Storage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage

Battery

Pros:

• density

Cons:

• price
• degradation

Outlook: going to become cheaper

Category:Batteries

Gravity Battery

Pros:

• price per MWh stored
• longevity

Cons:

• density

Types:

• Pumped storage hydroelectricity
• Solid mass:
  • above ground
    • crane
      • Energy Vault - 20 MWh capacity, using cranes
    • up/down hill railway
  • underground
    • Gravitricity - using deep mines. Best for shafts >300m deep. Cost: 171 USD per MWh (less than 1/2 of the cost of Li-ion battery)

Outlook: cost breakthrough is expected

Long-term storage (better scalability)

Power-to-gas

PEM - older technology, expensive

Alcaline - cheaper, more durable, more pure output gases (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_water_electrolysis)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-gas

Salt battery

https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/04/26/long-duration-storage-solution-based-on-saltwater/

LCOE: ?

good price, problem with longevity (not enought cycles)

Compressed Gas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_energy_storage

Compressed air:

https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/04/28/uk-group-develops-liquid-air-energy-storage-tech/

https://highviewpower.com/news_announcement/highview-power-developing-2-gwh-of-liquid-air-long-duration-energy-storage-projects-in-spain/

LCOS (levelized cost of storage) is $0.15/kWh to $0.30/kWh

Compressed CO2:

https://energydome.com/