Difference between revisions of "Greece Energy Situation"

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{{CES Country}}
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{{CES Country|CES Country Name=Greece
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|CES Country Capital=Athens
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|CES Country Region=Europe & Central Asia
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|CES Country Coordinates=37.58° N, 23.43° E
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}}
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= Introduction<br/> =
 
= Introduction<br/> =
  
The Greek energy sector is still largely dependent on fossil fuels, most of which are imported. About 54% of its energy requirements are covered by petroleum products alone, compared to an average of 33.4% at the EU level. These petroleum products are not only used in the transport sector, but they are also converted in relevant amounts into electricity. In particular, the non-interconnected Greek islands obtain their electricity primarily from inefficient and expensive diesel generators. In total, the extra cost that has to be recovered through a public service obligation accounted for around 771 m € for the year 2013 to subsidise the electricity tariffs in those areas. Natural gas, which also has to be imported at a significant cost, plays a growing role in meeting energy requirements.<br/>
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The Greek energy sector is still largely dependent on fossil fuels, most of which are imported. As of 2017, about 49% of its energy requirements are covered by petroleum products alone. These petroleum products are not only used in the transport sector, but they are also converted in relevant amounts into electricity. In particular, the non-interconnected Greek islands obtain their electricity primarily from inefficient and expensive diesel generators. In total, the extra cost that had to be recovered in 2017 through a public service obligation is estimated at around 600 m€ to subsidize the electricity tariffs in those areas. Natural gas, which also has to be imported at a significant cost, plays a growing role in meeting energy requirements.
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Domestic energy sources include lignite which accounted for around 29% of electricity generation for the year 2018 as well as renewable energy sources (RES) such as hydro-power, wind, solar energy and biomass, which accounted for 11,3%, 12,4%, 7,5% and 0,6%, respectively.&nbsp;
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A national target of a 20% RES share in gross final energy consumption by 2020 had been defined under Law 3851/2010, exceeding the national target of 18% according to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC. In 2018 the RES share in gross energy consumption reached 18%, thus achieving the RES target under EU Directive 2009/28/EC for 2020. The RES share in electricity, in final consumption for heating/cooling and in transport are 26%, 30% and 4% respectively. Specific targets for RES electricity share (40%), RES heating and cooling share (20%), and RES transport share (10%) have been defined in order to achieve the national RES target until 2020.&nbsp;
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The penetration of RES for heating already stood at 30% in 2018 surpassing even the corresponding indicative target of 20% until 2020. Nevertheless, the 10% target for RES in transport is still far from being achieved considering the 4% RES share of 2018. Regarding the penetration of RES in gross final electricity consumption, a significant increase has undoubtedly been observed, reaching 26% by 2018.&nbsp;
  
Domestic energy sources include lignite which accounts for around 50% of electricity generation as well as renewable energy sources (RES) such as hydro-power, wind, solar energy and biomass. RES currently account for 15.4% of gross final energy consumption. A national target of a 20% share in gross final energy consumption by 2020 has been defined under Law 3851/2010, exceeding the national target of 18% according to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC. The specific trajectory for achieving this target is presented in the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) of 2010. Specific targets for RES electricity share (40%), RES heating and cooling share (20%), and RES transport share (10%) have been defined in order to achieve the national RES target until 2020. This target is supposed to be achieved through a combination of measures for energy efficiency and the large-scale penetration of RES technologies in electricity production, heat supply and transport sector.<br/>
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New ambitious targets to be 2030 have been set by the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) which has been adopted at the end of 2019, including:
  
The outcomes of the energy sector modelling carried out in the scope of compiling the Greek NREAP demonstrated that a near tripling of the contribution of RES plants in power generation is necessary for meeting the 2020 targets which requires the further development of different RES technologies in the sectors of electricity, heat and cooling, and transport. These figures are however currently being revised in the context of the national energy planning, taking into consideration the lower than expected levels of energy consumption due to the economic crisis as well as the differences between the NREAP and the actual development of different RES technologies.<br/>
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*35% share of RES in gross final energy consumption
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*60% share of RES in gross final electricity consumption
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*40% share of RES in final energy for heating and cooling
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*More than 14% share of RES in final energy for transport
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*Reduction of final energy consumption by 38% compared to the respective forecasts of 2007
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*Reduction of total greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% compared to 1990
  
<span lang="en-gb">A number of significant reforms aiming at a further liberalization of the energy sector, its integration with neighbouring countries and the reform of energy markets are currently being implemented. In addition, the Greek support scheme for electricity production from RES is currently undergoing a major transition in order to improve the integration of RES in electricity market and to ensure conformity with requirements under EU state aid regulations. T</span>here are also plans for large infrastructure projects in the electricity, gas and petroleum sector that are supposed to strengthen Greece’s position as an energy hub in the South-East of Europe.<br/>
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These targets are supposed to be achieved through a combination of measures for energy efficiency and the large-scale penetration of RES technologies in electricity production, heat supply and transport sector.&nbsp;
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
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== Non-Interconnected Islands ==
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The electricity systems on the non-interconnected islands (NIIs) are small, therefore, they cannot benefit from the cost advantage of large-scale generation capacity and commonly rely to a large degree on diesel-fuelled generators, which are expensive and not environmentally friendly. The Greek regulatory system provides for a public service obligation (PSO) to supply electricity to consumers on NIIs at the same electricity tariffs as consumers on the mainland. Island suppliers are compensated for the difference between their (high) generation costs and the system marginal price on the mainland through a fund that is financed by a levy charged to all electricity consumers. The total cost for this PSO is in the range EUR 500 million to EUR 700 million per year.
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While the potential for renewable energy on Greece’s NIIs is very high, the integration of such resources into the small island systems is complex due to seasonal demand, absence of storage, and technical restrictions related to the variable nature of wind and solar. Hence, the installation of variable renewable energy source capacity is subject to constraints, in order to secure a continuous electricity supply to NIIs.&nbsp;
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Towards this direction, the relevant framework for RES hybrid plants, namely the combination of one or more RES with a storage system, allows the increased exploitation of the local renewables potential in a system-friendly manner, making it possible to fully replace the diesel-fuelled generators. These hybrid plants must fulfil several conditions, set by regulatory framework, inter alia a minimum energy capacity of the storage system and a contracted guaranteed power.
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The focus is put on either the integration of non-interconnected systems into the mainland transmission system or the enhanced installation of storage systems, based on their economic and technical feasibility. Interconnections are also critical for the government’s energy policy, to enhance the security of electricity supply and to support the development of renewable energy sources so that Greece can meet its renewable energy and GHG reduction targets. The benefits of enhanced connectivity of the NIIs with the main grid will include avoided cost in terms of diesel generation and reduction of the PSO for all electricity consumers.
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During the decade 2021-2030, it is expected that most of the NIIs will be interconnected with the continental electricity system, which will result in a further reduction in the need for oil imports for electricity generation purposes. In particular, new interconnections of Greece’s islands, which now operate as autonomous electrical systems, based mainly on oil power plants, with the mainland system are being promoted. With the recent completion of the first phases of the Cyclades Interconnection by ADMIE, the electrical systems of Paros (including Naxos, Antiparos, Ios, Sikinos, Folegandros, etc.), Syros and Mykonos were interconnected. The majority of the Aegean islands (Crete, rest of the Cyclades islands, Dodecanese islands, NE Aegean) will also be interconnected with the Hellenic Electricity Transmission System (HETS) in the period 2020-2030, starting with the interconnection of Crete, which is expected to be completed until 2023.&nbsp;
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[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
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== Energy Supply<br/> ==
 
== Energy Supply<br/> ==
  
=== Primary Energy<br/> ===
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=== Electricity ===
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{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"
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|-
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| colspan="2" style="width:601px;" |
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'''Key data for the year 2019'''
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|-
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Total Installed Capacity
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| style="width:397px;" |
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21.1 GW (Thermal Plants 11 GW, RES Plants 10.1 GW)
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|-
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| style="width:204px;" |
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Total net electricity Generation & Imports
  
Around 61% of Greece’s energy needs are covered through imports with the remaining 39% being covered through national energy sources, mainly lignite (77%) and RES (22%). Imported energy sources are mainly petroleum products that account for 44% of total energy consumption and natural gas with a share of around 13%.<br/>
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| style="width:397px;" |
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Net Generation: 50,9 TWh,
  
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
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Net Imports: 9.95 TWh
  
<br/>
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|-
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| style="width:204px;" |
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Net Electricity generation mix[[applewebdata://C83AF10F-B202-4305-A4E5-8DC42E5BDCCD#_ftn1|[1]]]
  
=== Electricity generation<br/> ===
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| style="width:397px;" |
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Natural Gas 30%, Lignite 29,3%, Oil&nbsp;9%,&nbsp;
  
<span>According to the Greek Electricity Market Operator (LAGIE), the </span><span><span lang="en-gb">total installed capacity in the Greek interconnected system at the end of 2015 accounted for almost 18,087 MW, including 4,456 MW lignite, 698 MW oil-fired plants, 5,170 MW natural gas, 3,173 MW large hydro-power and 4,590 MW RES. The total electricity generation in the Greek interconnected system for the year 2015 amounted to almost 41.2 TWh. An additional 9.4 TWh of electricity was imported. Lignite accounted for 49% of electricity generation in the interconnected system, natural gas for 20.2%, and RES (including large hydro-power) for 30.5%. According to the</span></span><span>Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO),</span><span lang="en-gb">on the non-interconnected islands (NII), the diesel-driven generators’ capacity was 1,753 MW by December 2015, producing a total of 323 MWh. The renewable energy share in the electricity mix of the NII was 19%, which equals a production of 90,049 MWh and an installed capacity of 453 MW.</span>
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RES&nbsp;31.8% (Wind 12.4%, Hydro 11.3%, PV&nbsp;7.5%, Biomass 0.6%)
  
<span lang="en-gb"></span><span lang="en-gb">During the year 2015, an additional capacity of 121 MW of RES has been installed in Greece, including 113 MW of wind energy and 8 MW of photovoltaic energy</span><span>. The total installed capacity and electricity production from roof-top PV systems under the Special Program at the end of 2015 amounted to 375 MW and 494 GWh, respectively.</span>
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|-
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| style="width:204px;height:6px;" |
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Final Electricity Consumption
  
<span></span><span></span>[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
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| style="width:397px;height:6px;" |
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52,2&nbsp;TWh
  
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|}
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<div style="clear:both;"></div>
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&nbsp;
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According to the Independent Power Transmission Operator (ADMIE), the total installed capacity in the Greek interconnected system at the end of 2019 accounted for almost 18,450 MW, including 3,900 MW (23.5%) lignite, 4,980 MW natural gas (27%), 3,170 MW large hydro-power (17%) and 6,503 MW RES and HECHP (34.2%). The total net electricity generation in the Greek system for the year 2018, according to DAPPEP, amounted to almost 50.9 TWh and is expected to reach 52.4 TWh for the year 2020.
  
== Energy Consumption<br/> ==
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Most thermal power plants could be considered as amortized, since almost half of them have completed more than twenty years of operation. In the context of the new revised government strategy for the NECP, a target has been set for reducing the share of lignite in power generation, i.e. the so-called lignite phase-out, by shutting down all existing lignite power plants until 2023 and putting a complete end to the use of lignite for power generation in Greece by 2028.
  
=== Electricity ===
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Greece has made substantial progress in diversifying the electricity fuel mix, especially in the deployment of renewable energy, which increased to almost 31,7% of the total generation for the year 2018, which is an impressive increase compared to the year 2006, when it was around 9%. As of December 2019, 6,965 MW of RES and heCHP power plants (excluding large hydro-power plants) have been in operation in the Greek power system, including 3,607 MW of wind power plants, 2,793 MW of PV plants (including PV installations of the Special Photovoltaic Rooftop Programme), 240 MW of small hydro-power, 88 MW of biomass/biogas plants and 233 MW of heCHP plants.
  
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Electricity generation from RES and heCHP, excluding large hydro-power, was 13,359 GWh in total, including 7,278 GWh from wind energy, 3,962 GWh from PV, 688 GWh from small hydro-power, 367 GWh from biomass/biogas and 1,062 GWh from heCHP.
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<div><br/>
 
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----
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<div id="ftn1">
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[[applewebdata://C83AF10F-B202-4305-A4E5-8DC42E5BDCCD#_ftnref1|[1]]]&nbsp;The calculated electricity mix corresponds to data for the year 2018 (Source: Dapeep)
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</div></div>
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[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
Gross national electricity consumption in 2015 was roughly 50.5 TWh, including transmission and distribution losses of about 2.9%. The annual peak load in the interconnected system currently stands at around 9,659 MW.
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== Electricity Consumption ==
  
The average cost of RES electricity production in 2015 was around 162.7 €/MWh, down from 200 €/MWh in 2014. This has been mainly due to the adjustment of feed-in tariffs (FIT) in April 2014 that have been implemented in the context of Law 4254/2014. The RES cost compares to an average electricity system marginal price (SMP) of 51.94 €/MWh for the year 2015 (57.6 €/MWh in 2014). As reported by Eurostat, electricity tariffs in 2015 for final consumers in Greece were on average 177 €/MWh for medium-size households (including 56 €/MWh or 32% for taxes and levies) and 129 €/MWh for medium-size industrial companies (including a share of 19.7% for taxes and levies).
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Following a decrease by 16% from 2008 to 2016 due to the economic crisis, electricity demand (in terms of production plus net imports) has recovered slightly in recent years and is expected to reach 53.6 TWh for the year 2020.
  
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
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The largest electricity consuming sector is the residential sector, accounting for 36.4% of the total consumption in 2017, followed by the tertiary sector (35.7%), industry (22.8%) and agriculture (5%). Transport accounted for only a very small share of the total electricity consumption.
  
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As reported by Eurostat, electricity tariffs by the first half of 2019 for final consumers in Greece were on average 16.5 c€/kWh for medium-size households (including taxes and levies) and 10.6 c€/kWh for medium-size industrial companies (including levies but excluding taxes).
  
