Kosovo Energy Situation

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Kosovo

Capital:

Pristina

Region:

Europe & Central Asia

Coordinates:

42.602636° N, 20.902977° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

1,756,374 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

()

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

10,438,351,483 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

5,943.13 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

100.00 (1999)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

27.39 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

86.12 (2014)

Source: World Bank

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Introduction

Kosovo has been working on diversifying its energy mix and increasing the share of renewable energy sources to reduce dependency on conventional fossil fuels. Factors such as government policies, international collaborations, and economic considerations play a significant role in shaping the progress of renewable energy deployment in any country.

Energy Situation

Total Installed Capacity by the end of year 2022 is 1,925.52 MW

Technology	Grid Connection	Year	Capacity (MW)
Solar photovoltaic	On-grid	2022	19.75
Onshore wind energy	On-grid	2022	138.75
Renewable hydropower	On-grid	2022	110.13
Fossil fuels n.e.s	On-grid	2022	1288

Fig 1: Installed Electricity Capacity in Percentage

Energy Generation and Consumption

Description of data [unit]	2020	2021
Electricity production [GWh]	6.301	6.207
Gross electricity consumption [GWh]	5.771	6.885
Consumption structure [GWh] / industrial, transport, services and other	1.362	1.986
Consumption structure [GWh] / households (residential customers)	2.778	3.131

Net Import & Net Export

Description of data [unit]	2020	2021
Net imports [GWh]	839	1.311
Net exports [GWh]	1.283	835

Energy Loses

Description of data [unit]	2020	2021
Losses in transmission [%]	1,18%	1.26%
Losses in distribution [%]	25,4%	24.60%

Transmission network

Description of data [unit]	2.367	2.35
Horizontal transmission network [km]	1.413	1.437
Horizontal transmission network [km] / substation capacity [MVA]	6.608	6.608

No of consummers

Description of data [unit]	2020	2021
Electricity customers / total	630.454	657.649
Electricity customers / non-households	91.784	95.712
Eligible customers under national legislation	630.424	657.649

Internal Market

Description of data [unit]	2020	2021
Internal market / electricity supplied to active eligible customers [MWh]	396.124	395.924
Horizontal transmission network [km] / substation capacity [MVA]	10%	8%

Renewable Energy Potential

	Unit	Reference Case 2030	Remap 2030
Total installed power generation capacity	MW	1,494.00	2,317.00
Renewable capacity	MW	444.00	1,639.00
Hydropower	MW	234.00	234.00
Wind - onshoore	MW	150.00	385.00
Biofuels (solid, liquid, gaseous)	MW	15.00	253.00
Solar PV	MW	45.00	767.00
Non-renewable capacity	MW	1,050.00	678.00
Coal	MW	1,050.00	678.00

Technologies	Technical Potential MW
Solar PV	581.3
Wind	2,328.8
Hydro	494.8
≤ 10 MW	144.8
> 10 MW	350.0
Pumping	350.0
Biomass	115.0
Biogas	70.0
Solid Biomass	15.0
Biowaste	30.0
Geothermal el.	0.0
Total	3,519.9

Fig 2: Technical potential Capacity in Percentage

As we can see, if Kosovo would use its entire technical potential,ti would increase the generating power by 126%.

Fossil Fuels

Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions in Kosovo are estimated around 10.5 milion tons of CO2 equivalent.

	Unit	Reference Case 2030	Remap 2030
Energy-related CO2 emissions	[Mt CO2 /yr]	9.9	8

Fig 3: Sources of GreenHouse gases

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

The main scheme supporting renewable energy sources in Kosovo* is a feed-in tariff. The public energy supplier is obliged to pay a regulated tariff for the electricity generated from renewable energy sources.

Support schemes

The public supplier is obliged to purchase electricity from renewable energy sources for a tariff set by the Energy Regulatory Office.

The tariff as well as the duration of the incentive period vary among technologies.

Feed-in tariff

The public energy supplier is obliged to pay a regulated for the electricity tariff generated from renewable energy sources.

Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

In Kosovo, the energy market involves various key actors responsible for the generation, transmission, distribution, and regulation of energy. Here are the key actors in the energy market in Kosovo:

1. Ministry of Economic Development (MED):	The Ministry of Economic Development is responsible for formulating and implementing energy policies in Kosovo. It plays a key role in shaping the regulatory framework, energy development plans, and strategies for the energy sector.
2. Energy Regulatory Office (ERO):	The Energy Regulatory Office is an independent regulatory body overseeing the energy sector in Kosovo. ERO is responsible for regulating and overseeing electricity and natural gas markets, ensuring fair competition, and protecting the interests of consumers.
3. Kosovo Electricity Transmission System and Market Operator (KOSTT J.S.C.):	KOSTT operates the electricity transmission system in Kosovo and manages the electricity market. It ensures the reliable and secure transport of electricity, facilitates market transactions, and operates in accordance with the regulatory framework.
4. Distribution System Operator (DSO):	The Distribution System Operator manages the low and medium- voltage electricity distribution network in Kosovo. It is responsible for distributing electricity to end-users, maintaining the distribution infrastructure, and ensuring the continuity of electricity supply.
5. Kosovo Energy Corporation (KEK):	The Kosovo Energy Corporation is a state-owned company responsible for electricity generation. KEK operates power plants, including lignite- fired power plants, and contributes significantly to Kosovo's electricity production.
6. Privatization Agency of Kosovo:	The Privatization Agency of Kosovo is involved in the privatization and restructuring of state-owned enterprises in the energy sector, including KEK and other energy-related assets.
7. Kosovo Transmission, System and Market Operator (KOSTT Co):	KOSTT Co operates as the transmission system operator and is responsible for ensuring the reliable and efficient operation of the electricity transmission network in Kosovo.
8. Consumers and Industrial Users:	End-users, including residential, commercial, and industrial consumers, are essential actors in the energy market. Their energy consumption patterns and demand influence market dynamics.
9. Investors and Financing Institutions:	Investors, both domestic and foreign, play a crucial role in funding and developing energy projects. Financing institutions, such as banks and international financial organizations, provide funding and support for energy infrastructure projects.
10. International Organizations and Donors:	International organizations and donor agencies may provide support, technical assistance, and funding for energy sector development projects, especially those focused on sustainability, renewable energy, and regulatory reforms.
11. Independent Power Producers (IPPs):	Independent Power Producers are private entities involved in electricity generation. They contribute to the diversification of the generation mix and may operate renewable or conventional power plants.
12. Government Agencies and Local Authorities:	Various government agencies and local authorities are involved in permitting, land-use planning, and environmental assessments for energy projects. They also play a role in setting policies that impact the energy sector.