Difference between revisions of "Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)"
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Fuels like wood, dung, crop waste, coal and charcoal typically burn in the house as open fires or in stoves with incomplete combustion. Particles with diameters less than 10 micron (PM10) deeply enter into the lungs. Such particles include carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, sulphur oxides, formaldehyde, and polycyclic organic matter, including carcinogens accordingly IAP can have a cruel impact on health.<ref name="Adam Biran and Caroline Hunt, WELL factsheet, Indoor air pollution, cooking stoves and health, March 2003">http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/iap.htm</ref><ref name="WHO, Fact sheet N°292, June 2005">http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/userfiles/file/laboratorios/fiea/poluicao_do_ar_ingles.pdf</ref> | Fuels like wood, dung, crop waste, coal and charcoal typically burn in the house as open fires or in stoves with incomplete combustion. Particles with diameters less than 10 micron (PM10) deeply enter into the lungs. Such particles include carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, sulphur oxides, formaldehyde, and polycyclic organic matter, including carcinogens accordingly IAP can have a cruel impact on health.<ref name="Adam Biran and Caroline Hunt, WELL factsheet, Indoor air pollution, cooking stoves and health, March 2003">http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/iap.htm</ref><ref name="WHO, Fact sheet N°292, June 2005">http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/userfiles/file/laboratorios/fiea/poluicao_do_ar_ingles.pdf</ref> | ||
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*<u>Pneumonia and respiratory infections:</u> The respiratory and immune systems can be damaged by the particulates from smoke. This again makes those affected more vulnerable to sickness. The biggest health impact known is on kids in the form of acute respiratory infections. A child exposed to smoke in the home is two to three times more likely to catch pneumonia. Globally, pneumonia and other acute lower respiratory infections represent the single most important cause of death in children under five years. Exposure to IAP more than doubles the risk of pneumonia and is responsible for more than 900 000 of the 2 million annual deaths from pneumonia. | *<u>Pneumonia and respiratory infections:</u> The respiratory and immune systems can be damaged by the particulates from smoke. This again makes those affected more vulnerable to sickness. The biggest health impact known is on kids in the form of acute respiratory infections. A child exposed to smoke in the home is two to three times more likely to catch pneumonia. Globally, pneumonia and other acute lower respiratory infections represent the single most important cause of death in children under five years. Exposure to IAP more than doubles the risk of pneumonia and is responsible for more than 900 000 of the 2 million annual deaths from pneumonia. | ||
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*Changes in energy technology, switching to cleaner alternatives | *Changes in energy technology, switching to cleaner alternatives | ||
| − | (kerosene, liquid petroleum gas, biogas, electricity or solar energy) | + | (kerosene, liquid petroleum gas, biogas, electricity or solar energy) |
*Improving the design and construction of traditional stoves | *Improving the design and construction of traditional stoves | ||
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| − | Reaching this goal to reduce this extremely harmful IAP would significantly help to achieve several of the internationally agreed Millennium Development Goals<ref name="The Millennium Development Goals (MDG): Each MDG has specific targets and indicators and are results of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 191 UN member states have signed this declaration in September 2000 and agreed with this to try to achieve this eight goals by 2015: | + | Reaching this goal to reduce this extremely harmful IAP would significantly help to achieve several of the internationally agreed Millennium Development Goals<ref name="The Millennium Development Goals (MDG): Each MDG has specific targets and indicators and are results of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 191 UN member states have signed this declaration in September 2000 and agreed with this to try to achieve this eight goals by 2015: 1. End Poverty and Hunger, 2. Universal Education, 3. Gender Equality, 4. Child Health, 5. Maternal Health, 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, 7. Environmental Sustainability, 8. Global Partnership">https://energypedia.info/index.php/MDGs_and_Result_Chains</ref>, especially Goal 4<ref name="WHO: Indoor Air Pollution, Household Energy and the Millennium Development Goals, Indoor Air Thematic Briefing1">http://www.who.int/indoorair/info/iabriefing1rev.pdf</ref><ref name="United Nation: The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010">http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202010%20En%20r15%20-low%20res%2020100615%20-.pdf</ref>. Reduce child mortality with the target to decrease by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. Since 1990, the mortality rate for children under age five in developing countries dropped by 28% (from 100 deaths per 1,000 live births to 72 in 2008), but not quickly enough to reach the target by 2015. Many organizations are already working on this field to make improvements in this issue. This is exactly where the “Healthy Hoods” project team starts to do its work. |
= Further Reading<br/> = | = Further Reading<br/> = | ||
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| + | = References<br/> = | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 09:38, 5 June 2012
Introduction
Indoor air pollution (IAP) in developing countries is a major environmental and public health challenge. According to the World Health Organization as many as 1.6 million people die each year as a result of it. This can be compared with one death every 20 seconds.
The Cause
The overwhelming cause of this pollution is inefficient und poorly ventilated cooking and heating with solid-fuels. More than half the world’s population are still cooking with wood, dung, coal or agricultural residues on simple stoves or open fires. Burning these fuels results in poor combustion efficiency and high levels of IAP. Respirable particulates, small particles of smoke which get into the lungs, are considered to be the most dangerous pollutant, and carbon monoxide is another known hazard.