== Market Situation for Renewable Energies<br/> ==
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[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
=== Solar Energy<br/> ===
 
  
[[Portal:Solar|Solar energy]] is playing an increasingly important part in the energy mix of Greece. The country has high levels of solar irradiation with an average global horizontal irradiation level of more than 1,500 kWh/m2. With around 4.1 million m<sup>2</sup> (2.9 GW<sub>th</sub>) of solar thermal systems installed, Greece has the second largest total capacity in Europe after Germany. It also has the third largest per capita ratio of installed collector surface after Cyprus and Austria. Around 243 000 m² (170.1 MW<sub>th</sub>) of solar thermal systems have been installed in 2012. The Greek market mostly consists of individual solar water heaters of the thermosiphon type. There is still a significant potential for larger solar thermal systems in the tertiary sector and in industry. The total installed solar PV capacity by the end of 2015 accounted for 2,605 MWp, whereas only 10.3 MWp has been installed throughout this year from which 1.5 MWp concerns systems with net-metering. The total capacity has increased exponentially from 620 MW by the end of 2011 to 2,596 MW at the end of 2014. However, during the year 2015, the installed capacity only increased by roughly 9 MW to a total of 2,605 MW, out of which 375 MW of small PV systems below 10 kWp have been installed under the Special Photovoltaic Rooftop Programme. Only 5.2% of the total PV capacity is installed on non-interconnected islands.
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== Energy Consumption<br/> ==
  
During the year 2015, a total of 3,900 GWh was produced from photovoltaic energy systems, compared to 3,829 GWh in 2014. Photovoltaic energy thus became the third most important RES in terms of generation (after large hydro-power and wind power), producing 41% of RES electricity and 7.1% of total electricity in Greece.
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=== Electricity ===
  
In the past, very high feed-in tariffs of 400-550 €/MWh were granted for photovoltaic energy. These FIT have been reduced by 10-27% between August 2010 and July 2012. In August 2012, there was an important reduction of 32-49%, followed by another significant reduction of 47-55% in June 2013. Due to the large share of older systems with higher tariffs, the average remuneration for PV electricity in 2014 was 313.9 €/MWh for large PV systems and 435 €/MWh for small rooftop PV systems compared to 63.36 €/MWh and 115 €/MWh respectively in 2015.
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Gross national electricity consumption in 2016 was roughly 50.1 TWh, including transmission and distribution losses of about 2.9%. The annual peak load in the interconnected system currently stands at around 9,082 MW.
  
Since the beginning of 2015, FIT for photovoltaic systems other than rooftop installations with a capacity below 10 kWp are calculated on the basis of the System Marginal Price (SMP) of the previous year that is 115 €/MWh, multiplied by a factor of 1.2 for PV systems with a capacity of 100 kWp and below (69.12 €/MWh), and a factor of 1.1 for PV systems with a capacity above 100 kWp (63.36 €/MWh) as well as for PV systems installed on the non-interconnected islands. Compared with the current costs of photovoltaic projects in Greece, these FIT appear to be too low to stimulate any additional investments.
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The average cost of RES electricity production accounted for 159.2 €/MWh in 2016 and down from 200 €/MWh in 2014. This has been mainly due to the adjustment of feed-in tariffs (FIT) in April 2014 that have been implemented in the context of Law 4254/2014. The RES cost compares to an average electricity system marginal price (SMP) of 42.83 €/MWh in 2016. As reported by Eurostat, electricity tariffs by the second half of 2016 for final consumers in Greece were on average 172 €/MWh for medium-size households (including taxes and levies) and 112 €/MWh for medium-size industrial companies (including levies but excluding taxes).
  
 
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<br/>
  
=== Wind Energy<br/> ===
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== <ref>Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO)</ref><ref>Hellenic Operator of Electricity Market</ref>Market Situation for Renewable Energies<br/> ==
  
Greece has some of the most attractive sites for the use of [[Portal:Wind|wind energy]] in Europe, with average capacity factors of around 25% for the mainland and 30% for the islands. The economic wind energy potential in Greece is estimated at 10,000-12,000 MW.
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=== Solar Energy<br/> ===
  
The national capacity target for wind energy is 7,500 MW until 2020, including 300 MW of offshore wind energy. By the end of 2015, a total capacity of 2,091 MW of wind parks was installed in Greece, compared to 1,978 MW installed at the end of 2014. A capacity of 323 MW of wind turbines has been installed on the non-interconnected islands, out of which almost 62% have been installed on Crete. The electricity generation from wind energy by December 2015 was 4,621 GWh, compared to 3,689 GWh in 2014. In 2015, wind energy took the second place among RES in terms of total electricity generation, accounting for 48.9% of RES electricity and 8.37% of total electricity generation in Greece.
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[[Portal:Solar|Solar energy]] is playing an increasingly important part in the energy mix of Greece. The country has high levels of solar irradiation with an average global horizontal irradiation level of more than 1,500 kWh/m<sup>2</sup> . With around 4.1 million m<sup>2</sup> (2.9 GW<sub>th</sub>) of solar thermal systems installed, Greece has the second largest total capacity in Europe after Germany. It also has the third largest per capita ratio of installed collector surface after Cyprus and Austria. Around 243 000 m² (170.1 MW<sub>th</sub>) of solar thermal systems have been installed in 2012. The Greek market mostly consists of individual solar water heaters of the thermosiphon type. There is still a significant potential for larger solar thermal systems in the tertiary sector and in industry.
  
Off-shore wind turbines have not yet been installed, with the main reasons to be found both at difficulties in the environmental permitting procedure and technical problems mainly due to the depths of the Aegean sea floor. There are plans to introduce a new programme for small wind energy turbines with capacities below 50 kW starting from mid-2014.<br/>
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There has only been a marginal increase of 1 MW in the installed solar PV capacity in 2016 compared to the figures at the end of 2015. The total installed solar PV capacity by the end of 2016 accounted for 2,605 MWp, out of which 375 MW of small PV systems below 10 kWp have been installed under the Special Photovoltaic Rooftop Programme. Only 6.1% of the total PV capacity is installed on the non-interconnected islands (NIIs).&nbsp; During the year 2016, a total of 3,417 GWh was produced by solar PV which thus became the third most important RES in terms of generation (after large hydro-power and wind power), producing 25.4% of RES electricity and 6% of total electricity in Greece. A total of 512 GWh was produced by PV systems on rooftops which have been installed under the Special Photovoltaic Rooftop Programme.<br/>[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
  
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 677px"
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=== Wind Energy<br/> ===
|+ Feed-in tariffs for wind parks until December 2015<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 286px;  text-align: center" | '''Type of wind park'''<br/>
 
| style="width: 187px;  text-align: center" | '''FIT (€/MWh) w/o additional support'''<br/>
 
| style="width: 184px;  text-align: center" | '''FIT (€/MWh) with additional support'''<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 286px" | Wind parks with installed capacity ≤5 MW<br/>
 
| style="width: 187px;  text-align: center" | 105<br/>
 
| style="width: 184px;  text-align: center" | 85<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 286px" | Wind parks with installed capacity > 5 MW<br/>
 
| style="width: 187px;  text-align: center" | 105<br/>
 
| style="width: 184px;  text-align: center" | 82<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 286px" | Wind parks at the non-interconnected islands<br/>
 
| style="width: 187px;  text-align: center" | 110<br/>
 
| style="width: 184px;  text-align: center" | 90<br/>
 
|}
 
  
&nbsp;[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
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Greece has some of the most attractive sites for the use of [[Portal:Wind|wind energy]] in Europe, with average capacity factors of around 25% for the mainland and 30% for the islands. The economic wind energy potential in Greece is estimated at 10,000-12,000 MW.
  
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The national capacity target for wind energy is 7,500 MW until 2020, including 300 MW of offshore wind energy. The installed capacity for wind energy has increased by 279 MW or almost 13.3% in 2016 compared to the figures at the end of 2015, making 2016 the second best year for the Greek wind energy sector in terms of new installations. In particular, a total capacity of 2,370 MW of wind parks was installed in Greece by December 2016 compared to 2,091 MW installed by the end of 2015. Of this, a total capacity of 323 MW of wind turbines has been installed on the NIIs, out of which almost 62% on Crete. The electricity generation from wind energy during 2016 was of 5,145 GWh, compared to 4,621 GWh by December 2015. In 2016, wind energy took the second place among RES in terms of total electricity generation, accounting for 38.3% of RES electricity and 9% of total electricity generation in Greece.
  
=== Small hydro-power ===
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&nbsp;[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
  
By December 2015, there has been an installed capacity of 224 MW of [[Portal:Hydro|small hydro-power (SHP)]] plants in Greece.&nbsp; By definition, these are hydro-power stations with a capacity less than 15 MW. As all SHP plants are of the run-of-river type, most of their generation takes place during the wet season (winter and spring). There are 105 SHP projects in operation, mostly located in Epirus, Macedonia and Peloponnese. Only one SHP plant with a capacity of 300 kW is installed on the non-interconnected islands. SHP plants produced a total of 707 GWh in 2015, compared to 701 GWh in 2014. SHP plants generated around 7.5% of RES electricity and 1.3% of total electricity in Greece during the year 2015.
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=== Small hydro-power<br/> ===
  
As in the case of wind energy, this is also due to the reductions of the FIT for existing SHP plants by around 3% as well as of the FIT for new SHP plants by 3-9% in the context of Law 4254/2014. SHP as well as biomass and biogas with CHP are the only RES technologies for electricity generation which are still eligible for receiving support under the new investment law of June 2016. The FIT remuneration tariffs that applied until December 2015 are given in the table below.
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By December 2016, there has been an installed capacity of 223 MW of&nbsp;[[Portal:Hydro|small hydro-power (SHP)]] plants in Greece. By definition, these are hydro-power stations with a capacity less than 15 MW. As all SHP plants are of the run-of-river type, most of their generation takes place during the wet season (winter and spring). There are 105 SHP projects in operation, mostly located in Epirus, Macedonia and Peloponnese. Only one SHP plant with a capacity of 300 kW is installed on the non-interconnected islands. SHP plants produced a total of 721 GWh in 2016 and generated around 5.4% of RES electricity and 1.3% of total electricity in Greece during this year.
  
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
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[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
|+ Feed-in tariffs for small hydro-power plants until December 2015<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 315px;  text-align: center" | '''Type of small hydro-power plants'''<br/>
 
| style="width: 158px;  text-align: center" | '''FIT (€/MWh) w/o additional support'''<br/>
 
| style="width: 184px;  text-align: center" | '''FIT (€/MWh) with additional support'''<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 315px" | SHP with installed capacity ≤1 MW<br/>
 
| style="width: 158px;  text-align: center" | 105<br/>
 
| style="width: 184px;  text-align: center" | 85<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 315px" | SHP with installed capacity between 1 and 5 MW<br/>
 
| style="width: 158px;  text-align: center" | 105<br/>
 
| style="width: 184px;  text-align: center" | 83<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 315px" | SHP with installed capacity between 5 and 15 MW<br/>
 
| style="width: 158px;  text-align: center" | 110<br/>
 
| style="width: 184px;  text-align: center" | 80<br/>
 
|}
 
 
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
 
 
<br/>
 
  
 
=== Biomass<br/> ===
 
=== Biomass<br/> ===
  
There are only few [[Portal:Solid Biomass|biomass]] energy projects for electricity generation that have been developed in Greece, mainly for the utilization of municipal wastes in biogas plants. The total installed capacity of biomass energy currently stands at 52 MW for a total of 12 individual projects. During the year 2015, biomass capacities of 5 MW have been added. There are no biomass projects installed on the non-interconnected islands. Throughout 2015, a total of 222 GWh of electricity was produced by biomass energy plants. The FIT for biomass energy projects have been differentiated according to the technology (biomass combustion, biogas, gas from landfills and sewage treatment plants). The FIT applied until December 2015 for the different biomass energy technologies are given in the table below.<br/>
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There are only few [[Portal:Solid Biomass|biomass]] energy projects that have been developed in Greece, mainly for the utilization of municipal wastes. The total installed capacity of biomass energy currently stands at 58 MW for a total of 12 individual projects. During 2016, biomass capacities of 6 MW have been added. There are no biomass projects installed on the non-interconnected islands. Throughout 2016, a total of 252 GWh of electricity was produced by biomass energy plants.
 
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 100%"
 
|+ Feed-in tariffs for different biomass energy technologies until December 2015
 
|-
 
| style="width: 308px;  text-align: center" | '''Type of biomass energy technology'''<br/>
 
| style="width: 205px;  text-align: center" | '''FIT (€/MWh) w/o support'''<br/>
 
| style="width: 223px;  text-align: center" | '''FIT (€/MWh) with support'''<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 308px" | Biomass exploited in units with installed capacity up to 1 MW (excluding biodegradable part of municipal wastes)<br/>
 
| style="width: 205px;  text-align: center" | 198<br/>
 
| style="width: 223px;  text-align: center" | 180<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 308px" | Biomass exploited in units with an installed capacity greater than 1 MW and less than 5 MW (excluding biodegradable part of municipal wastes)<br/>
 
| style="width: 205px;  text-align: center" | 170<br/>
 
| style="width: 223px;  text-align: center" | 155<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 308px" | Biomass exploited in units with an installed capacity greater than 5 MW (excluding biodegradable part of municipal wastes)<br/>
 
| style="width: 205px;  text-align: center" | 148<br/>
 
| style="width: 223px;  text-align: center" | 135<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 308px" | Gases emanating from controlled rubbish burial dumps and from sewage treatment units as well as biogases (including biodegradable part of wastes) with an installed capacity up to 2 MW<br/>
 
| style="width: 205px;  text-align: center" | 131<br/>
 
| style="width: 223px;  text-align: center" | 114<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 308px" | Gases emanating from controlled rubbish burial dumps and from sewage treatment units as well as biogases (including biodegradable part of wastes) with an installed capacity greater than 2 MW<br/>
 
| style="width: 205px;  text-align: center" | 108<br/>
 
| style="width: 223px;  text-align: center" | 94<br/>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 308px" | Biogas emanating from biomass (organic remnants from animal farming and agricultural processed remnants and refuse) with an installed capacity above 3 MW<br/>
 
| style="width: 205px;  text-align: center" | 209<br/>
 
| style="width: 223px;  text-align: center" | 190<br/>
 
|}
 
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
  
<br/>
+
=== Other renewable energy sources<br/> ===
 
 
=== Other renewable energy sources ===
 
  
 
Other RES technologies for electricity generation have not been extensively developed so far. There is a significant potential for the utilization of geothermal energy for electricity generation, especially on some of the Aegean islands (e.g. Milos, Lesvos, Kimolos) and the North-Eastern part of the mainland. The national target for geothermal electricity is 120 MW until 2020.
 
