy systems. Plans for optimised operation of hydro plants under projected flow regimes are in place and siting maps that detail projected changes in windspeed, floodplains, and areas impacted by sea level rise exist.
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[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
There are three big hydropower stations:
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<br/>
  
*Centrale hydroélectrique de Sélingué with an installed capacity of 46.24MW (Kaplan-turbine)
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== Electricity Provision ==
*Centrale hydroélectrique de Sotuba (Kaplan-turbine)
 
*Centrale hydroélectrique de Félou with 680kW (Francis-turbine)
 
*Centrale hydroélectrique de Manantali with 200MW
 
  
Beside these two bigger thermal power plants exist:
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An estimated 20% of the fuel import is used for grid based electricity production through approximately 170 MW installed capacity, corresponding to roughly half the total generation capacity, where the other half consists of hydropower.
  
*Centrale thermique de Dar Salam with 36.52MW
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Total annual electricity production is 500 - 600 GWh. This electricity is mainly used for electrification of urban and peri-urban areas: the national utility EDM serves some 60 urban municipalities through the national grid<br/>Grid extension into rural areas is limited and the country is too poor, too big and too sparsely populated to expect such extension to happen at any meaningful scale in the coming years. Rural electrification, in so far it has been achieved, thus is by mini-grids or by individual systems.
*Centrale thermique de Balingué with 23.75MW
 
  
Projects for building of solar thermal plants with a capacity of more than 100&nbsp;MW are being prepared although climate proofing these installations is not yet considered. Given biomass’s central role in Mali’s energy mix, more work needs to be done on researching and developing drought resistant crops.&nbsp;The development of alternative fuels from biomass residues would help to off-set household energy vulnerability, particularly in rural areas.  
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[[File:Electricity supply of Mali.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Mali´s Electricity Supply (1980-2006)]]Since the 80's consumption increased constantly, while the installed capacity remained pretty much the same till the turn of the century; over the last decade though additional generation capacity became available (see graph).
  
The off-grid electricity supply is mainly garanteed by small diesel generators (with a capacity between 80kW to 1,220 kW).  
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With a third of its 16 million population living in urban areas (again a third of which in Bamako), approximately a quarter of the Malian population is provided with electricity, made up of 59% in urban areas and 14% in rural areas. The reported figure for rural electrification thereby has risen sharply from 2% a decade ago; however, quantity, quality, reliability and affordability of this rural access often are questionable. At present off-grid electricity supply still is mainly by diesel generators, although little by little more PV generated electricity is becoming available.
  
<br>
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[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
=== Energy Demand and Supply in the Household Sector  ===
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<br/>
  
Households (mostly rural poor) consume 86&nbsp;% of Mali’s energy, (road) transport 10&nbsp;%, industry (mainly mining) 3&nbsp;% and agriculture 1&nbsp;% (2003 figures). 80&nbsp;% of total energy consumption is based on firewood and charcoal (increasing by 3&nbsp;% and 10&nbsp;% annually, respectively). Oil products account for 16&nbsp;% (annual increase 10&nbsp;%), placing a heavy financial burden on the national economy which is wholly dependent on oil imports.
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== Renewable Energy Potential ==
  
[[Image:Electricity supply of Mali.JPG|thumb|right|Mali´s Electricity Supply (1980-2006)]]
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Whilst current primary energy supply is largely by either (non-renewable) use of biomass or by imported fossil fuels, the countries' potential for renewables is large:
  
Electricity accounts for only 3&nbsp;% of Mali’s energy consumption and less than 20&nbsp;% of the total population are connected to the national grid. Mali's power grid covers only a few urban areas, leaving more than 97&nbsp;% of the rural population without access to electricity. However, only fractions of Mali’s huge renewable power generating potential (hydro, solar) are exploited. In recent years, the necessity of tapping these resources for rural electrification was clearly identified.
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'''Solar'''
  
The total electricity generation in 2006 was about 505 GWh and the installed capacity was 280 MW. Since 1980 the consumption increased constantly, while the installed capacity of all plants remained at the same level in the 1980s and 1990s. Recently at the beginning of the new century the pattern changed and new production facilities were build (see graph).  
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Solar irradiation is well distributed over the territory and at 5-7 kWh/m2/day is relatively high, while there's plenty of space to make use of this irradiation.
  
[http://www.endev.info/wiki/index.php/Mali_Country_Situation#Commercial_Service_Providers EDM], the state energy utility, is expected to reach only 60 urban locations through the national grid.  
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Projects for building of solar thermal plants with a capacity of more than 100 MW are being prepared although climate proofing these installations is not yet considered.
  