Health Effects
Most of the victims are women and children, they are exposed to the indoor smoke and the large associated health risks the most.
Indoor smoke is the fourth most risk to death and disease in the world's poorest countries: Only malnutrition and underweight, unsafe sex and the lack of clean water cause more victims then cooking indoor on open fires.[1]
Indoor smoke hits women and small children the hardest, they are exposed to very high levels of IAP and inhale significant amounts of seriously health-damaging pollutants on a daily basis. Often they are exposed to levels of smoke more than 100 times above accepted safety levels. According to the World Energy Assessment, the smoke produced from indoor fires is the equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. Especially newborns and infants are often spending many hours breathing polluted air during their first year of life because they are carried on their mother‘s back while she is cooking. Over 10 million children aged under five years die every year – 99% of them in developing countries.[2]
These women self spend daily three to seven hours near the fire with their kids. At that early age of the children their immature lungs and immune systems make them particularly vulnerable.
Fuels like wood, dung, crop waste, coal and charcoal typically burn in the house as open fires or in stoves with incomplete combustion. Particles with diameters less than 10 micron (PM10) deeply enter into the lungs. Such particles include carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, sulphur oxides, formaldehyde, and polycyclic organic matter, including carcinogens accordingly IAP can have a cruel impact on health.[3][4]
- Pneumonia and respiratory infections: The respiratory and immune systems can be damaged by the particulates from smoke. This again makes those affected more vulnerable to sickness. The biggest health impact known is on kids in the form of acute respiratory infections. A child exposed to smoke in the home is two to three times more likely to catch pneumonia. Globally, pneumonia and other acute lower respiratory infections represent the single most important cause of death in children under five years. Exposure to IAP more than doubles the risk of pneumonia and is responsible for more than 900 000 of the 2 million annual deaths from pneumonia.
- Chronic diseases: Women exposed to indoor smoke are three times as likely to suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g. chronic bronchitis) than women who cook and heat with electricity, gas and other cleaner fuels. IAP is responsible for approximately 700 000 out of the 2.7 million global deaths due to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
- Lung cancer: To be exposed to smoke from coal fires doubles the risk of lung cancer, in particular among women who tend to smoke less than men in most developing countries. Every year, more than one million people die from lung cancer globally, and indoor air pollution is responsible for approximately 1.5% of these deaths.
- In addition, there are indications, that indoor smoke is also causing asthma, tuberculosis, cataracts, low birth weight and high infant mortality.
The annual average PM10 limit agreed upon by the European Union is 40 micrograms per cubic meter (ig/m3), while the typical 24-hour levels of PM10 in biomass-using homes in Africa, Asia or Latin America range from 300 to 3,000ig/m3. Peaks during cooking may be as high as 10,000ig/m3 especially during the beginning ignition process when combustion is especially incomplete.[5]
Reducing Indoor Air Pollution
The most effective way to reduce smoke in the home is to switch to cleaner fuels (, kerosene or biogas). It’s also possible to improve the air quality and promote energy efficiency and environmental sustainability by promoting improved cooking stoves. However the huge majority of people in developing countries who are still cooking on open fires are often too poor to change to improved stoves and cleaner fuels or have no access to modern combustibles. Where the use of biomass, wood or charcoal remains predominant, and the indoor environment remains subject to high levels of smoke, other alternatives have to be found to improve air quality and related health issues. Also improved smoke hoods are an alternative to alleviate the dangers related to smoke from open fires.
A wide range of measures to reduce IAP in developing countries is given:
- Changes in energy technology, switching to cleaner alternatives
(kerosene, liquid petroleum gas, biogas, electricity or solar energy)
- Improving the design and construction of traditional stoves
(improved stoves or smoke hoods that vent pollutants to the outside
- Behavioral changes using a pot lid when cooking to speeds up the cooking, drying wood before burning it, awareness-raising activities)
- Change the living environment (kitchen ventilation)
Reaching this goal to reduce this extremely harmful IAP would significantly help to achieve several of the internationally agreed Millennium Development Goals[6], especially Goal 4[7][8]. Reduce child mortality with the target to decrease by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. Since 1990, the mortality rate for children under age five in developing countries dropped by 28% (from 100 deaths per 1,000 live births to 72 in 2008), but not quickly enough to reach the target by 2015. Many organizations are already working on this field to make improvements in this issue. This is exactly where the “Healthy Hoods” project team starts to do its work.
Further Reading
Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge
References
- ↑ http://72.26.206.144/sites/default/files/itdgSmokeReport.pdf
- ↑ http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/fuelforlife.pdf
- ↑ http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/iap.htm
- ↑ http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/userfiles/file/laboratorios/fiea/poluicao_do_ar_ingles.pdf
- ↑ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.html
- ↑ https://energypedia.info/index.php/MDGs_and_Result_Chains
- ↑ http://www.who.int/indoorair/info/iabriefing1rev.pdf
- ↑ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202010%20En%20r15%20-low%20res%2020100615%20-.pdf