Other RES technologies for electricity generation have not been extensively developed so far. There is a significant potential for the utilization of geothermal energy for electricity generation, especially on some of the Aegean islands (e.g. Milos, Lesvos, Kimolos) and the North-Eastern part of the mainland. The national target for geothermal electricity is 120 MW until 2020.
Line 199: Line 189:
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
 
  
 
=== Important Laws and Regulations<br/> ===
 
=== Important Laws and Regulations<br/> ===
Line 206: Line 194:
 
==== Renewable Energy Laws<ref>Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=qtiW90JJLYs%3d&tabid=37</ref><br/> ====
 
==== Renewable Energy Laws<ref>Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=qtiW90JJLYs%3d&tabid=37</ref><br/> ====
  
The support mechanism for electricity generation from RES in Greece until the end of 2015 has been based mainly on Law 3468/2006 and Law 3851/2010. According to these laws, priority is given for the injection of electricity from RES into the electricity grid. The electricity produced has been remunerated by a technology-specific feed-in tariff (FIT). These FIT were further differentiated according to the size of the RES installation with smaller systems benefitting from higher FIT. Payment of the FIT was guaranteed for a period of 20 years (25 years for small PV systems and solar thermal power plants) in the context of a sales contract (Power Purchase Agreement – PPA). Regular degression rates are only applied to FIT for &nbsp;photovoltaic energy systems of the special programme for rooftops, while the rest of photovoltaic installations are been supported by a type of a fixed coefficient on the basis of last year’s average SMP.
+
The support mechanism for electricity generation from RES in Greece until the end of 2015 has been based mainly on Law 3468/2006 and Law 3851/2010. According to these laws, priority is given for the injection of electricity from RES into the electricity grid. The electricity produced has been remunerated by a technology-specific feed-in tariff (FIT). These FIT were further differentiated according to the size of the RES installation with smaller systems benefitting from higher FIT. Payment of the FIT was guaranteed for a period of 20 years (25 years for small PV systems and solar thermal power plants) in the context of a sales contract (Power Purchase Agreement – PPA). Regular descending rates are only applied to FIT for &nbsp;photovoltaic energy systems of the special programme for rooftops, while the rest of photovoltaic installations are been supported by a type of a fixed coefficient on the basis of last year’s average SMP.
  
Apart from photovoltaic energy, the FIT for new RES projects until the end of 2015 have been defined by Law 4253/2014. The FIT were fixed at the time of commissioning and differentiated between projects supported under the investment law (or any other support programme) and projects without any kind of additional support. Moreover, Law 4253/2014 provided for an annual cap of 200 MW for new photovoltaic projects and cumulative caps until 2020 for biomass (40 MW), biogas (50 MW), concentrated solar power plants (100 MW) and low enthalpy geothermal projects (50 MW).
+
Apart from photovoltaic energy, the FIT for new RES projects until the end of 2015 have been defined by Law 4254/2014. The FITs were fixed at the time of commissioning and differentiated between projects supported under the investment law (or any other support programme) and projects without any kind of additional support. Moreover, Law 4254/2014 provided for an annual cap of 200 MW for new photovoltaic projects and cumulative caps until 2020 for biomass (40 MW), biogas (50 MW), concentrated solar power plants (100 MW) and low enthalpy geothermal projects (50 MW).
  
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
+
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
 
==== Reform of the RES support scheme<br/> ====
 
==== Reform of the RES support scheme<br/> ====
  
With rising shares of RES in the national electricity mix, there is a need for a gradual integration of RES generation into the electricity market. Moreover, at European level, the European Commission has adopted new Guidelines on State aid for environmental protection and energy for the period 2014-2020 (EEAG) in April 2014. According to these guidelines, operating aid for RES should be''“granted as a premium in addition to the market price (premium) whereby the generators sell its electricity directly in the market''” (margin number 124 (a)). This obligation for the participation of RES generators in the electricity market and their complementary remuneration under a feed-in premium (FIP) scheme applies to all new RES installations above certain capacity limits from 1 January 2016.
+
With increasing shares of RES in the electricity mix, the transition to a support scheme that facilitates the integration of RES into the national electricity market becomes necessary. Also, the new EC Guidelines on State aid for environmental protection and energy for the period from 2014-2020 (EEAG) that have entered into force on 1 July 2014 have defined new criteria and timelines for national RES support schemes in order to be eligible for approval by the EC. As of 1<sup>st</sup> January 2016, RES electricity has to be sold directly on the electricity market and RES support granted under a feed-in premium (FIP) or a certificate scheme. As of 1<sup>st</sup> January 2017, RES support shall be granted in a competitive bidding process, i.e. by means of tenders. In parallel, further requirements for the market integration of RES (e.g. balancing responsibilities) are to be met. According to the “Supplemental Memorandum of Understanding” of June 2015, Greece was supposed to “legislate the new framework for the support of renewable energies, while ensuring financial sustainability and guarantee the respect of State-aid guidelines (EEAG)” by June 2016.
 +
 
 +
Until June 2017, significant progress towards the establishment of a sustainable support scheme for RES electricity was made. The Law 4414/2016 on the “New Support Scheme for Renewable Energy Power Plants and High Efficiency Combined Heat and Power Plants” was adopted by the Hellenic Parliament on the 4th of August 2016 and entered into force on the 9<sup>th</sup> of August 2016. This law introduces a new RES support scheme in Greece based on feed-in premiums (FIP) for larger RES projects along with the obligation to participate in the electricity market and applies only to projects entering into commercial or trial operation in the interconnected electricity system after the 1<sup>st</sup> of January 2016. In effect, this remuneration will take place on the basis of a contract for difference (CfD) against the applicable reference tariffs (RTs) as per published list by technology (section 2.4.1) or as auctioned after taking into account the market value of renewable electricity per technology.
 +
 
 +
However, small scale (<3 MW wind, <500 kW other RES) and demonstration projects are exempt from the new scheme in which case a standard PPA with FIT is concluded in line with Law 4414/2016. The same applies to RES projects that have signed a PPA until the end of December 2015 under the condition that these plants are commissioned until the 31<sup>st</sup> of March 2019 for wind parks, small hydro-power plants as well as biomass and biogas plants and until the 31<sup>st</sup> of December 2017 for other RES and HECHP power plants. There is also the possibility for RES plants with PPA for FIT with a capacity above 5 MW to voluntarily shift to the new RES support scheme. Projects entering into commercial or trial operation in the NIIs after the 1<sup>st</sup> of January 2016 will continue to access a FIT-based scheme (through PPA) as long as these islands are either not interconnected with the mainland of Greece or do not have a fully operational daily electricity market.
 +
 
 +
The FIP will be calculated on a monthly basis as the difference between technology- and capacity-specific RTs and technology-specific reference market prices. RES generators that participate in the electricity market will be subject to a gradual transfer of balancing responsibilities. The law foresees a management premium in order to cover the additional market participation costs for RES generators especially in the context of the transitory mechanism for accurate forecasting. This premium will amount initially to 3 €/MWh for wind parks with an installed capacity up to 10 MW and to 2 €/MWh for all other renewable energy projects (including wind parks with an installed capacity above 10 MW) and will be reviewed annually. The law also provides the basis for the establishment of RES aggregators as new market participants.
 +
 
 +
On the 16<sup>th</sup> of November 2016, the new RES support scheme has been officially approved by the DG COMP of the EC under the Decision C (2016)7272. Following this approval, a number of Ministerial Decisions (MDs) have been adopted in December 2016 under which the detailed provisions of the new RES support scheme are defined. The Ministerial Decision ΑΠΕΗΛ/Α/Φ1/οικ.187480 that was adopted on the 7<sup>th</sup> of December 2016 defines the methodology for the calculation of the reference market prices, the criteria and restrictions for the payment of the management premium as well as the procedures for the adjustment of operating aid in the case of RES projects that have been granted investment aid.
 +
 
 +
The six Ministerial Decisions ΑΠΕΗΛ/Α/Φ1/οικ.187701-187706 that were adopted on the 12<sup>th</sup> of December 2016 establish the new model contracts for the support of new RES and CHP installations, both in the interconnected system as well as on the non-interconnected islands. The term of the new FIP and FIT contracts and therefore of the associated operating aid will be 20 years for all renewable energy projects, other than solar thermal power plants which will enjoy a 25 year term. On this basis, LAGIE and DEDDIE have started in December 2016 to sign the first contracts under the new RES support scheme.
 +
 
 +
Law 4414/2016 also foresees a shift towards a general RES tendering scheme from the 1<sup>st</sup> of January 2017, including a partial opening for RES projects from other European Economic Area (EEA) countries. The details of this tendering scheme will be defined by a dedicated Ministerial Decision that is expected to be published by the end of 2017, following an approval from DG COMP. For new PV projects above 500 kW, it is already foreseen by the law that they will only be supported if they successfully participate in a tender. In this context, a pilot tender for capacity of 40 MW of new PV installations has been organised by RAE on the 12<sup>th</sup> of December 2016. The tender was competitive in the sense that the volume of bids submitted exceed the tender volume by more than 40%.
 +
 
 +
The tender consisted of two lots for PV projects with an installed capacity below and above 1 MW (i.e. with and without exemption from the obtainment of a production license) and has been conducted through an electronic continuous bidding process among the participants. Under the first tender lot, 9 PV projects with a total capacity of around 4.8 MW were selected (mean capacity per project of around 530kW) at an average weigthed reference tariff of 98.99 €/MWh (compared with a price ceiling of 104 €/MWh). Under the second tender lot, 7 PV projects with a total capacity of around 35.1 MW (mean capacity per project of around 5 MW) were selected at an average weigthed reference tariff of 83.3 €/MWh (compared with a price ceiling of 94 €/MWh). As of the 1<sup>st</sup> of January 2017, RES projects of a capacity higher than 1 MW or 6 MW for wind parks, will not be allowed to conclude CfDs, following the provisions of law 4447/2016 that entered in force on the 23<sup>rd</sup> of December, until the publication of the relevant MD that will define the specific parameters and thresholds per technologies for the participation in the national RES tendering scheme.
 +
 
 +
Law 4414/2016 also foresees the establishment of a monitoring mechanism in order to monitor the support provided for RES generation, to assess the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of the new RES plants, while also providing projections on the sustainability of the RES special account. The establishment of this monitoring mechanism is considered as a positive development which can assist in public authorities in taking proactive measures in case of new developments and to ensure the future sustainability of the Greek RES support scheme. The MD for the establishment of this monitoring mechanism is still pending.
 +
 
 +
&nbsp;[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
==== Reference Tariffs for the compensation of RES electricity generation plants<br/> ====
 +
 
 +
The new RES support scheme has been outlined in Law 4414/2016 and its provisions aim at reforming the support scheme of electricity production from RES and CHP power plants in order to achieve the progressive integration and participation of these generation units into the electricity market in an optimal and cost-effective way.
 +
 
 +
FIP provide an incentive for RES generators to respond to price signals of the electricity market, i.e. to produce electricity when demand is high and/or production from other energy sources is low. They also encourage RES investors to consider expected load patterns in the engineering and operation of the RES project (e.g. choice of site and turbine type for wind parks, orientation of PV modules), if this is linked with a properly formed technology-specific Reference Market Price. FIP therefore contribute to an increased integration of RES into the electricity market, resulting in a more efficient combination of supply with demand.
 +
<div>
 +
Reference tariffs (or “strike prices”) reflect the overall average remuneration which is required by RES generators. The same reference tariff is applied throughout the entire duration of the period during which a given RES project is entitled for support (e.g. 20 years). The reference tariffs are determined by capacity categories for the different RES technologies. RES projects are entitled to the reference tariff that is active at the time of commissioning of the project. For RES projects that fall under the FIT scheme, the reference tariff is equal to the FIT. For RES projects under the FIP, an average monthly market reference price is deducted from the reference tariff in order to arrive at the FIP that is being paid to RES generators. The reference tariff levels under the new RES support scheme in Greece are defined per plant category and technology and are illustrated in the following table.<br/>
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
{| style="width: 100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
 +
|-
 +
! style="width: 482px; height: 36px" |
 +
RES technology/capacity category
 +
 
 +
! style="width: 132px; height: 36px" |
 +
RT (€/MWh)
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 26px" |
 +
Wind installations in the interconnected system
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 26px" |
 +
98
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 24px" |
 +
Wind installations on the non-interconnected islands
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 24px" |
 +
98
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 28px" |
 +
Small Hydro ≤ 3 ΜW
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 28px" |
 +
100
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 28px" |
 +
3 ΜW < Small Hydro ≤ 15 ΜW
  
FIP provide an incentive for RES generators to respond to price signals of the electricity market, i.e. to produce electricity when demand is high and/or production from other energy sources is low. They also encourage RES investors to consider expected load patterns in the engineering and operation of the RES project (e.g. choice of site and turbine type for wind parks, orientation of PV modules), if this is linked with a properly formed technology-specific Reference Market Price. FIP therefore contribute to an increased integration of RES into the electricity market, resulting in a more efficient combination of supply with demand.<br/>
+
| style="width: 132px; height: 28px" |
 +
97
  
According to the draft law on the “New Support Scheme for Renewable Energy Power Plants and High Efficiency Combined Heat and Power Plants (CHP)” which was published in June 2016 by the Ministry for Environment and Energy (YPEN), new RES and CHP plants (i.e. those that have not signed a PPA until 31 December 2015) are required to participate in the electricity market. On top of their revenues from the electricity market, they are entitled to receive a FIP that varies according to the evolution of market prices (“sliding FIP”). The FIP is calculated as the difference between technology- and capacity-specific Reference Tariffs and a technology-specific Reference Market Price that is calculated on a monthly basis. Wind farms with an installed capacity below 3 MW and other RES and CHP plants with an installed capacity below 500 kW are not required to participate in the electricity market and can continue to receive remuneration in the form of a FIT. The same applies to new RES projects that are installed on the non-interconnected islands as long as there are no fully functional electricity markets on these islands. The draft law foresees transitory provisions for different cases of RES projects and market structures. It also foresees transitory mechanisms such as a management premium and a forecasting accuracy mechanism that will be in place until the reform of the Greek electricity market has been completed.
+
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 38px" |
 +
Solid Biomass (or bio-liquids) exploited through thermal processes except gasification, from stations with installed capacity ≤1MW (excluding the biodegradable fraction of municipal waste)
  