<br>
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With recent drops in PV-panel prices, also more and more PV generated electricity is becoming available, ranging from pico PV devices to several 100's kW PV power plants
  
=== Rural Electrification  ===
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For information about the first grid connected solar plant in mali, see [[First Grid-connected Solar Power Plant in Mali|First Grid-connected Solar Power Plant in Mali]]
  
More than 97% of the rural population live without access to electricity. A very small number of households uses automotive batteries for lighting, TV and radio. Their supply is hardly possible and to recharge them long journeys (up to 120 km) to the capital of Bamako or regional and district centres are needed. In addition, the quality of charge is often deplorable.
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<br/>
  
<span style="color: #ff0000">Length of Domestic Transmission and Distribution Lines 4436 km, Transnational Lines 600 km. </span>
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'''Wind'''
  
<span style="color: #ff0000">Number and Length of Power Cuts </span>
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Significant wind energy potential is available, though hardly used, particularly in the Sahelian and Saharan zones, where annual average wind speed is estimated at 3 to 7m/s.
  
<span style="color: #ff0000">HV grid:</span>
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'''Hydro'''
  
<span style="color: #ff0000">-Number of cuts: 2006 = 56; 2007 =49&nbsp;</span> <span style="color: #ff0000">&nbsp;</span>
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The potential for large hydroelectric sites (> 10 MW) is estimated at 1,150 MW, all of which along the rivers Niger and Senegal, of which about 250 MW is presently developed, and partly shared with Senegal and Mauritania; this concerns primarily the hydroelectric plants of Sélingué (46 MW) urbine) and Manantali (200 MW). Apart from that various sites provide options for mini- or micro-hydro plants.
  
<span style="color: #ff0000">-Duration of cuts:&nbsp;2006 =&nbsp;&nbsp;35 hours;&nbsp;2007 = 19 hours </span>
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'''Biomass/Biofuels/Biogas'''
  
<span style="color: #ff0000">-Number of cuts scheduled for works 2006 = 15; 2007 =&nbsp;19 </span>
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Whilst presently most biomass use is non-sustainable, Mali's large agricultural base offers various possibilities for renewable energy production, in the form of biomass, biogas and biofuels (alcohol, plant oil). Given biomass’s central role in Mali’s energy mix, more work needs to be done on researching and developing drought resistant crops. The development of alternative fuels from biomass residues would help to off-set household energy vulnerability, particularly in rural areas.
  
 +
At present, only a small fraction of this renewable power generating potential is exploited. In recent years, the necessity of tapping these resources, a.o. for rural electrification was clearly identified, and also national agencies are now steering towards provision of renewables based rural electrification, a direction already adopted by intervening NGO's earlier on.
  
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[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
<span style="color: #ff0000">MV grid:&nbsp;</span>
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<br/>
  
<span style="color: #ff0000">- Number of cuts 2006 = 1251; 2007 = 1134</span>
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=== [[Mali: Best Practice Case Studies#Multifunctional Platforms in Mali|Multifunctional Platforms: best practice case study]]<br/> ===
  
== Institutional Set Up and Actors in the Energy Sector  ==
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As part of a decade-long initiative of the '''United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)''' and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the [[Multifunctional Platforms (MFP)|multi-functional platform]] project provides decentralized energy to rural villages in response to requests from local women’s associations in Mali.<br/>The small size and dispersed locations of villages in Mali for a long time made off-grid decentralized mechanical and electric energy supply the only viable option. A multifunctional platform consists of a 10-hp diesel engine that, as desired, can power a mill, a generator, a pump or other devices mounted on the same rail. The engine was purposefully designed to take for the multiple end uses.
  
=== Public Institutions and Actors  ===
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<br/>The '''project objectives''' were to:
  
[http://www.mmee.gov.ml/ '''Ministère des mines, de l’énergie et de l’eau'''] <br>The Ministry for Mines, Energy and Water (MMEE) is one of the biggest and most important ministries in Mali. The MMEE is responsible for policy formulation, promotion, coordination, monitoring and evaluation. It is structured into three national directorates:
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*Provide de-centralized and sustainable energy supply to Malian villages
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*Free women from arduous, repetitive, and time consuming tasks for better quality of life and ability to pursue income-generating activities and education
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*Aid women’s associations in obtaining credit
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*Train women in management and maintenance and provide them with numeracy, literacy, and entrepreneurial skills
 +
*Spur small-scale industrial development<ref name="Best practice">GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: VII - Best Practice Case Studies. </ref>
  
*La Direction Nationale de la Géologie et des Mines
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-> For more information on the project, click [[Mali: Best Practice Case Studies#Multifunctional Platforms in Mali|here]].
*[http://www.dnemali.org/ Direction Nationale de l’Energie (DNE)]
 