The draft law also foresees the organisation of a pilot tender for new photovoltaic projects during the second semester of 2016, with specific ceiling prices for two different categories of PV projects and minimum criteria for participation. In more details, the remuneration levels for all photovoltaic projects above 500 kW will be defined in the context of tenders. According to the draft RES law at the end of June 2016, a pilot tender for 40 MW of new photovoltaic projects is supposed to be organised during the second semester of 2016. This tender will consist of two different lots for photovoltaic projects with a capacity below one MWp and projects with a capacity above one MWp. A maximum bid size of 10 MW is foreseen. In addition, there will be a price ceiling for the bids which has been tentatively fixed at 94 €/MWh for projects above one MWp and 104 €/MWh for projects below one MWp.
+
| style="width: 132px; height: 38px" |
 +
184
  
Photovoltaic installations with a capacity below 10 kWp that are included in the Special Roof-top Photovoltaic Programme will continue to be remunerated in line with the provisions of this programme. Other photovoltaic installation with a capacity below 500 kWp will be remunerated in line with the provisions of Law 3734/2009 as applicable with the exception of installations that (voluntarily) participate in tenders.
+
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 38px" |
 +
Solid Biomass (or bio-liquids) exploited via gasification process from stations with installed capacity ≤1MW (excluding the biodegradable fraction of municipal waste)
  
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
+
| style="width: 132px; height: 38px" |
 +
193
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 38px" | Solid Biomass (or bio-liquids) exploited through thermal processes from stations with installed capacity 1ΜW
 +
5ΜW (excluding the biodegradable fraction of municipal waste)
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 38px" |
 +
140
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 38px" |
 +
Gas from landfills and biological sewage treatment plants and biogas from anaerobic digestion of biodegradable material&nbsp; of wastewater and sewage sludge ≤ 2 MW
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 38px" |
 +
129
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 38px" |
 +
Gas from landfills and biological sewage treatment plants and biogas from anaerobic digestion of biodegradable material&nbsp; of wastewater and sewage sludge > 2 MW
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 38px" |
 +
106
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 33px" |
 +
Biogas from anaerobic digestion of biomass≤ 3 MW
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 33px" |
 +
225
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 27px" |
 +
Biogas from anaerobic digestion of biomass> 3 MW
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 27px" |
 +
204
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 28px" |
 +
Solar thermal stations without storage
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 28px" |
 +
257
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 28px" |
 +
Solar thermal stations with storage (min 2 hours)
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 28px" |
 +
278
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 29px" |
 +
Geothermal stations ≤ 5 MW
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 29px" |
 +
139
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 28px" |
 +
Geothermal stations > 5 MW
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 28px" |
 +
108
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 482px; height: 38px" |
 +
Other RES (including energy recovery plants utilizing the fraction of the biodegradable municipal waste falling outside another category of the table that meet the requirements of the current European legislation)
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 132px; height: 38px" |
 +
90
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
Since the beginning of 2015, FIT for photovoltaic systems other than rooftop installations with a capacity below 10 kWp are calculated on the basis of the System Marginal Price (SMP) of the previous year, multiplied by a factor of 1.2 for PV systems with a capacity of 100 kWp and below, and a factor of 1.1 for PV systems with a capacity above 100 kWp.<br/>
 +
 
 +
{| style="width: 100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 222px" |
 +
'''Type of photovoltaic system'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 156px" |
 +
'''Feed-in tariff (2016)'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 150px" |
 +
'''Feed-in tariff (2017)'''
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 222px" |
 +
P<10 kWp (Special PV Roofs Programme)
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 156px" |
 +
110 €/MWh
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 150px" |
 +
100-105 €/MWh
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 222px" |
 +
P<=100 kWp (Interconnected system)
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 156px" |
 +
62.33 €/MWh
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 150px" |
 +
51.4 €/MWh
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 222px" |
 +
P=100-500 kWp (Interconnected system)
  
 +
| style="width: 156px" |
 +
57.13 €/MWh
  
 +
| style="width: 150px" |
 +
47.11 €/MWh
  
==== Net-metering scheme<br/> ====
+
|-
 +
| style="width: 222px" |
 +
Non-interconnected system
  
In parallel to the FIT scheme, a national net-metering scheme for self-produced electricity from photovoltaic energy has been adopted by Ministerial Decree ΑΠΕΗΛ/Α/Φ1/οικ. 24461 on the 31<sup>st</sup> of December 2014. Under the net-metering scheme, electricity consumers have the possibility to produce their own electricity with photovoltaic systems concerning both, rooftop and ground-mounted systems, to inject any surplus electricity production into the electricity grid and to offset this surplus electricity with future electricity consumption, in this way reducing their electricity bill. The scheme is being managed by the Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator S.A. (HEDNO/DEDDIE) and the procedure for submitting applications for the connection of photovoltaic net-metering systems started in May 2015 for connections at the low voltage level and in October 2015 for connections at the medium-voltage level. There are currently plans for allowing “aggregate net-metering”, i.e. the combination of different electricity meters with one RES installation, for specific electricity consumers such as public authorities and farmers.<br/>
+
| style="width: 156px" |
 +
57.13 €/MWh
  
According to the Ministerial Decree, photovoltaic systems of up to 20 kWp (up to 10 kWp for the non-interconnected islands except Crete) or up to 50% of the agreed power consumption (100% for public-benefit organisations) with a maximum of 500 kWp (50 kWp for Crete and 20 kWp for the other non-interconnected islands) are eligible for the scheme. HEDNO commenced accepting net-metering applications for photovoltaic systems to connect to the low voltage grid in May 2015 and&nbsp;a second round of applications for PV systems to connect&nbsp;directly to the medium voltage grid started in October 2015. According to HEDNO, it accepted 433 applications corresponding to a cumulative 8.16 MW of PV capacity by January 2016. Of these, 359 concern residential, commercial and industrial rooftop systems, whereas the rest of them involve ground-mounted systems.<br/>
+
| style="width: 150px" |
 +
47.11 €/MWh
  
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
+
|}
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
 +
 +
Under the new RES support scheme, the remuneration levels for all photovoltaic projects above 500 kW will be defined in the context of tenders. Photovoltaic installations with a capacity below 10 kWp that are included in the Special Roof-top Photovoltaic Programme will continue to be remunerated in line with the provisions of this programme. Other photovoltaic installations with a capacity below 500 kWp will be remunerated in line with the provisions of Law 3734/2009 as applicable, with the exception of installations that (voluntarily) participate in tenders.<br/>
 +
 +
&nbsp;[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 +
</div>
 +
==== Installation of photovoltaic plants by auto-producers under the net-metering and virtual net-metering schemes<br/> ====
 +
 +
In parallel to the FIT scheme, a national net-metering scheme for self-produced electricity from photovoltaic energy has been adopted by Ministerial Decree ΑΠΕΗΛ/Α/Φ1/οικ. 24461 on the 31<sup>st</sup> of December 2014. Under the net-metering scheme, electricity consumers have the possibility to produce their own electricity with photovoltaic systems concerning both, rooftop and ground-mounted systems, to inject any surplus electricity production into the electricity grid and to offset this surplus electricity with future electricity consumption, in this way reducing their electricity bill. HEDNO commenced accepting net-metering applications for photovoltaic systems to connect to the low voltage grid in May 2015 and a second round of applications for PV systems to connect directly to the medium voltage grid started in October 2015 [http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/greece-begins-second-round-of-net-metering-applications_100021754/#axzz410mxqZxQ Externer Link im neuen Fenster.]<br/>
 +
 +
Law 4414/2016 provides for the extension of the national net-metering scheme to other technologies (PV, small wind, biomass/biogas/bioliquid, small hydro-power, CHP) as well as the establishment of the possibility of virtual net-metering for solar PV and small wind projects installed by legal persons pursuing welfare objectives or other purposes in the public interest as well as farmers and agricultural holdings. The details of the extended net-metering scheme, including the specific provisions for virtual net-metering, are outlined in the Ministerial Decision&nbsp;[http://www.deddie.gr/Documents2/Fotovoltaika/FV virtual metering/YA_ΑΠΕΗΛ_Α_Φ1_οικ175067-ΦΕΚ 1547Β_5.5.2017.pdf AΠΕΗΛ/Α/Φ1/οικ. 175067 (ΦΕΚ Β΄1547/5.5.2017)].<br/>
 +
 +
According to the aforementioned Ministerial Decree, photovoltaic systems of up to 20 kWp (up to 10 kWp for the NIIs and 20 kWp for Crete) or up to 50% of the agreed power consumption (100% for public-benefit organisations) with a maximum of 500 kWp (50 kWp for Crete and 20 kWp for the other NIIs) are eligible for the scheme. There is a special exemption for photovoltaic systems installed in the NIIs by legal persons pursuing welfare objectives or other purposes in the public interest, where the installed capacity cannot exceed 100 kWp or 300 kW in the case of Crete.
 +
 +
Under standard net-metering, the RES plant has to be installed in the same or adjacent area to a consumer installation of the auto-producer and has to be connected to the network only through the power supply of this consumer installation. Virtual net-metering is defined under Article 2 of Law 3468/2006 as the offsetting of electricity generated by a RES auto-producer and consumed by installations of the auto-producer, at least one of which is not located in the same or adjacent area as the RES plant or uses a different power supply.
 +
 +
Critical parameters that were also clarified in this MD include the provisions for the accounting of the regulated charges, the correlation of the number of consumption points (i.e. meters) with the number of production points (important especially for the virtual net-metering), the possibility for offsetting the injected energy over a different time period and other data validation procedures for the virtual net metering installations. For instance, in the standard net-metering, each photovoltaic installation has to be assigned to a single consumption point whereas more than one consumption meters can be assigned to a PV system under the virtual net-metering scheme. In any case, the offsetting of the electricity generated and consumed by the RES auto-producer’s installations can only be realized at the same voltage level.
 +
 +
Moreover, the net-metering process follows an annual cycle. Each time the electricity retailer issues an electricity bill, the RES electricity fed into grid and the RES electricity consumed has to be measured. If the difference is positive, meaning that more RES electricity is produced and fed into the grid than self-consumed, this surplus is credited to the next electricity bill. However, any surpluses after the end of one year will not be credited by the electricity retailer to the self-producing electricity consumer and will be cancelled. If the difference is negative, i.e. more electricity was consumed than produced; the installation operator is obliged to pay the difference. The provisions under the new MD extend the amount of time for the transfer of net-metering credits from one year to three years. Overall, the net metering contract with an electricity supplier is valid for 25 years.
 +
 +
Under the current framework for the net-metering scheme in Greece, the network charges (i.e. both for the transmission and the distribution network), in addition to ETMEAR are not imposed on the RES electricity that is instantaneously self-consumed and this is also extended to the virtual net-metering installations that use the same connection point with the PV system. In terms of the financial assessment of such self-consumption schemes, the imposition of the ETMEAR is playing a crucial role as it relates to around 12% to 25% of the applicable electricity tariffs.
 +
 +
At the same time, the excess RES electricity that is injected into the grid (including the electricity assigned to other consumption points under the virtual net-metering) is balanced only at the level of the competitive part of the electricity bill. This means that all other regulated charges, such as network charges and ETMEAR, are not included in this balanced energy. This can be justified as this electricity is not instantaneously self-consumed but actually corresponds to a future consumption of electricity that will need to be provided by the electricity supplier at a later point. On the other hand, the public service levy (YKO) is currently imposed on the total electricity consumption, including self-consumed electricity for both the regular and virtual net-metering schemes.
 +
 +
According to HEDNO, during 2016 almost 287 net-metering applications were approved with a signed connection contract corresponding to a cumulative 11.4 MW of PV capacity for the interconnected system and the NIIs. Until June 2017, a total of 560 net-metering PV systems with a total capacity of around 7.62 MW and 1.6 MW have been installed and are under operation in the interconnected system and NIIs respectively. The time period between application and entry into operation of the systems varies considerably between 1.2 and 18 months with an average of 5 months. The vast majority of these systems in the interconnected system are installed at the low voltage level and only 6 systems with a total capacity of 256 kW are installed at the medium voltage level. In addition, HEDNO started accepting on the 14<sup>th</sup> of July 2017 the relevant applications regarding the connection of PV facilities under the virtual net-metering scheme to the low and medium voltage grid.<br/>
 +
 +
&nbsp;[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
  
 
==== Licensing procedures for renewable energy projects<br/> ====
 
==== Licensing procedures for renewable energy projects<br/> ====
  
The licensing procedure for RES projects has been significantly simplified in 2010. Larger RES projects require a production license (issued by RAE), an installation license (issued by YPEN or by local authorities) and an operation license (issued by YPEN or by local authorities). Small and medium sized RES projects (PV and biomass plants ≤ 1 MW, geothermal stations ≤ 500 kW, wind parks ≤ 100 kW) do not require the above licenses. In addition, other licenses (water use, building permit, use of forest land…) as well as an Approval of Environment Terms (AET) or Standard Environmental Commitments (SEC) are required according to the nature of the project. All RES projects have to submit applications for non-binding and binding connection offers to the competent network operator (IPTO or HEDNO). They are also required to sign a connection contract with the competent network operator (IPTO or HEDNO) as well as a PPA with LAGIE (or HEDNO for the non-interconnected islands).<br/>
+
The licensing procedure for RES projects has been significantly simplified with the adoption of Law 3851/2010. Larger RES projects require a production license (issued by RAE), an installation license (issued by YPEN or by local authorities) and an operation license (issued by YPEN or by local authorities). Small and medium sized RES projects (PV and biomass plants ≤ 1 MW, geothermal stations ≤ 500 kW, wind parks ≤ 100 kW) do not require the above licenses. In addition, other licenses (water use, building permit, use of forest land…) as well as an Approval of the Environmental Terms (AET) or Standard Environmental Commitments (SEC) are required according to the size, RES technology and location of the project. All RES projects have to submit applications for non-binding (only for projects that are obliged for a production and installation license) and binding connection offers to the competent network operator, i.e. the Independent Power Transmission Operator (IPTO) or HEDNO. They are also required to sign a connection contract with the competent network operator (IPTO for the transmission network or HEDNO for the distribution network) as well as a CfD or PPA with LAGIE (or HEDNO for the non-interconnected islands). Law 4254/2014 also introduced some specific rules for the duration of PPAs for already operating plants, while the duration of the connection offers as well as of the installation licenses has been extended in the last two years by about 18 months in total (Article 67 of Law 4342/2015 and Article 16 of Law 4414/2016) due to the capital controls applied on bank transactions. Moreover, the last decision of RAE 517/2017 introduced some specific rules for the renewal of production licenses for RES plants. In particular, production licenses issued prior to the entry into force of Law 3468/2006, which were granted for a period of fifteen years, may be extended under certain conditions up to a maximum of ten years in order to harmonize their total duration with the duration of the PPA.
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
  
 
==== The sustainability of the RES financing mechanism<br/> ====
 
==== The sustainability of the RES financing mechanism<br/> ====
  
FIT are paid to RES producers through the RES Special Account which is managed by the Electricity Market Operator (LAGIE). The revenues of this account currently include the following:
+
The operating aid under the RES support scheme is paid to RES producers through the RES Special Account which is managed by the Electricity Market Operator (LAGIE). The revenues of this account currently include the following:
  
*Revenues of LAGIE from the sale of RES electricity on the wholesale market at the system marginal price (SMP) (after May 2013 and under the Law 4152/13, RES electricity is sold either at SMP or at the average variable cost of thermal power plants, whichever the highest)
+
*Revenues of LAGIE from the sale of RES electricity on the wholesale market at the system marginal price (after May 2013 and under the Law 4152/2013, RES electricity is sold either at SMP or at the average variable cost of thermal power plants, whichever the highest)
 
*Revenues (or costs) from the settlement of imbalances resulting from RES production
 
*Revenues (or costs) from the settlement of imbalances resulting from RES production
 
*Payments from the electricity suppliers on the non-interconnected islands to HEDNO for the production of RES based on the average variable costs of conventional units on the islands
 
*Payments from the electricity suppliers on the non-interconnected islands to HEDNO for the production of RES based on the average variable costs of conventional units on the islands
Line 256: Line 455:
 
*Special fee of 2 €/MWh for electricity produced by lignite
 
*Special fee of 2 €/MWh for electricity produced by lignite
 
*Special Fee for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions (ETMEAR)
 
*Special Fee for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions (ETMEAR)
 +
*Revenues from the charge imposed on electricity suppliers
  
The ETMEAR which is collected through electricity bills varies between different categories of final consumers. The ETMEAR has been increased several times since 2011 when it stood at 1.84 €/MWh. With the last decision of RAE in December 2015, the ETMEAR has been calculated with a weighted average of 18.13 €/MWh. The level of ETMEAR is further differentiated according to the different categories of electricity consumers (see table below).
+
<br/>
  
Until the end of 2013, the RES Special Account had reached a deficit of almost 550 m€ (an increase of 209 m€ compared to 2012) which was supposed to increase to 740 m€ by the end of 2014 if no further measures were taken. This deficit was mainly due to the large number of PV systems installed between the second semester of 2011 and the first semester of 2013 that have benefitted from very high FIT tariffs. These systems have considerably increased the outflows of the RES Special Account without corresponding inflows being provided for. Between 2012 and 2014, a series of measures were taken by the Greek government, including a revision of the FIT for already operating RES projects in the context of Law 4254/2014. These measures have led to a reduction of the deficit in the RES Special Account from 550 m€ at the end of 2013 to 190 m€ at the end of 2014. The financial sustainability of the RES Special Account has proven to be a major factor for the investment security in the Greek RES sector.
+
The Special Fee for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions (ETMEAR) is a levy imposed on each unit of electricity consumed which is used for the financing of the RES and CHP support scheme in Greece.
 +
 
 +
On this basis and with the last decision of RAE in December 2016, the ETMEAR has been calculated with a weighted average of 17.91 €/MWh down from 18.13 €/MWh in 2015. Moreover, ETMEAR is differentiated by types of electricity consumers and voltage levels with current levels in June 2017 ranging from 2.51 €/MWh for HV and large MV consumers to 24.77 €/MWh for households and 27.79 €/MWh for other LV consumers. The following table provides the adjusted ETMEAR charges per electricity consumer category as of the 1<sup>st</sup> of January 2017.
 +
 
 +
<br/>Current charges of ETMEAR for the various categories of consumers
 +
 
 +
{| style="width: 100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 318px; height: 28px" |
 +
'''Consumers category'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 270px; height: 28px" |
 +
'''Nominal charge of ETMEAR (€/MWh)'''
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 318px; height: 28px" |
 +
'''High voltage'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 270px; height: 28px" |
 +
2.51
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 318px; height: 28px" |
 +
'''Medium voltage with consumption >13GWh'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 270px; height: 28px" |
 +
2.51
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 318px; height: 28px" |
 +
'''Agricultural use in medium voltage'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 270px; height: 28px" |
 +
9.71
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 318px; height: 28px" |
 +
'''Medium voltage with consumption <13GWh'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 270px; height: 28px" |
 +
9.76
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 318px; height: 28px" |
 +
'''Agricultural use in low voltage'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 270px; height: 28px" |
 +
10.47
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 318px; height: 28px" |
 +
'''Residential use in low voltage'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 270px; height: 28px" |
 +
24.77
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 318px; height: 28px" |
 +
'''Others uses in low voltage'''
 +
 
 +
| style="width: 270px; height: 28px" |
 +
27.79
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Source: RAE Decision 621/2016 (OG B’83, 20.01.17)
 +
 
 +
During the first six months of 2017, the deficit of the RES Special Account decreased from 144 m€ at the beginning of the year to 109 m€ by June 2017. The financing of the RES Special Account has also been substantially modified by Law 4414/2016, through the introduction of a new charge for electricity suppliers on the basis of their market shares which is expected to significantly contribute to the elimination of the deficit in the RES Special Account until the end of 2017 (and at the end of every year thereafter), in line with the provisions of Law 4414/2016 and Law 4427/2016. This additional variable charge shall be levied on electricity suppliers based on avoided average cost for electricity purchased through the wholesale electricity market had there not been any renewable electricity available. The specific methodology for the integration of this wholesale market mechanism into the Reference Market Price for the RES projects under the FIP scheme is still pending and has to be integrated in the relevant Power Market Exchange Code. Furthermore, the laws provide the framework for the establishment of a secondary special market for certificates of origin for renewable electricity also in Greece. On this basis and with the last decisions of RAE, namely 149/2017 and 150/2017 in March 2017, the relevant Power Market Exchange Code has been amended with regard to the values of the regulatory parameters for the application of the methodology for calculating the revenues of the Special RES Account.
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
<br/>
 
  
 
=== Specific Strategies<br/> ===
 
=== Specific Strategies<br/> ===
Line 269: Line 534:
 
==== National Action Plan 20-20-20 <ref>Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=CEYdUkQ719k%3d&tabid=37</ref><br/> ====
 
==== National Action Plan 20-20-20 <ref>Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=CEYdUkQ719k%3d&tabid=37</ref><br/> ====
  
According to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC, Greece has to achieve a target of 18% renewable energy sources (RES) in gross final energy consumption by 2020. This target has been increased to 20% (Law 3851/2010), while the specific trajectory for achieving it is presented in the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) of 2010. The overall target is broken down further into sub-targets of 40% RES in gross electricity consumption, 20% RES in final energy consumption for heating and cooling, and 10% RES in final energy consumption for transport until 2020.<br/>
+
According to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC, Greece has to achieve a target of 18% renewable energy sources (RES) in gross final energy consumption by 2020 and this target has been increased to 20% (Law 3851/2010). The overall target is broken down further into sub-targets of 40% RES in gross electricity consumption, 20% RES in final energy consumption for heating and cooling, and 10% RES in final energy consumption for transport until 2020.<br/>
 +
 
 +
According to the third progress report on the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources in Greece which was submitted under Article 22 of Directive 2009/28/EC to the European Commission in April 2016, the latest figures for the share of RES in gross final energy consumption indicate that Greece is on track for reaching its national RES targets for 2020. This is mainly due to the over-achievement of the sub-target related to heating and cooling, resulting mainly from an increasing use of biomass for heating, in particular on the level of the residential sector.
 +
 
 +
Specifically, in the last five years, a significant increase in the use of biomass has been observed due to the final consumers’ shift to biomass as a cheaper fuel to meet their heating needs and the consequences of the economic recession in the households’ income. Moreover, solar thermal systems have steadily attained an important position in RES applications for domestic hot water production, while the penetration of heat pumps for space heating has exhibited a significant growth rate in the last two years leading to an increase of 65% in 2014 compared with 2012.
 +
 
 +
The penetration of RES for heating already stood at 25.9% in 2015 surpassing even the corresponding indicative target of 20% until 2020, as defined by the NREAP. The utilization of RES for heating purposes increased by 15% between 2012 and 2015. Nevertheless, the 10% target for RES in transport is still far from being achieved considering the 1.4% RES share of 2015. Regarding the penetration of RES in gross final electricity consumption, a significant increase has undoubtedly been observed (34% between 2012 and 2014). Although the total installed capacity surpassed the installed capacity projected in NREAP in 2013, a deceleration was observed in 2014, while the RES electricity mix differed significantly from the NREAP projections with the main share in the RES installed capacity being attained by photovoltaic stations instead of wind farms. In 2015, a total RES share of 15.44% was achieved. The contribution of RES to the gross final electricity consumption accounted for 22.09% in 2015 and the respective share in 2016 is estimated at around 25%, compared to a projection of 29.7% in the NREAP.
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
<br/>
+
== Institutional set-up in the Energy Sector<br/> ==
 
 
== Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector<br/> ==
 
  
 
=== Ministry of Environment and Energy (YPEN) ===
 
=== Ministry of Environment and Energy (YPEN) ===
Line 284: Line 553:
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
<br/>
 
  
 
=== Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) ===
 
=== Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) ===
Line 294: Line 561:
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
<br/>
 
  
 
=== Operator of the Electricity Market (LAGIE) ===
 
=== Operator of the Electricity Market (LAGIE) ===
Line 304: Line 569:
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
<br/>
 
  
 
=== Public Power Corporation (PPC/DEI) ===
 
=== Public Power Corporation (PPC/DEI) ===
Line 314: Line 577:
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
<br/>
 
  
 
=== Independent Power Transmission Operator (IPTO/ADMIE) ===
 
=== Independent Power Transmission Operator (IPTO/ADMIE) ===
Line 324: Line 585:
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
<br/>
 
  
 
=== Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO/DEDDIE) ===
 
=== Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO/DEDDIE) ===
Line 334: Line 593:
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
<br/>
 
  
 
=== Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES) ===
 
=== Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES) ===
  
The Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES) is a national entity for the promotion of renewable energy sources, rational use of energy and energy conservation. It was founded in September 1987 as a public entity which is supervised by YPEKA and has financial and administrative independence. CRES provides advisory services to YPEKA for the definition and implementation of the national renewable energy policy, strategy and planning. It conducts applied research on new energy technologies and provides technical support for the penetration and implementation of these technologies. CRES also implements European, national and international projects for the promotion and market penetration of new energy technologies.
+
The Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES) is a national entity for the promotion of renewable energy sources, rational use of energy and energy conservation. It was founded in September 1987 as a public entity which is supervised by YPENA and has financial and administrative independence. CRES provides advisory services to YPEKA for the definition and implementation of the national renewable energy policy, strategy and planning. It conducts applied research on new energy technologies and provides technical support for the penetration and implementation of these technologies. CRES also implements European, national and international projects for the promotion and market penetration of new energy technologies.
  
 
Website: [http://www.cres.gr http://www.cres.gr]
 
Website: [http://www.cres.gr http://www.cres.gr]
  
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
<br/>
 
  
 
=== Renewable energy private sector associations and companies ===
 
=== Renewable energy private sector associations and companies ===
Line 371: Line 626:
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
  
== Planned and Ongoing Energy Projects<br/> ==
 
 
The below-mentioned international energy projects with Greek involvement have been selected as Projects of Common Interest (PCI) by the European Commission.
 
 
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
 
<br/>
 
 
=== Euro Asia Interconnector ===
 
 
The so-called Euro Asia Interconnector refers to plans to construct a 600 kV HVDC interconnection between Israel and Greece, passing through Cyprus and Crete. This project will also interconnect Crete to the Greek mainland electricity system and facilitate the further development of RES on the island. The project will have a capacity of 2000 MW and a total length of around 1,518 km (329 km between Cyprus and Israel, 879 km between Cyprus and Crete and 310 km between Crete and Athens).
 
 
=== <br/>Interconnector Greece-Bulgaria (IGB) ===
 
 
The natural gas Interconnector Greece-Bulgaria (IGB) will provide a direct link between the national natural gas systems of Greece and Bulgaria. The IGB pipeline will have an overall length of 182 km and an annual capacity of 3 billion cubic meters (bcm). The pipeline is expected to be put in operation in December 2014.
 
  
=== <br/>Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) ===
+
= <br/>Further Information =
  
The Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) will be used for transporting natural gas from the Caspian basin in Azerbaijan to Western Europe. Connecting to the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP), TAP will transport the gas through Greece and Albania, crossing the Adriatic and terminating in Italy. The pipeline is supposed to supply a total of 10 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas to markets Europe. It has a total length of 867 km with 547 km in Greece. Construction is supposed to begin in 2015 and will be completed until 2019.
+
*International Energy Agency: Energy Policies of IEA Countries. Greece 2011 Review: [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Greece2011_unsecured.pdf http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Greece2011_unsecured.pdf]
 
+
*Invest in Greece: [http://www.investingreece.gov.gr/default.asp?pid=36&sectorID=38&la=1 http://www.investingreece.gov.gr/default.asp?pid=36§orID=38&la=1]
[[Greece Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 
 
 
<br/>
 
 
 
= Further Information =
 
 
 
International Energy Agency: Energy Policies of IEA Countries. Greece 2011 Review: [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Greece2011_unsecured.pdf http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Greece2011_unsecured.pdf]
 
 
 
Invest in Greece: [http://www.investingreece.gov.gr/default.asp?pid=36&sectorID=38&la=1 http://www.investingreece.gov.gr/default.asp?pid=36§orID=38&la=1]
 
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
Line 406: Line 637:
  
 
<references />
 
<references />
 +
 +
[[Category:Europe_and_Central_Asia]]

Latest revision as of 09:42, 6 October 2020

Greece
Flag of Greece.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Athens

Region:

Coordinates:

37.58° N, 23.43° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

131,960

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

10,361,295 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

19 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

238,206,312,633 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

22,990.01 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

100.00 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

64.18 (2015)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

82.57 (2015)

Source: World Bank





Introduction

The Greek energy sector is still largely dependent on fossil fuels, most of which are imported. As of 2017, about 49% of its energy requirements are covered by petroleum products alone. These petroleum products are not only used in the transport sector, but they are also converted in relevant amounts into electricity. In particular, the non-interconnected Greek islands obtain their electricity primarily from inefficient and expensive diesel generators. In total, the extra cost that had to be recovered in 2017 through a public service obligation is estimated at around 600 m€ to subsidize the electricity tariffs in those areas. Natural gas, which also has to be imported at a significant cost, plays a growing role in meeting energy requirements.