*La Direction Nationale de l’Hydraulique
 
  
<br>
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With increasing fossil fuel prices, running such MFP's is getting more and more expensive in which respect some initiatives are started to replace (fossil) diesel for the MFP's by biodiesel and / or biogas. Not only would such transition eventually result in cheaper fuels, the associated budget also stays within Malian economy - as opposed to (import of) fossil fuel<br/><br/>
  
[http://www.amadermali.org/ '''Agence Malienne pour le Développement de l'Energie Domestique et l 'Electrification Rurale (AMADER)'''] <br>AMADER is the Malian Agency for rural electrification and household energy. Therefore AMADER is one of the most immportant partner organisations for EnDev. The main task are described as follows:
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[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
*Acceleration of the use of modern energy in rural and periurban areas.  
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<br/>
*Promotion of community-based forest management  
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= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
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 +
Power Africa lists the following as Mali's energy sector's most challenging bottlenecks<ref name="Power Africa. (2018). Mali Factsheet. Retrieved from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali_Fact_Sheet_Power_Africa.pdf">Power Africa. (2018). Mali Factsheet. Retrieved from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali_Fact_Sheet_Power_Africa.pdf</ref>:
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*Insecurity and unstable&nbsp;governance<br/>
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*Utility's unreliability
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*Unstable grid network<br/>
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<br/>
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= Institutional Set-up and Actors in the Energy Sector =
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== Public Institutions and Actors ==
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Somehow involved in the energy sector are no less than four ministries, three directorates, one research institute liaised to the DNE, five legally privatised services and a regulatory body for electricity and drinking water (CREE). Amongst those the following are most relevant where rural electrification is concerned:
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=== [http://www.mmee.gov.ml/ Ministère de l’énergie et de l’eau] ===
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<br/>The Ministry for Energy and Water (MEE) is one of the biggest and most important ministries in Mali. The MEE is responsible for policy formulation, promotion, coordination, monitoring and evaluation.It is structured into the [http://www.dnemali.org/ Direction Nationale de l’Energie (DNE)] and the Direction Nationale de l’Hydraulique
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=== [http://www.amadermali.org/ Agence Malienne pour le Développement de l'Energie Domestique et l 'Electrification Rurale (AMADER)] ===
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AMADER is the Malian Agency for rural electrification and household energy and as such the most important partner for EnDev. It's main tasks are:
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*Acceleration of the use of modern energy in rural and periurban areas.
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*Promotion of community-based forest management
 
*Support the reform of the energy sector and related institutions
 
*Support the reform of the energy sector and related institutions
  
<br>
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Since 2005 AMADER with WB-funding ran the PCASER programme, subsidising the initial; investment for rural, local electrification initiatives. This resulted in some 200 rural minigrids, nearly all diesel driven and operated by in total some 60 different operators. Many of these in practice are little used, mainly because of high fuel costs.
  
'''Centre National d’Energie Solaire et des Energies Renouvelables (CNESOLER)'''
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Recently AMADER received an additional 50 M$ funding by the World Bank under the Scaling up Renewable Energy Programme (SREP). A large share of this funding will serve to convert diesel-powered mini-grids to solar-diesel hybrid operation.<br/>
  
<br>
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[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
[http://www.creemali.net/ '''Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et de l'Eau (CREE)'''] <br>The CREE is the regulation authority of the water and electricity sector. The main responsibilities are: <br>
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<br/>
  
*Assistance in the development of sector strategies  
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=== Centre National d’Energie Solaire et des Energies Renouvelables (CNESOLER) ===
*Control of tenders and grant of concessions  
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The National Centre for Solar and Renewable Energy (CNESOLER) is a research centre under the DNE at which mainly solar powered renewable technologies are tested.
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=== [http://www.creemali.net/ Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et de l'Eau (CREE)] ===
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The CREE is the regulatory authority of the water and electricity sector. It's main responsibilities are:
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 +
*Assistance in the development of sector strategies
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*Control of tenders and grant of concessions
 
*Approbation and control of tariffs
 
*Approbation and control of tariffs
  
<br>
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[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
=== Non Governmental Service Providers for Rural Areas in the Field of Energy  ===
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<br/>
  
==== Commercial Service Providers ====
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== Non Governmental Service Providers ==
  
'''ESKOM-ENERGIE-MANATALI (EEM)'''
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==== Société Energie du Mali (EDM-SA) ====
  
The EEM is a local branch of the South African Eskom SA. Is is responsible for the operation of the Manantali hydroelectric power plant at the Malian-Senegalese-Mauritanian border. The installed capacity is 200 MW.  
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The former state-owned EDM was privatized in 2000 and is now owned by the SAUR-IPS group (60&nbsp;%), while 40&nbsp;% of the shares remain with the state. EDM is the only concessionaire for the public electricity supply. Beside the grid-system there are 21 isolated production centres with an installed capacity of 38.4 MW. In 2006 these systems produced 101 million kWh.
  