Domestic energy sources include lignite which accounted for around 29% of electricity generation for the year 2018 as well as renewable energy sources (RES) such as hydro-power, wind, solar energy and biomass, which accounted for 11,3%, 12,4%, 7,5% and 0,6%, respectively. 

A national target of a 20% RES share in gross final energy consumption by 2020 had been defined under Law 3851/2010, exceeding the national target of 18% according to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC. In 2018 the RES share in gross energy consumption reached 18%, thus achieving the RES target under EU Directive 2009/28/EC for 2020. The RES share in electricity, in final consumption for heating/cooling and in transport are 26%, 30% and 4% respectively. Specific targets for RES electricity share (40%), RES heating and cooling share (20%), and RES transport share (10%) have been defined in order to achieve the national RES target until 2020. 

The penetration of RES for heating already stood at 30% in 2018 surpassing even the corresponding indicative target of 20% until 2020. Nevertheless, the 10% target for RES in transport is still far from being achieved considering the 4% RES share of 2018. Regarding the penetration of RES in gross final electricity consumption, a significant increase has undoubtedly been observed, reaching 26% by 2018. 

New ambitious targets to be 2030 have been set by the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) which has been adopted at the end of 2019, including:

  • 35% share of RES in gross final energy consumption
  • 60% share of RES in gross final electricity consumption
  • 40% share of RES in final energy for heating and cooling
  • More than 14% share of RES in final energy for transport
  • Reduction of final energy consumption by 38% compared to the respective forecasts of 2007
  • Reduction of total greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% compared to 1990

These targets are supposed to be achieved through a combination of measures for energy efficiency and the large-scale penetration of RES technologies in electricity production, heat supply and transport sector. 

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Non-Interconnected Islands

The electricity systems on the non-interconnected islands (NIIs) are small, therefore, they cannot benefit from the cost advantage of large-scale generation capacity and commonly rely to a large degree on diesel-fuelled generators, which are expensive and not environmentally friendly. The Greek regulatory system provides for a public service obligation (PSO) to supply electricity to consumers on NIIs at the same electricity tariffs as consumers on the mainland. Island suppliers are compensated for the difference between their (high) generation costs and the system marginal price on the mainland through a fund that is financed by a levy charged to all electricity consumers. The total cost for this PSO is in the range EUR 500 million to EUR 700 million per year.

While the potential for renewable energy on Greece’s NIIs is very high, the integration of such resources into the small island systems is complex due to seasonal demand, absence of storage, and technical restrictions related to the variable nature of wind and solar. Hence, the installation of variable renewable energy source capacity is subject to constraints, in order to secure a continuous electricity supply to NIIs. 

Towards this direction, the relevant framework for RES hybrid plants, namely the combination of one or more RES with a storage system, allows the increased exploitation of the local renewables potential in a system-friendly manner, making it possible to fully replace the diesel-fuelled generators. These hybrid plants must fulfil several conditions, set by regulatory framework, inter alia a minimum energy capacity of the storage system and a contracted guaranteed power.

The focus is put on either the integration of non-interconnected systems into the mainland transmission system or the enhanced installation of storage systems, based on their economic and technical feasibility. Interconnections are also critical for the government’s energy policy, to enhance the security of electricity supply and to support the development of renewable energy sources so that Greece can meet its renewable energy and GHG reduction targets. The benefits of enhanced connectivity of the NIIs with the main grid will include avoided cost in terms of diesel generation and reduction of the PSO for all electricity consumers.

During the decade 2021-2030, it is expected that most of the NIIs will be interconnected with the continental electricity system, which will result in a further reduction in the need for oil imports for electricity generation purposes. In particular, new interconnections of Greece’s islands, which now operate as autonomous electrical systems, based mainly on oil power plants, with the mainland system are being promoted. With the recent completion of the first phases of the Cyclades Interconnection by ADMIE, the electrical systems of Paros (including Naxos, Antiparos, Ios, Sikinos, Folegandros, etc.), Syros and Mykonos were interconnected. The majority of the Aegean islands (Crete, rest of the Cyclades islands, Dodecanese islands, NE Aegean) will also be interconnected with the Hellenic Electricity Transmission System (HETS) in the period 2020-2030, starting with the interconnection of Crete, which is expected to be completed until 2023. 

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Energy Supply

Electricity

Key data for the year 2019

Total Installed Capacity

21.1 GW (Thermal Plants 11 GW, RES Plants 10.1 GW)

Total net electricity Generation & Imports

Net Generation: 50,9 TWh,

Net Imports: 9.95 TWh

Net Electricity generation mix[1]

Natural Gas 30%, Lignite 29,3%, Oil 9%, 

RES 31.8% (Wind 12.4%, Hydro 11.3%, PV 7.5%, Biomass 0.6%)

Final Electricity Consumption

52,2 TWh

 

According to the Independent Power Transmission Operator (ADMIE), the total installed capacity in the Greek interconnected system at the end of 2019 accounted for almost 18,450 MW, including 3,900 MW (23.5%) lignite, 4,980 MW natural gas (27%), 3,170 MW large hydro-power (17%) and 6,503 MW RES and HECHP (34.2%). The total net electricity generation in the Greek system for the year 2018, according to DAPPEP, amounted to almost 50.9 TWh and is expected to reach 52.4 TWh for the year 2020.

Most thermal power plants could be considered as amortized, since almost half of them have completed more than twenty years of operation. In the context of the new revised government strategy for the NECP, a target has been set for reducing the share of lignite in power generation, i.e. the so-called lignite phase-out, by shutting down all existing lignite power plants until 2023 and putting a complete end to the use of lignite for power generation in Greece by 2028.

Greece has made substantial progress in diversifying the electricity fuel mix, especially in the deployment of renewable energy, which increased to almost 31,7% of the total generation for the year 2018, which is an impressive increase compared to the year 2006, when it was around 9%. As of December 2019, 6,965 MW of RES and heCHP power plants (excluding large hydro-power plants) have been in operation in the Greek power system, including 3,607 MW of wind power plants, 2,793 MW of PV plants (including PV installations of the Special Photovoltaic Rooftop Programme), 240 MW of small hydro-power, 88 MW of biomass/biogas plants and 233 MW of heCHP plants.

Electricity generation from RES and heCHP, excluding large hydro-power, was 13,359 GWh in total, including 7,278 GWh from wind energy, 3,962 GWh from PV, 688 GWh from small hydro-power, 367 GWh from biomass/biogas and 1,062 GWh from heCHP.



[1] The calculated electricity mix corresponds to data for the year 2018 (Source: Dapeep)

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Electricity Consumption

Following a decrease by 16% from 2008 to 2016 due to the economic crisis, electricity demand (in terms of production plus net imports) has recovered slightly in recent years and is expected to reach 53.6 TWh for the year 2020.

The largest electricity consuming sector is the residential sector, accounting for 36.4% of the total consumption in 2017, followed by the tertiary sector (35.7%), industry (22.8%) and agriculture (5%). Transport accounted for only a very small share of the total electricity consumption.

As reported by Eurostat, electricity tariffs by the first half of 2019 for final consumers in Greece were on average 16.5 c€/kWh for medium-size households (including taxes and levies) and 10.6 c€/kWh for medium-size industrial companies (including levies but excluding taxes).

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Energy Consumption

Electricity

Gross national electricity consumption in 2016 was roughly 50.1 TWh, including transmission and distribution losses of about 2.9%. The annual peak load in the interconnected system currently stands at around 9,082 MW.

The average cost of RES electricity production accounted for 159.2 €/MWh in 2016 and down from 200 €/MWh in 2014. This has been mainly due to the adjustment of feed-in tariffs (FIT) in April 2014 that have been implemented in the context of Law 4254/2014. The RES cost compares to an average electricity system marginal price (SMP) of 42.83 €/MWh in 2016. As reported by Eurostat, electricity tariffs by the second half of 2016 for final consumers in Greece were on average 172 €/MWh for medium-size households (including taxes and levies) and 112 €/MWh for medium-size industrial companies (including levies but excluding taxes).

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[1][2]Market Situation for Renewable Energies

Solar Energy

Solar energy is playing an increasingly important part in the energy mix of Greece. The country has high levels of solar irradiation with an average global horizontal irradiation level of more than 1,500 kWh/m2 . With around 4.1 million m2 (2.9 GWth) of solar thermal systems installed, Greece has the second largest total capacity in Europe after Germany. It also has the third largest per capita ratio of installed collector surface after Cyprus and Austria. Around 243 000 m² (170.1 MWth) of solar thermal systems have been installed in 2012. The Greek market mostly consists of individual solar water heaters of the thermosiphon type. There is still a significant potential for larger solar thermal systems in the tertiary sector and in industry.

There has only been a marginal increase of 1 MW in the installed solar PV capacity in 2016 compared to the figures at the end of 2015. The total installed solar PV capacity by the end of 2016 accounted for 2,605 MWp, out of which 375 MW of small PV systems below 10 kWp have been installed under the Special Photovoltaic Rooftop Programme. Only 6.1% of the total PV capacity is installed on the non-interconnected islands (NIIs).  During the year 2016, a total of 3,417 GWh was produced by solar PV which thus became the third most important RES in terms of generation (after large hydro-power and wind power), producing 25.4% of RES electricity and 6% of total electricity in Greece. A total of 512 GWh was produced by PV systems on rooftops which have been installed under the Special Photovoltaic Rooftop Programme.
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Wind Energy

Greece has some of the most attractive sites for the use of wind energy in Europe, with average capacity factors of around 25% for the mainland and 30% for the islands. The economic wind energy potential in Greece is estimated at 10,000-12,000 MW.

The national capacity target for wind energy is 7,500 MW until 2020, including 300 MW of offshore wind energy. The installed capacity for wind energy has increased by 279 MW or almost 13.3% in 2016 compared to the figures at the end of 2015, making 2016 the second best year for the Greek wind energy sector in terms of new installations. In particular, a total capacity of 2,370 MW of wind parks was installed in Greece by December 2016 compared to 2,091 MW installed by the end of 2015. Of this, a total capacity of 323 MW of wind turbines has been installed on the NIIs, out of which almost 62% on Crete. The electricity generation from wind energy during 2016 was of 5,145 GWh, compared to 4,621 GWh by December 2015. In 2016, wind energy took the second place among RES in terms of total electricity generation, accounting for 38.3% of RES electricity and 9% of total electricity generation in Greece.

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Small hydro-power

By December 2016, there has been an installed capacity of 223 MW of small hydro-power (SHP) plants in Greece. By definition, these are hydro-power stations with a capacity less than 15 MW. As all SHP plants are of the run-of-river type, most of their generation takes place during the wet season (winter and spring). There are 105 SHP projects in operation, mostly located in Epirus, Macedonia and Peloponnese. Only one SHP plant with a capacity of 300 kW is installed on the non-interconnected islands. SHP plants produced a total of 721 GWh in 2016 and generated around 5.4% of RES electricity and 1.3% of total electricity in Greece during this year.

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Biomass

There are only few biomass energy projects that have been developed in Greece, mainly for the utilization of municipal wastes. The total installed capacity of biomass energy currently stands at 58 MW for a total of 12 individual projects. During 2016, biomass capacities of 6 MW have been added. There are no biomass projects installed on the non-interconnected islands. Throughout 2016, a total of 252 GWh of electricity was produced by biomass energy plants.

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Other renewable energy sources

Other RES technologies for electricity generation have not been extensively developed so far. There is a significant potential for the utilization of geothermal energy for electricity generation, especially on some of the Aegean islands (e.g. Milos, Lesvos, Kimolos) and the North-Eastern part of the mainland. The national target for geothermal electricity is 120 MW until 2020.

For the case of concentrated solar power, the national target for 2020 is 250 MW and there are some sites with yearly direct irradiation levels over 2,000 kWh/m2 observed on the Southern Greek islands that could be interesting for CSP installations. Several projects with a combined capacity of 424 MW are currently under development at different stages of the licensing process but not a single one is expected to be put into operation in the near future, while two of them have been approved for support under the NER300 programme.

Other technologies with an interesting technical potential (e.g. ocean energy) have not been developed yet due to their high investment and electricity generation costs as well as the absence of comprehensive resource potential studies.

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Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy [3]

The priority and top objective of Greek energy policy is to safeguard and manage energy resources in a manner which secures the smooth, uninterrupted and reliable supply of the nation’s energy needs and access for all users to affordable, secure energy. The second objective is to secure energy stocks, through alliances and alternatives energy sources and routes in order to ensure the supply of the domestic market and protect consumers in the case of emergencies. The third objective is the viable and sustainable development of the energy sector from the stage of production to the end-use while protecting nature and safeguarding the environment.

The strategy to ensure supply needs and address energy issues in Greece is shaped by the regulatory and legal framework which focuses today on the following general axis:

  • Access to a wide variety of energy sources
  • Construction of oil and natural gas pipelines within international networks
  • Increased use of domestic energy sources and stocks
  • Reduced dependence on certain high risk energy sources
  • Development of RES installations with the granting of incentives
  • Use and diffusion of clean and efficient environment friendly technologies
  • Liberalization of the market, increased competitiveness and putting an end to monopolies in the electricity and natural gas sectors.
  • Establishment of a healthy investment climate for businesses in the energy sector
  • Energy savings for industry, transport, buildings and homes
  • Establishment of national targets for the increased penetration of energy generated from RES, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and energy saving.

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Important Laws and Regulations

Renewable Energy Laws[4]

The support mechanism for electricity generation from RES in Greece until the end of 2015 has been based mainly on Law 3468/2006 and Law 3851/2010. According to these laws, priority is given for the injection of electricity from RES into the electricity grid. The electricity produced has been remunerated by a technology-specific feed-in tariff (FIT). These FIT were further differentiated according to the size of the RES installation with smaller systems benefitting from higher FIT. Payment of the FIT was guaranteed for a period of 20 years (25 years for small PV systems and solar thermal power plants) in the context of a sales contract (Power Purchase Agreement – PPA). Regular descending rates are only applied to FIT for  photovoltaic energy systems of the special programme for rooftops, while the rest of photovoltaic installations are been supported by a type of a fixed coefficient on the basis of last year’s average SMP.

Apart from photovoltaic energy, the FIT for new RES projects until the end of 2015 have been defined by Law 4254/2014. The FITs were fixed at the time of commissioning and differentiated between projects supported under the investment law (or any other support programme) and projects without any kind of additional support. Moreover, Law 4254/2014 provided for an annual cap of 200 MW for new photovoltaic projects and cumulative caps until 2020 for biomass (40 MW), biogas (50 MW), concentrated solar power plants (100 MW) and low enthalpy geothermal projects (50 MW).

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Reform of the RES support scheme

With increasing shares of RES in the electricity mix, the transition to a support scheme that facilitates the integration of RES into the national electricity market becomes necessary. Also, the new EC Guidelines on State aid for environmental protection and energy for the period from 2014-2020 (EEAG) that have entered into force on 1 July 2014 have defined new criteria and timelines for national RES support schemes in order to be eligible for approval by the EC. As of 1st January 2016, RES electricity has to be sold directly on the electricity market and RES support granted under a feed-in premium (FIP) or a certificate scheme. As of 1st January 2017, RES support shall be granted in a competitive bidding process, i.e. by means of tenders. In parallel, further requirements for the market integration of RES (e.g. balancing responsibilities) are to be met. According to the “Supplemental Memorandum of Understanding” of June 2015, Greece was supposed to “legislate the new framework for the support of renewable energies, while ensuring financial sustainability and guarantee the respect of State-aid guidelines (EEAG)” by June 2016.

Until June 2017, significant progress towards the establishment of a sustainable support scheme for RES electricity was made. The Law 4414/2016 on the “New Support Scheme for Renewable Energy Power Plants and High Efficiency Combined Heat and Power Plants” was adopted by the Hellenic Parliament on the 4th of August 2016 and entered into force on the 9th of August 2016. This law introduces a new RES support scheme in Greece based on feed-in premiums (FIP) for larger RES projects along with the obligation to participate in the electricity market and applies only to projects entering into commercial or trial operation in the interconnected electricity system after the 1st of January 2016. In effect, this remuneration will take place on the basis of a contract for difference (CfD) against the applicable reference tariffs (RTs) as per published list by technology (section 2.4.1) or as auctioned after taking into account the market value of renewable electricity per technology.

However, small scale (<3 MW wind, <500 kW other RES) and demonstration projects are exempt from the new scheme in which case a standard PPA with FIT is concluded in line with Law 4414/2016. The same applies to RES projects that have signed a PPA until the end of December 2015 under the condition that these plants are commissioned until the 31st of March 2019 for wind parks, small hydro-power plants as well as biomass and biogas plants and until the 31st of December 2017 for other RES and HECHP power plants. There is also the possibility for RES plants with PPA for FIT with a capacity above 5 MW to voluntarily shift to the new RES support scheme. Projects entering into commercial or trial operation in the NIIs after the 1st of January 2016 will continue to access a FIT-based scheme (through PPA) as long as these islands are either not interconnected with the mainland of Greece or do not have a fully operational daily electricity market.

The FIP will be calculated on a monthly basis as the difference between technology- and capacity-specific RTs and technology-specific reference market prices. RES generators that participate in the electricity market will be subject to a gradual transfer of balancing responsibilities. The law foresees a management premium in order to cover the additional market participation costs for RES generators especially in the context of the transitory mechanism for accurate forecasting. This premium will amount initially to 3 €/MWh for wind parks with an installed capacity up to 10 MW and to 2 €/MWh for all other renewable energy projects (including wind parks with an installed capacity above 10 MW) and will be reviewed annually. The law also provides the basis for the establishment of RES aggregators as new market participants.

On the 16th of November 2016, the new RES support scheme has been officially approved by the DG COMP of the EC under the Decision C (2016)7272. Following this approval, a number of Ministerial Decisions (MDs) have been adopted in December 2016 under which the detailed provisions of the new RES support scheme are defined. The Ministerial Decision ΑΠΕΗΛ/Α/Φ1/οικ.187480 that was adopted on the 7th of December 2016 defines the methodology for the calculation of the reference market prices, the criteria and restrictions for the payment of the management premium as well as the procedures for the adjustment of operating aid in the case of RES projects that have been granted investment aid.

The six Ministerial Decisions ΑΠΕΗΛ/Α/Φ1/οικ.187701-187706 that were adopted on the 12th of December 2016 establish the new model contracts for the support of new RES and CHP installations, both in the interconnected system as well as on the non-interconnected islands. The term of the new FIP and FIT contracts and therefore of the associated operating aid will be 20 years for all renewable energy projects, other than solar thermal power plants which will enjoy a 25 year term. On this basis, LAGIE and DEDDIE have started in December 2016 to sign the first contracts under the new RES support scheme.

Law 4414/2016 also foresees a shift towards a general RES tendering scheme from the 1st of January 2017, including a partial opening for RES projects from other European Economic Area (EEA) countries. The details of this tendering scheme will be defined by a dedicated Ministerial Decision that is expected to be published by the end of 2017, following an approval from DG COMP. For new PV projects above 500 kW, it is already foreseen by the law that they will only be supported if they successfully participate in a tender. In this context, a pilot tender for capacity of 40 MW of new PV installations has been organised by RAE on the 12th of December 2016. The tender was competitive in the sense that the volume of bids submitted exceed the tender volume by more than 40%.

The tender consisted of two lots for PV projects with an installed capacity below and above 1 MW (i.e. with and without exemption from the obtainment of a production license) and has been conducted through an electronic continuous bidding process among the participants. Under the first tender lot, 9 PV projects with a total capacity of around 4.8 MW were selected (mean capacity per project of around 530kW) at an average weigthed reference tariff of 98.99 €/MWh (compared with a price ceiling of 104 €/MWh). Under the second tender lot, 7 PV projects with a total capacity of around 35.1 MW (mean capacity per project of around 5 MW) were selected at an average weigthed reference tariff of 83.3 €/MWh (compared with a price ceiling of 94 €/MWh). As of the 1st of January 2017, RES projects of a capacity higher than 1 MW or 6 MW for wind parks, will not be allowed to conclude CfDs, following the provisions of law 4447/2016 that entered in force on the 23rd of December, until the publication of the relevant MD that will define the specific parameters and thresholds per technologies for the participation in the national RES tendering scheme.

Law 4414/2016 also foresees the establishment of a monitoring mechanism in order to monitor the support provided for RES generation, to assess the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of the new RES plants, while also providing projections on the sustainability of the RES special account. The establishment of this monitoring mechanism is considered as a positive development which can assist in public authorities in taking proactive measures in case of new developments and to ensure the future sustainability of the Greek RES support scheme. The MD for the establishment of this monitoring mechanism is still pending.

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Reference Tariffs for the compensation of RES electricity generation plants

The new RES support scheme has been outlined in Law 4414/2016 and its provisions aim at reforming the support scheme of electricity production from RES and CHP power plants in order to achieve the progressive integration and participation of these generation units into the electricity market in an optimal and cost-effective way.

FIP provide an incentive for RES generators to respond to price signals of the electricity market, i.e. to produce electricity when demand is high and/or production from other energy sources is low. They also encourage RES investors to consider expected load patterns in the engineering and operation of the RES project (e.g. choice of site and turbine type for wind parks, orientation of PV modules), if this is linked with a properly formed technology-specific Reference Market Price. FIP therefore contribute to an increased integration of RES into the electricity market, resulting in a more efficient combination of supply with demand.

Reference tariffs (or “strike prices”) reflect the overall average remuneration which is required by RES generators. The same reference tariff is applied throughout the entire duration of the period during which a given RES project is entitled for support (e.g. 20 years). The reference tariffs are determined by capacity categories for the different RES technologies. RES projects are entitled to the reference tariff that is active at the time of commissioning of the project. For RES projects that fall under the FIT scheme, the reference tariff is equal to the FIT. For RES projects under the FIP, an average monthly market reference price is deducted from the reference tariff in order to arrive at the FIP that is being paid to RES generators. The reference tariff levels under the new RES support scheme in Greece are defined per plant category and technology and are illustrated in the following table.


RES technology/capacity category

RT (€/MWh)

Wind installations in the interconnected system

98

Wind installations on the non-interconnected islands

98

Small Hydro ≤ 3 ΜW

100

3 ΜW < Small Hydro ≤ 15 ΜW

97

Solid Biomass (or bio-liquids) exploited through thermal processes except gasification, from stations with installed capacity ≤1MW (excluding the biodegradable fraction of municipal waste)

184

Solid Biomass (or bio-liquids) exploited via gasification process from stations with installed capacity ≤1MW (excluding the biodegradable fraction of municipal waste)

193

Solid Biomass (or bio-liquids) exploited through thermal processes from stations with installed capacity 1ΜW

5ΜW (excluding the biodegradable fraction of municipal waste)

140

Gas from landfills and biological sewage treatment plants and biogas from anaerobic digestion of biodegradable material  of wastewater and sewage sludge ≤ 2 MW

129

Gas from landfills and biological sewage treatment plants and biogas from anaerobic digestion of biodegradable material  of wastewater and sewage sludge > 2 MW

106

Biogas from anaerobic digestion of biomass≤ 3 MW

225

Biogas from anaerobic digestion of biomass> 3 MW

204

Solar thermal stations without storage

257

Solar thermal stations with storage (min 2 hours)

278

Geothermal stations ≤ 5 MW

139

Geothermal stations > 5 MW

108

Other RES (including energy recovery plants utilizing the fraction of the biodegradable municipal waste falling outside another category of the table that meet the requirements of the current European legislation)

90


Since the beginning of 2015, FIT for photovoltaic systems other than rooftop installations with a capacity below 10 kWp are calculated on the basis of the System Marginal Price (SMP) of the previous year, multiplied by a factor of 1.2 for PV systems with a capacity of 100 kWp and below, and a factor of 1.1 for PV systems with a capacity above 100 kWp.

Type of photovoltaic system

Feed-in tariff (2016)

Feed-in tariff (2017)

P<10 kWp (Special PV Roofs Programme)

110 €/MWh

100-105 €/MWh

P<=100 kWp (Interconnected system)

62.33 €/MWh

51.4 €/MWh

P=100-500 kWp (Interconnected system)

57.13 €/MWh

47.11 €/MWh

Non-interconnected system

57.13 €/MWh

47.11 €/MWh


Under the new RES support scheme, the remuneration levels for all photovoltaic projects above 500 kW will be defined in the context of tenders. Photovoltaic installations with a capacity below 10 kWp that are included in the Special Roof-top Photovoltaic Programme will continue to be remunerated in line with the provisions of this programme. Other photovoltaic installations with a capacity below 500 kWp will be remunerated in line with the provisions of Law 3734/2009 as applicable, with the exception of installations that (voluntarily) participate in tenders.

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Installation of photovoltaic plants by auto-producers under the net-metering and virtual net-metering schemes

In parallel to the FIT scheme, a national net-metering scheme for self-produced electricity from photovoltaic energy has been adopted by Ministerial Decree ΑΠΕΗΛ/Α/Φ1/οικ. 24461 on the 31st of December 2014. Under the net-metering scheme, electricity consumers have the possibility to produce their own electricity with photovoltaic systems concerning both, rooftop and ground-mounted systems, to inject any surplus electricity production into the electricity grid and to offset this surplus electricity with future electricity consumption, in this way reducing their electricity bill. HEDNO commenced accepting net-metering applications for photovoltaic systems to connect to the low voltage grid in May 2015 and a second round of applications for PV systems to connect directly to the medium voltage grid started in October 2015 Externer Link im neuen Fenster.

Law 4414/2016 provides for the extension of the national net-metering scheme to other technologies (PV, small wind, biomass/biogas/bioliquid, small hydro-power, CHP) as well as the establishment of the possibility of virtual net-metering for solar PV and small wind projects installed by legal persons pursuing welfare objectives or other purposes in the public interest as well as farmers and agricultural holdings. The details of the extended net-metering scheme, including the specific provisions for virtual net-metering, are outlined in the Ministerial Decision virtual metering/YA_ΑΠΕΗΛ_Α_Φ1_οικ175067-ΦΕΚ 1547Β_5.5.2017.pdf AΠΕΗΛ/Α/Φ1/οικ. 175067 (ΦΕΚ Β΄1547/5.5.2017).

According to the aforementioned Ministerial Decree, photovoltaic systems of up to 20 kWp (up to 10 kWp for the NIIs and 20 kWp for Crete) or up to 50% of the agreed power consumption (100% for public-benefit organisations) with a maximum of 500 kWp (50 kWp for Crete and 20 kWp for the other NIIs) are eligible for the scheme. There is a special exemption for photovoltaic systems installed in the NIIs by legal persons pursuing welfare objectives or other purposes in the public interest, where the installed capacity cannot exceed 100 kWp or 300 kW in the case of Crete.

Under standard net-metering, the RES plant has to be installed in the same or adjacent area to a consumer installation of the auto-producer and has to be connected to the network only through the power supply of this consumer installation. Virtual net-metering is defined under Article 2 of Law 3468/2006 as the offsetting of electricity generated by a RES auto-producer and consumed by installations of the auto-producer, at least one of which is not located in the same or adjacent area as the RES plant or uses a different power supply.

Critical parameters that were also clarified in this MD include the provisions for the accounting of the regulated charges, the correlation of the number of consumption points (i.e. meters) with the number of production points (important especially for the virtual net-metering), the possibility for offsetting the injected energy over a different time period and other data validation procedures for the virtual net metering installations. For instance, in the standard net-metering, each photovoltaic installation has to be assigned to a single consumption point whereas more than one consumption meters can be assigned to a PV system under the virtual net-metering scheme. In any case, the offsetting of the electricity generated and consumed by the RES auto-producer’s installations can only be realized at the same voltage level.

Moreover, the net-metering process follows an annual cycle. Each time the electricity retailer issues an electricity bill, the RES electricity fed into grid and the RES electricity consumed has to be measured. If the difference is positive, meaning that more RES electricity is produced and fed into the grid than self-consumed, this surplus is credited to the next electricity bill. However, any surpluses after the end of one year will not be credited by the electricity retailer to the self-producing electricity consumer and will be cancelled. If the difference is negative, i.e. more electricity was consumed than produced; the installation operator is obliged to pay the difference. The provisions under the new MD extend the amount of time for the transfer of net-metering credits from one year to three years. Overall, the net metering contract with an electricity supplier is valid for 25 years.