<br>
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==== ESKOM-ENERGIE-MANATALI (EEM)<br/> ====
  
'''Société Energie du Mali (EDM-SA)'''
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The EEM is a local branch of the South African Eskom SA. Is is responsible for the operation of the Manantali hydroelectric power plant at the Malian-Senegalese-Mauritanian border. The installed capacity is 200 MW.
  
The former state-owned EDM was privatized in 2000 and is now owned by the SAUR-IPS group (60&nbsp;%), while 40&nbsp;% of the shares remain with the state. EDM is the only concessionaire for the public electricity supply. Beside the grid-system there are 21 isolated production centres with an installed capacity of 38.4 MW. In 2006 these systems produced 101 million kWh.
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==== Private operators and NGO's<br/> ====
  
<br>
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Mainly through AMADER's PCASER programme over the last years in total some 60 private operators and NGO's have started operating rural minigrids, often just one or two while some of the bigger operators, like YEELEN KURA or MFC operate some 10 rural mini-grids.<br/>
  
==== Micro-Finance Institutions ====
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==== Micro-Finance Institutions ====
  
*[http://www.akdn.org/mali Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM)]  
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*[http://www.akdn.org/mali Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM)]
*[http://www.caece.com.ml/index1.php?page=micro_credit Union des CAECE du Mali]  
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*[http://www.caece.com.ml/index1.php?page=micro_credit Union des CAECE du Mali]
 
*Banque Malienne de Solidarité (BMS)
 
*Banque Malienne de Solidarité (BMS)
  
<br>
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<br/>
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-> GTZ-Publication: [http://www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3.nsf/(ynDK_contentByKey)/ENTR-7CPBY7/$FILE/Microfinance_Association._Mali.pdf Les Associations des Institutions de Microfinance]
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<br/>[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
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<br/>
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= Policy Framework =
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Malian energy policy aims at contributing to a sustainable development of the country by making energy services available to as many as possible, thereby favouring (promotion of) social-economic activities. There are four specific objectives:
  
GTZ-Publication: [http://www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3.nsf/%28ynDK_contentByKey%29/ENTR-7CPBY7/$FILE/Microfinance_Association._Mali.pdf Les Associations des Institutions de Microfinance]
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*Satisfy the energy needs of the country in terms of quality and quantity at modest cost;
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*Ensure protection of people, goods and the environment against risks inherent to energy services;
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*Strengthen the energy sector's capacity in terms of management, control and strategic planning;
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*Strengthen international cooperation regarding the energy sector.
  
<br>
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These policies in general however are not yet sufficiently developed and implemented to respond adequately to the rising demand for particularly electricity.
  
== Policy Framework  ==
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The large number of ministries, services and other actors somehow involved in the energy sector thereby imply the amount of legal texts and regulations is considerable and communication amongst them crucial while not always sufficiently practised.
  
=== Poverty Reduction Strategy  ===
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The general energy strategy of Mali focuses on the development of local resources such as hydropower and solar energy in order to reduce petroleum imports.<br/>
  
The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) was adopted by the previous Government in May 2002 and then reconfirmed by the new Government (GoM) in October 2002. The paper names three main as well as one pre-requisite pillar: <br>
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Objectives of the National Energy Policy regarding renewable energy are:
  
*Pre-Requisite Pillar: Accelerated and Re-Distributive Growth
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*Promotion of RE. The percentage of electricity generated by RE shall reach 6&nbsp;% in 2010 and 10&nbsp;% in 2015 (it was less than 1&nbsp;% in 2004)
*Pillar 1: Promote institutional development while improving governance and participation.
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*Search for financing mechanisms adapted to RE-technologies.
*Pillar 2: Develop human resources and improve access to quality basic services.  
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*Ensure a sustainable setting for RE-technologies
*Pillar 3: Develop basic infrastructure and productive sectors.
 
  
<br>
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For rural electrification a target of 55% by 2015 was set.
  
=== <span style="color: #ff0000">Land ownership and participation</span> ===
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The GoM has restructured the sector by adopting a new Electricity Law and its implementation texts, which ends EDM’s monopoly and has opened the sector to competition, under a regime of transparent regulation by an independent agency. Reform processes and institutions need to be strengthened to foster a lasting competitive business environment attractive to private investors and operators. The imperative to provide energy services to the poor calls for a spectrum of energy services, innovative service delivery mechanisms, with participation by communities, NGOs and the private sector.
  
<span style="color: #ff0000">Land rights issues are linked to the national decentralised process that has been ongoing for several years. Eight laws cover the creation of municipalities one of which is the development of local government regulations and codes. In principle, rural populations will be able to (and will have to) manage their assets and ensure open land access. </span>
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The other relevant polices are:
  
=== Energy Policy  ===
+
*[https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/07/mali-exempts-solar-from-vat-import-duties/ National Action Plan for Renewable Energies]: This policy aims to install&nbsp;1.42 GW of renewable energy (nine times of its installed capacity in 2019) by 2030 in Mali <ref name="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/07/mali-exempts-solar-from-vat-import-duties/">https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/07/mali-exempts-solar-from-vat-import-duties/</ref>.<br/>
 +
*Import tax exemption on&nbsp;solar panels, wind turbine blades, and pump turbines approved in 2020. These products do not have to pay&nbsp;Value-added taxes and import taxes <ref name="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/07/mali-exempts-solar-from-vat-import-duties/">https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/07/mali-exempts-solar-from-vat-import-duties/</ref>.<br/>
  
The general energy strategy of Mali focuses on the development of local resources such as hydropower and solar energy in order to reduce petroleum imports. In 1999, the Government of Mali (GoM) issued a policy letter with the following goals:
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[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
*sector liberalisation, allowing initiatives from communities and the private sector;
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<br/>
*institutional reforms to orient the State’s responsibility to activities of strategic and regulatory nature;
 
*valorisation of national energy resources (renewable energy, hydroelectricity);
 
*protection of forestry resources through sustainable exploitation benefiting rural populations;
 
*pursuing petroleum research. The goal is improved sector efficiency, a withdrawal of the public sector from operations, and to extend service coverage.
 
  
The three objectives of the National Energy Policy regarding renewable energy are:
 
  
*Promotion of RE. The percentage of electricity generated by RE shall reach 6&nbsp;% in 2010 and 10&nbsp;% in 2015 (it was less than 1&nbsp;% in 2004)
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= Key Problems Hampering Access to Modern Energy Services in Rural Areas =
*Search for financing mechanisms adapted to RE-technologies.
 
*Ensure a sustainable setting for RE-technologies
 
  
The GoM has restructured the sector by adopting a new Electricity Law and its implementation texts, which ends EDM’s monopoly and has opened the sector to competition, under a regime of transparent regulation by an independent agency. Reform processes and institutions need to be strengthened to foster a lasting competitive business environment attractive to private investors and operators. The imperative to provide energy services to the poor calls for a spectrum of energy services, innovative service delivery mechanisms, with participation by communities, NGOs and the private sector.  
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The existing national electrification policies are not yet ready to close the existing energy gap. EDM, the privatised national utility, serves only 60 urban locations through the national grid. Considering the poverty, the sheer size and the low population density, covering large parts of Mali by the national grid acnnot be expected for a long time to come. That's yet apart from the fact that EDM at present is loss-making - despite being seriously subsidised - i,plying there's no budget for any such extension at all.<br/>
  
<br>
+
Mali's Agency for Domestic Energy and Rural Electrification (AMADER), whose rural electrification strategy focuses on the creation of a private sector in which public/private partnerships on a local level should take a lead role in the rural electrification process, seems completely surpassed by the task to provide the off-grid majority of over 700 rural communes (11.000 villages) with access to electricity. Both central state institutions have neither the capacity nor the resources to achieve their national goal, yet apart from the fact that there's a lack of local capacity to implement the ambitious programmes.
  
== Key Problems Hampering Access to Modern Energy Services in Rural Areas  ==
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They also insufficiently interlink electricity provision with decentralisation politics and normally don't involve local municipalities in planning and running of energy facilities which is crucially important to ensure their long-term sustainability. In all this implies the national goal of reaching 55% rural electrification by 2015 is out of reach.
  
=== Obstacles for Grid Based Rural Electrification  ===
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As indicated above, rural electrification in the last decade has risen from just 2&nbsp;% to approximately 14&nbsp;%, however many of was through diesel driven mini-grids that often are not truly operational because of high fuel prices. Hybridising such mini-grids could be part of the solution however still then currently allowed tariffs - appr € 0,40 / kWh - are insufficient to allow profitable and continued operation. Tariffs are set by AMADER / CREE - that will not allow higher tariffs as that would creat too big a difference with EDM urban tariffs of approximately € 0,20 / kWh.
  