Under the current framework for the net-metering scheme in Greece, the network charges (i.e. both for the transmission and the distribution network), in addition to ETMEAR are not imposed on the RES electricity that is instantaneously self-consumed and this is also extended to the virtual net-metering installations that use the same connection point with the PV system. In terms of the financial assessment of such self-consumption schemes, the imposition of the ETMEAR is playing a crucial role as it relates to around 12% to 25% of the applicable electricity tariffs.

At the same time, the excess RES electricity that is injected into the grid (including the electricity assigned to other consumption points under the virtual net-metering) is balanced only at the level of the competitive part of the electricity bill. This means that all other regulated charges, such as network charges and ETMEAR, are not included in this balanced energy. This can be justified as this electricity is not instantaneously self-consumed but actually corresponds to a future consumption of electricity that will need to be provided by the electricity supplier at a later point. On the other hand, the public service levy (YKO) is currently imposed on the total electricity consumption, including self-consumed electricity for both the regular and virtual net-metering schemes.

According to HEDNO, during 2016 almost 287 net-metering applications were approved with a signed connection contract corresponding to a cumulative 11.4 MW of PV capacity for the interconnected system and the NIIs. Until June 2017, a total of 560 net-metering PV systems with a total capacity of around 7.62 MW and 1.6 MW have been installed and are under operation in the interconnected system and NIIs respectively. The time period between application and entry into operation of the systems varies considerably between 1.2 and 18 months with an average of 5 months. The vast majority of these systems in the interconnected system are installed at the low voltage level and only 6 systems with a total capacity of 256 kW are installed at the medium voltage level. In addition, HEDNO started accepting on the 14th of July 2017 the relevant applications regarding the connection of PV facilities under the virtual net-metering scheme to the low and medium voltage grid.

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Licensing procedures for renewable energy projects

The licensing procedure for RES projects has been significantly simplified with the adoption of Law 3851/2010. Larger RES projects require a production license (issued by RAE), an installation license (issued by YPEN or by local authorities) and an operation license (issued by YPEN or by local authorities). Small and medium sized RES projects (PV and biomass plants ≤ 1 MW, geothermal stations ≤ 500 kW, wind parks ≤ 100 kW) do not require the above licenses. In addition, other licenses (water use, building permit, use of forest land…) as well as an Approval of the Environmental Terms (AET) or Standard Environmental Commitments (SEC) are required according to the size, RES technology and location of the project. All RES projects have to submit applications for non-binding (only for projects that are obliged for a production and installation license) and binding connection offers to the competent network operator, i.e. the Independent Power Transmission Operator (IPTO) or HEDNO. They are also required to sign a connection contract with the competent network operator (IPTO for the transmission network or HEDNO for the distribution network) as well as a CfD or PPA with LAGIE (or HEDNO for the non-interconnected islands). Law 4254/2014 also introduced some specific rules for the duration of PPAs for already operating plants, while the duration of the connection offers as well as of the installation licenses has been extended in the last two years by about 18 months in total (Article 67 of Law 4342/2015 and Article 16 of Law 4414/2016) due to the capital controls applied on bank transactions. Moreover, the last decision of RAE 517/2017 introduced some specific rules for the renewal of production licenses for RES plants. In particular, production licenses issued prior to the entry into force of Law 3468/2006, which were granted for a period of fifteen years, may be extended under certain conditions up to a maximum of ten years in order to harmonize their total duration with the duration of the PPA.

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The sustainability of the RES financing mechanism

The operating aid under the RES support scheme is paid to RES producers through the RES Special Account which is managed by the Electricity Market Operator (LAGIE). The revenues of this account currently include the following:

  • Revenues of LAGIE from the sale of RES electricity on the wholesale market at the system marginal price (after May 2013 and under the Law 4152/2013, RES electricity is sold either at SMP or at the average variable cost of thermal power plants, whichever the highest)
  • Revenues (or costs) from the settlement of imbalances resulting from RES production
  • Payments from the electricity suppliers on the non-interconnected islands to HEDNO for the production of RES based on the average variable costs of conventional units on the islands
  • Revenues from the auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances
  • Special fee of 2 €/MWh for electricity produced by lignite
  • Special Fee for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions (ETMEAR)
  • Revenues from the charge imposed on electricity suppliers


The Special Fee for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions (ETMEAR) is a levy imposed on each unit of electricity consumed which is used for the financing of the RES and CHP support scheme in Greece.

On this basis and with the last decision of RAE in December 2016, the ETMEAR has been calculated with a weighted average of 17.91 €/MWh down from 18.13 €/MWh in 2015. Moreover, ETMEAR is differentiated by types of electricity consumers and voltage levels with current levels in June 2017 ranging from 2.51 €/MWh for HV and large MV consumers to 24.77 €/MWh for households and 27.79 €/MWh for other LV consumers. The following table provides the adjusted ETMEAR charges per electricity consumer category as of the 1st of January 2017.


Current charges of ETMEAR for the various categories of consumers

Consumers category

Nominal charge of ETMEAR (€/MWh)

High voltage

2.51

Medium voltage with consumption >13GWh

2.51

Agricultural use in medium voltage

9.71

Medium voltage with consumption <13GWh

9.76

Agricultural use in low voltage

10.47

Residential use in low voltage

24.77

Others uses in low voltage

27.79

Source: RAE Decision 621/2016 (OG B’83, 20.01.17)

During the first six months of 2017, the deficit of the RES Special Account decreased from 144 m€ at the beginning of the year to 109 m€ by June 2017. The financing of the RES Special Account has also been substantially modified by Law 4414/2016, through the introduction of a new charge for electricity suppliers on the basis of their market shares which is expected to significantly contribute to the elimination of the deficit in the RES Special Account until the end of 2017 (and at the end of every year thereafter), in line with the provisions of Law 4414/2016 and Law 4427/2016. This additional variable charge shall be levied on electricity suppliers based on avoided average cost for electricity purchased through the wholesale electricity market had there not been any renewable electricity available. The specific methodology for the integration of this wholesale market mechanism into the Reference Market Price for the RES projects under the FIP scheme is still pending and has to be integrated in the relevant Power Market Exchange Code. Furthermore, the laws provide the framework for the establishment of a secondary special market for certificates of origin for renewable electricity also in Greece. On this basis and with the last decisions of RAE, namely 149/2017 and 150/2017 in March 2017, the relevant Power Market Exchange Code has been amended with regard to the values of the regulatory parameters for the application of the methodology for calculating the revenues of the Special RES Account.

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Specific Strategies

National Action Plan 20-20-20 [5]

According to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC, Greece has to achieve a target of 18% renewable energy sources (RES) in gross final energy consumption by 2020 and this target has been increased to 20% (Law 3851/2010). The overall target is broken down further into sub-targets of 40% RES in gross electricity consumption, 20% RES in final energy consumption for heating and cooling, and 10% RES in final energy consumption for transport until 2020.

According to the third progress report on the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources in Greece which was submitted under Article 22 of Directive 2009/28/EC to the European Commission in April 2016, the latest figures for the share of RES in gross final energy consumption indicate that Greece is on track for reaching its national RES targets for 2020. This is mainly due to the over-achievement of the sub-target related to heating and cooling, resulting mainly from an increasing use of biomass for heating, in particular on the level of the residential sector.

Specifically, in the last five years, a significant increase in the use of biomass has been observed due to the final consumers’ shift to biomass as a cheaper fuel to meet their heating needs and the consequences of the economic recession in the households’ income. Moreover, solar thermal systems have steadily attained an important position in RES applications for domestic hot water production, while the penetration of heat pumps for space heating has exhibited a significant growth rate in the last two years leading to an increase of 65% in 2014 compared with 2012.

The penetration of RES for heating already stood at 25.9% in 2015 surpassing even the corresponding indicative target of 20% until 2020, as defined by the NREAP. The utilization of RES for heating purposes increased by 15% between 2012 and 2015. Nevertheless, the 10% target for RES in transport is still far from being achieved considering the 1.4% RES share of 2015. Regarding the penetration of RES in gross final electricity consumption, a significant increase has undoubtedly been observed (34% between 2012 and 2014). Although the total installed capacity surpassed the installed capacity projected in NREAP in 2013, a deceleration was observed in 2014, while the RES electricity mix differed significantly from the NREAP projections with the main share in the RES installed capacity being attained by photovoltaic stations instead of wind farms. In 2015, a total RES share of 15.44% was achieved. The contribution of RES to the gross final electricity consumption accounted for 22.09% in 2015 and the respective share in 2016 is estimated at around 25%, compared to a projection of 29.7% in the NREAP.

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Institutional set-up in the Energy Sector

Ministry of Environment and Energy (YPEN)

The Ministry of Environment and Energy (YPEN) has the responsibility for the definition and implementation of the national energy policy as well as the coordination of the energy sector, including the promotion of renewable energy sources. YPEN supervises a number of public institutions and companies with activities in the renewable energy sector, including RAE, PPC, IPTO, HEDNO and CRES. The responsible organisational unit within YPEN is the General Secretariat for Energy and Climate Change.

Website: http://www.ypeka.gr

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Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE)

The Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) is an independent administrative authority, with financial and administrative independence under the supervision of YPEN. RAE monitors the operation of the energy markets, including electricity from RES. It issues opinions on electricity retail tariffs as well as access tariffs to electricity transmission and distribution networks. It is responsible for granting production licenses for electricity generation from RES. RAE also acts as a dispute settlement authority with respect to complaints against transmission or distribution system operators in the electricity sector.

Website: http://www.rae.gr

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Operator of the Electricity Market (LAGIE)

LAGIE has the responsibility for the operation of the electricity market according to the mandatory pool model. Fossil fuel and large hydro electricity producers submit their offers to LAGIE that organises the day-ahead market based on these offers. For the case of RES, LAGIE concludes power purchase agreements (PPA) with RES producers based on the current feed-in tariffs (FIT). These FIT are paid from the RES Special Account which is also managed by LAGIE. For the non-interconnected islands, the funds are transferred by LAGIE to HEDNO. Apart from the short term wholesale electricity market, LAGIE also has the responsibility for managing the long term capacity market as well as the imbalance settlement mechanism.

Website: http://www.lagie.gr

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Public Power Corporation (PPC/DEI)

The Public Power Corporation (PPC/DEI) Group consists until today of four companies with separate legal and managerial identities: PPC S.A., ADMIE, DEDDIE and PPC Renewables. The PPC Group currently holds assets in lignite mines, power generation, transmission and distribution. PPC S.A. is the biggest power producer and electricity supply company in Greece with approximately 7.4 million customers and a market share of around 98%. PPC’s current power portfolio consists of conventional thermal and hydroelectric power plants accounting for approximately 81% of the total installed capacity in the country. By December 2015, the total installed capacity of PPC generation plants was 10.93 GW. PPC is active in the RES sector through its subsidiary company “PPC Renewables S.A.” (PPCR).

Website: http://www.dei.gr, http://www.lagie.gr

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Independent Power Transmission Operator (IPTO/ADMIE)

The Independent Power Transmission Operator (IPTO/ADMIE) S.A. is a wholly owned subsidiary of PPC S.A. that is however independent from its parent company in terms of its management and operation. There are plans for the full ownership unbundling of IPTO in 2014. IPTO has the role of Transmission System Operator (TSO) for the Hellenic Electricity Transmission System and is responsible for system operation, maintenance and development. IPTO is also managing electricity flows on the system, taking into account exchanges with other interconnected systems. It prepares on an annual basis the Hellenic Electricity Transmission System Ten Year Development Plan. It is also responsible for preparing day-ahead forecasts of the load and the RES electricity production as well as the optimisation of the day-ahead schedule.

Website: http://www.admie.gr

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Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO/DEDDIE)

The Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator S.A. (HEDNO/DEDDIE) is a wholly owned subsidiary of PPC S.A., that is however independent from its parent company in terms of its management and operation. Its responsibilities are the operation, maintenance and development of the electricity distribution network in Greece. This includes the non-interconnected electricity networks as well as the electricity generation facilities on the Greek islands. On the islands, HEDNO is responsible for concluding power purchase agreements (PPA) with RES producers. HEDNO also manages the access of electricity consumers as well as RES electricity producers to the distribution network.

Website: http://www.deddie.gr

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Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES)

The Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES) is a national entity for the promotion of renewable energy sources, rational use of energy and energy conservation. It was founded in September 1987 as a public entity which is supervised by YPENA and has financial and administrative independence. CRES provides advisory services to YPEKA for the definition and implementation of the national renewable energy policy, strategy and planning. It conducts applied research on new energy technologies and provides technical support for the penetration and implementation of these technologies. CRES also implements European, national and international projects for the promotion and market penetration of new energy technologies.

Website: http://www.cres.gr

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Renewable energy private sector associations and companies

There are a number of Greek associations representing the private companies that are active in the renewable energy sector. These include the Greek Association of RES Electricity Producers (GAREP), the Hellenic Wind Energy Association (HWEA/ELETAEN), the Hellenic Association of Photovoltaic Companies (HELAPCO), the Hellenic Association of Photovoltaic Energy Producers (SPEF), Greek Solar Industry Association (EBHE), the Hellenic Small Hydro Power Association (HSHA) and the Hellenic Association for the Development of Biomass (HELLABIOM).

Several hundred Greek and international companies are active in the RES sector in Greece. In the photovoltaic sector, a large number of predominantly small and medium companies and individuals (including farmers) operating several projects of different capacity are present. The wind energy sector in Greece is dominated by specialised companies that develop, own and operate a portfolio of wind parks, and in many cases also photovoltaic power stations and small hydro plants. Six companies own and operate wind parks that correspond to almost 70% of the installed capacity.

Greek Association of RES Electricity Producers: http://www.hellascres.gr

Hellenic Wind Energy Association: http://www.eletaen.gr

Hellenic Association of Photovoltaic Companies: http://www.helapco.gr

Hellenic Association of Photovoltaic Energy Producers:http://www.spef.gr

Greek Solar Industry Association: http://www.ebhe.gr

Hellenic Small Hydro Power Association: http://www.microhydropower.gr

Hellenic Association for the Development of Biomass: http://www.hellabiom.gr

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Further Information


References

  1. Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO)
  2. Hellenic Operator of Electricity Market
  3. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change: http://www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=225&language=en-US
  4. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=qtiW90JJLYs%3d&tabid=37
  5. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=CEYdUkQ719k%3d&tabid=37