The existing national electrification policies are not yet ready to close the existing energy gap: EDM, the state energy utility, is expected to reach only 60 urban locations through the national grid. Mali's Agency for Domestic Energy and Rural Electrification (AMADER), whose rural electrification strategy focuses on the creation of a private sector in which public/private partnerships on a local level should take a lead role in the rural electrification process, seems to be completely surpassed by the task to provide the off-grid majority of over 700 rural communes (11.000 villages) with access to electricity. Both central state institutions have neither the capacity nor the resources to achieve their national goal. Most remote rural areas will not be targeted and even if there are no local capacities available who could implement the ambitious programmes. They also insufficiently interlink electricity provision with decentralisation politics and; fail to involve the local municipalities in planning and running the energy facilities which is crucially important to ensure their long-term sustainability. Without tapping this potential of participatory communal development, the national goal of reaching 12&nbsp;% rural electrification rate by 2012 and 55&nbsp;% by 2015 will be out of reach.
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Hence a true increase of rural electrification by private operators at present firstly requires a revision of (national) electrification tariffs, creating conditions for profitable and sustainable operation of rural mini-grids
  
<br>
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[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
The key problems for the grid-based electrification are:
+
<br/>
  
*The incoherence and imprecision of the EDM´s electricity concession´s contract
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= Existing Projects<br/> =
*The non-execution of investment programmes by EDM
 
*The low efficiency and high losses in EDM´s electric system
 
*The high tariffs for rural consumers
 
  
<br>
+
*[[Mali: Best Practice Case Studies#Multifunctional Platforms in Mali|Multifunctional platforms in Mali: best practice case study]]
  
=== Obstacles for Off Grid Energy Technologies and Services  ===
+
<br/>
  
There are some key problems for the off-grid electrification as well:
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= Further Information =
  
*The absence of a coherence strategy for rural electrification
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*USAID Power Africa: [https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali_Fact_Sheet_Power_Africa.pdf Mali Factsheet]
*The absence of appropriate finance mechanisms and institutions
 
*The lack of qualified technicians for customer service
 
*The lack of local production/assembly capacity
 
  
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= References<br/> =
  
[[EnDev-Mali|EnDev-Mali]]
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[[Category:Mali]]
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<br/>[[Mali Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
[[Category:Country Situation]]
 

Latest revision as of 08:05, 9 April 2020

Mali
Flag of Mali.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Bamako

Region:

Coordinates:

12.6500° N, 8.0000° W

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

1,240,190

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

23,293,698 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

54 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

20,904,898,296 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

897.45 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

53.00 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

no data

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

no data

Source: World Bank




Energy Situation

At 78% of a 3500 kToe annual primary energy supply, biomass, mainly in the form of wood and charcoal for domestic use, plays the dominant role in the Malian energy balance.

Despite substantial oil (and uranium) reserves in the north of the country, till date for its fossil fuel provision, accounting for 18 % of the primary supply, Mali fully depends on importation; cost of this supply corresponds to 16 % of the national budget, increasing by 1/10th annually.

The remaining 4% of the primary energy supply is largely made up of renewably generated electricity, mainly by hydropower.

On the energy consumption side, households consume 86 % of Mali’s energy, (road) transport 10 %, industry (mainly mining) 3 % and agriculture 1 % (2003 figures).

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Electricity Provision

An estimated 20% of the fuel import is used for grid based electricity production through approximately 170 MW installed capacity, corresponding to roughly half the total generation capacity, where the other half consists of hydropower.

Total annual electricity production is 500 - 600 GWh. This electricity is mainly used for electrification of urban and peri-urban areas: the national utility EDM serves some 60 urban municipalities through the national grid
Grid extension into rural areas is limited and the country is too poor, too big and too sparsely populated to expect such extension to happen at any meaningful scale in the coming years. Rural electrification, in so far it has been achieved, thus is by mini-grids or by individual systems.

Mali´s Electricity Supply (1980-2006)

Since the 80's consumption increased constantly, while the installed capacity remained pretty much the same till the turn of the century; over the last decade though additional generation capacity became available (see graph).

With a third of its 16 million population living in urban areas (again a third of which in Bamako), approximately a quarter of the Malian population is provided with electricity, made up of 59% in urban areas and 14% in rural areas. The reported figure for rural electrification thereby has risen sharply from 2% a decade ago; however, quantity, quality, reliability and affordability of this rural access often are questionable. At present off-grid electricity supply still is mainly by diesel generators, although little by little more PV generated electricity is becoming available.

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Renewable Energy Potential

Whilst current primary energy supply is largely by either (non-renewable) use of biomass or by imported fossil fuels, the countries' potential for renewables is large:

Solar

Solar irradiation is well distributed over the territory and at 5-7 kWh/m2/day is relatively high, while there's plenty of space to make use of this irradiation.

Projects for building of solar thermal plants with a capacity of more than 100 MW are being prepared although climate proofing these installations is not yet considered.

With recent drops in PV-panel prices, also more and more PV generated electricity is becoming available, ranging from pico PV devices to several 100's kW PV power plants

For information about the first grid connected solar plant in mali, see First Grid-connected Solar Power Plant in Mali


Wind

Significant wind energy potential is available, though hardly used, particularly in the Sahelian and Saharan zones, where annual average wind speed is estimated at 3 to 7m/s.

Hydro

The potential for large hydroelectric sites (> 10 MW) is estimated at 1,150 MW, all of which along the rivers Niger and Senegal, of which about 250 MW is presently developed, and partly shared with Senegal and Mauritania; this concerns primarily the hydroelectric plants of Sélingué (46 MW) urbine) and Manantali (200 MW). Apart from that various sites provide options for mini- or micro-hydro plants.

Biomass/Biofuels/Biogas

Whilst presently most biomass use is non-sustainable, Mali's large agricultural base offers various possibilities for renewable energy production, in the form of biomass, biogas and biofuels (alcohol, plant oil). Given biomass’s central role in Mali’s energy mix, more work needs to be done on researching and developing drought resistant crops. The development of alternative fuels from biomass residues would help to off-set household energy vulnerability, particularly in rural areas.

At present, only a small fraction of this renewable power generating potential is exploited. In recent years, the necessity of tapping these resources, a.o. for rural electrification was clearly identified, and also national agencies are now steering towards provision of renewables based rural electrification, a direction already adopted by intervening NGO's earlier on.

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Multifunctional Platforms: best practice case study

As part of a decade-long initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the multi-functional platform project provides decentralized energy to rural villages in response to requests from local women’s associations in Mali.
The small size and dispersed locations of villages in Mali for a long time made off-grid decentralized mechanical and electric energy supply the only viable option. A multifunctional platform consists of a 10-hp diesel engine that, as desired, can power a mill, a generator, a pump or other devices mounted on the same rail. The engine was purposefully designed to take for the multiple end uses.


The project objectives were to:

  • Provide de-centralized and sustainable energy supply to Malian villages
  • Free women from arduous, repetitive, and time consuming tasks for better quality of life and ability to pursue income-generating activities and education
  • Aid women’s associations in obtaining credit
  • Train women in management and maintenance and provide them with numeracy, literacy, and entrepreneurial skills
  • Spur small-scale industrial development[1]

-> For more information on the project, click here.

With increasing fossil fuel prices, running such MFP's is getting more and more expensive in which respect some initiatives are started to replace (fossil) diesel for the MFP's by biodiesel and / or biogas. Not only would such transition eventually result in cheaper fuels, the associated budget also stays within Malian economy - as opposed to (import of) fossil fuel

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Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Power Africa lists the following as Mali's energy sector's most challenging bottlenecks[2]:

  • Insecurity and unstable governance
  • Utility's unreliability
  • Unstable grid network


Institutional Set-up and Actors in the Energy Sector

Public Institutions and Actors

Somehow involved in the energy sector are no less than four ministries, three directorates, one research institute liaised to the DNE, five legally privatised services and a regulatory body for electricity and drinking water (CREE). Amongst those the following are most relevant where rural electrification is concerned:

Ministère de l’énergie et de l’eau


The Ministry for Energy and Water (MEE) is one of the biggest and most important ministries in Mali. The MEE is responsible for policy formulation, promotion, coordination, monitoring and evaluation.It is structured into the Direction Nationale de l’Energie (DNE) and the Direction Nationale de l’Hydraulique

Agence Malienne pour le Développement de l'Energie Domestique et l 'Electrification Rurale (AMADER)

AMADER is the Malian Agency for rural electrification and household energy and as such the most important partner for EnDev. It's main tasks are:

  • Acceleration of the use of modern energy in rural and periurban areas.
  • Promotion of community-based forest management
  • Support the reform of the energy sector and related institutions

Since 2005 AMADER with WB-funding ran the PCASER programme, subsidising the initial; investment for rural, local electrification initiatives. This resulted in some 200 rural minigrids, nearly all diesel driven and operated by in total some 60 different operators. Many of these in practice are little used, mainly because of high fuel costs.

Recently AMADER received an additional 50 M$ funding by the World Bank under the Scaling up Renewable Energy Programme (SREP). A large share of this funding will serve to convert diesel-powered mini-grids to solar-diesel hybrid operation.

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Centre National d’Energie Solaire et des Energies Renouvelables (CNESOLER)

The National Centre for Solar and Renewable Energy (CNESOLER) is a research centre under the DNE at which mainly solar powered renewable technologies are tested.

Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et de l'Eau (CREE)

The CREE is the regulatory authority of the water and electricity sector. It's main responsibilities are:

  • Assistance in the development of sector strategies
  • Control of tenders and grant of concessions
  • Approbation and control of tariffs

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Non Governmental Service Providers

Société Energie du Mali (EDM-SA)

The former state-owned EDM was privatized in 2000 and is now owned by the SAUR-IPS group (60 %), while 40 % of the shares remain with the state. EDM is the only concessionaire for the public electricity supply. Beside the grid-system there are 21 isolated production centres with an installed capacity of 38.4 MW. In 2006 these systems produced 101 million kWh.

ESKOM-ENERGIE-MANATALI (EEM)

The EEM is a local branch of the South African Eskom SA. Is is responsible for the operation of the Manantali hydroelectric power plant at the Malian-Senegalese-Mauritanian border. The installed capacity is 200 MW.

Private operators and NGO's

Mainly through AMADER's PCASER programme over the last years in total some 60 private operators and NGO's have started operating rural minigrids, often just one or two while some of the bigger operators, like YEELEN KURA or MFC operate some 10 rural mini-grids.

Micro-Finance Institutions


-> GTZ-Publication: Les Associations des Institutions de Microfinance


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Policy Framework

Malian energy policy aims at contributing to a sustainable development of the country by making energy services available to as many as possible, thereby favouring (promotion of) social-economic activities. There are four specific objectives:

  • Satisfy the energy needs of the country in terms of quality and quantity at modest cost;
  • Ensure protection of people, goods and the environment against risks inherent to energy services;
  • Strengthen the energy sector's capacity in terms of management, control and strategic planning;
  • Strengthen international cooperation regarding the energy sector.

These policies in general however are not yet sufficiently developed and implemented to respond adequately to the rising demand for particularly electricity.

The large number of ministries, services and other actors somehow involved in the energy sector thereby imply the amount of legal texts and regulations is considerable and communication amongst them crucial while not always sufficiently practised.

The general energy strategy of Mali focuses on the development of local resources such as hydropower and solar energy in order to reduce petroleum imports.

Objectives of the National Energy Policy regarding renewable energy are:

  • Promotion of RE. The percentage of electricity generated by RE shall reach 6 % in 2010 and 10 % in 2015 (it was less than 1 % in 2004)
  • Search for financing mechanisms adapted to RE-technologies.
  • Ensure a sustainable setting for RE-technologies

For rural electrification a target of 55% by 2015 was set.

The GoM has restructured the sector by adopting a new Electricity Law and its implementation texts, which ends EDM’s monopoly and has opened the sector to competition, under a regime of transparent regulation by an independent agency. Reform processes and institutions need to be strengthened to foster a lasting competitive business environment attractive to private investors and operators. The imperative to provide energy services to the poor calls for a spectrum of energy services, innovative service delivery mechanisms, with participation by communities, NGOs and the private sector.

The other relevant polices are:

  • National Action Plan for Renewable Energies: This policy aims to install 1.42 GW of renewable energy (nine times of its installed capacity in 2019) by 2030 in Mali [3].
  • Import tax exemption on solar panels, wind turbine blades, and pump turbines approved in 2020. These products do not have to pay Value-added taxes and import taxes [3].

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Key Problems Hampering Access to Modern Energy Services in Rural Areas

The existing national electrification policies are not yet ready to close the existing energy gap. EDM, the privatised national utility, serves only 60 urban locations through the national grid. Considering the poverty, the sheer size and the low population density, covering large parts of Mali by the national grid acnnot be expected for a long time to come. That's yet apart from the fact that EDM at present is loss-making - despite being seriously subsidised - i,plying there's no budget for any such extension at all.

Mali's Agency for Domestic Energy and Rural Electrification (AMADER), whose rural electrification strategy focuses on the creation of a private sector in which public/private partnerships on a local level should take a lead role in the rural electrification process, seems completely surpassed by the task to provide the off-grid majority of over 700 rural communes (11.000 villages) with access to electricity. Both central state institutions have neither the capacity nor the resources to achieve their national goal, yet apart from the fact that there's a lack of local capacity to implement the ambitious programmes.

They also insufficiently interlink electricity provision with decentralisation politics and normally don't involve local municipalities in planning and running of energy facilities which is crucially important to ensure their long-term sustainability. In all this implies the national goal of reaching 55% rural electrification by 2015 is out of reach.

As indicated above, rural electrification in the last decade has risen from just 2 % to approximately 14 %, however many of was through diesel driven mini-grids that often are not truly operational because of high fuel prices. Hybridising such mini-grids could be part of the solution however still then currently allowed tariffs - appr € 0,40 / kWh - are insufficient to allow profitable and continued operation. Tariffs are set by AMADER / CREE - that will not allow higher tariffs as that would creat too big a difference with EDM urban tariffs of approximately € 0,20 / kWh.

Hence a true increase of rural electrification by private operators at present firstly requires a revision of (national) electrification tariffs, creating conditions for profitable and sustainable operation of rural mini-grids

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Existing Projects


Further Information


References

  1. GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: VII - Best Practice Case Studies.
  2. Power Africa. (2018). Mali Factsheet. Retrieved from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali_Fact_Sheet_Power_Africa.pdf
  3. 3.0 3.1 https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/07/mali-exempts-solar-from-vat-import-duties/


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