Difference between revisions of "Solar Battery Charging Stations"

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= Overview<br/> =
 
= Overview<br/> =
  
 
In rural areas of developing countries many households do not have access to electricity and power their radios with dry cell [[Batteries|batteries or]] use candles and kerosene lamps for domestic [[Lighting|lighting]]. Some employ car batteries that are charged in stations for lighting and entertainment.
 
In rural areas of developing countries many households do not have access to electricity and power their radios with dry cell [[Batteries|batteries or]] use candles and kerosene lamps for domestic [[Lighting|lighting]]. Some employ car batteries that are charged in stations for lighting and entertainment.
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
= Rural Electrification by Battery Charging Stations<br/> =
 
= Rural Electrification by Battery Charging Stations<br/> =
  
'''[[File:Battery Terminal.jpg|right]]Battery charging stations '''are usually not the first choice for Rural electrification, but they can be viable in remote areas were no other alternatives exist and the income of the population is too low to invest in other solutions as for example solar home systems. Battery charging stations provide services for a low energy demand and therefore, are a temporary solution until other energy resources are available. Until then, however, many years may pass.
+
'''[[File:Battery Terminal.jpg|right|467px|alt=Battery Terminal.jpg]]Battery charging stations '''are usually not the first choice for rural electrification, but they can be viable in remote areas were no other alternatives exist and the income of the population is too low to invest in other solutions like for example solar home systems (SHS). Battery charging stations provide services for a low energy demand and therefore are a temporary solution until other energy resources are available. Until then, however, many years may pass.
  
 
In electrified areas grid-based battery charging stations can <span>also be useful to extend electricity access to those who </span>have no direct connection in their home and profit indirectly from the existing electricity infrastructure.
 
In electrified areas grid-based battery charging stations can <span>also be useful to extend electricity access to those who </span>have no direct connection in their home and profit indirectly from the existing electricity infrastructure.
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The use of electricity from car batteries can improve the living conditions of its users to a large extent. Battery powered lamps not only improve domestic working conditions at night in particular for women but also enhance studying conditions for children because they provide brighter light than kerosene lamps and candles. Furthermore, they do not emit noxious pollutants accounting for a healthier indoor air.
 
The use of electricity from car batteries can improve the living conditions of its users to a large extent. Battery powered lamps not only improve domestic working conditions at night in particular for women but also enhance studying conditions for children because they provide brighter light than kerosene lamps and candles. Furthermore, they do not emit noxious pollutants accounting for a healthier indoor air.
  
Battery-driven radios and TVs are highly valued for information and entertainment. Power from batteries charged in a battery charging station could replace commonly used&nbsp;disposable dry cell batteries and reduce costs in the long term.&nbsp;They are also&nbsp;the environmentally friendlier option if their disposal and recycling, after a lifetime of up to three years,&nbsp;can be&nbsp;guaranteed.
+
Battery-driven radios and TVs are highly valued for information and entertainment. Power from batteries charged in a battery charging station could replace commonly used disposable dry cell batteries and reduce costs in the long term. They are also the environmentally friendlier option if their disposal and recycling, after a lifetime of up to three years, can be guaranteed.
  
 
The possibility to recharge mobile phones is crucial for the access to modern communication and can help people in rural areas to obtain information and facilitate commercial operations.
 
The possibility to recharge mobile phones is crucial for the access to modern communication and can help people in rural areas to obtain information and facilitate commercial operations.
  
To a smaller extent, the provision of battery charging facilities gradually contributes to raising incomes derived from small businesses and handicraft, especially in communal market towns. Shop owners, for example, can open their shops in the evenings, and thus not only might raise their income, but also deliver an improved service to the community. Usually car batteries are transported to the nearest grid, diesel or solar-based battery charging station where they are connected and recharged for a fee. In addition to the fee, users pay either&nbsp;transport costs according to the distance to the next station<span>or have to cover long distances by bike or motorcycle</span>. Depending on the household’s income, energy demand, battery quality and size, batteries are recharged between two to four times a month.
+
To a smaller extent, the provision of battery charging facilities gradually contributes to raising incomes derived from small businesses and handicraft, especially in communal market towns. Shop owners, for example, can open their shops in the evenings, and thus not only might raise their income, but also deliver an improved service to the community. Usually car batteries are transported to the nearest grid, diesel or solar-based battery charging station where they are connected and recharged for a fee. In addition to the fee, users pay either transport costs according to the distance to the next station<span>or have to cover long distances by bike or motorcycle</span>. Depending on the household’s income, energy demand, battery quality and size, batteries are recharged between two to four times a month.
  
 
Diesel generators can charge a limited number of batteries at a time, and service costs highly depend on diesel costs. Grid based charging stations are usually less subject to quantity restrictions and changing diesel prices, but might be located far from the rural population.
 
Diesel generators can charge a limited number of batteries at a time, and service costs highly depend on diesel costs. Grid based charging stations are usually less subject to quantity restrictions and changing diesel prices, but might be located far from the rural population.
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<u>Those stations consist of:</u>
 
<u>Those stations consist of:</u>
 
 
*at least one photovoltaic panel and
 
*at least one photovoltaic panel and
 
*a charge controller to prevent batteries from overcharging.
 
*a charge controller to prevent batteries from overcharging.
  
 +
<br/>
  
 
+
The size of a SBCS and the number of [[Photovoltaic (PV)|Photovoltaic (PV)panels]] installed vary according to insolation (solar radiation energy received on a given surface area at a given time) and energy demand (number of batteries to be charged). SBCS can be operated in different ways.
The size of a SBCS and the number of [[Photovoltaic (PV)|'''Photovoltaic (PV)'''panels]] installed vary according to insolation (solar radiation energy received on a given surface area at a given time) and energy demand (number of batteries to be charged). SBCS can be operated in different ways.
 
  
 
<u>They can be:</u>
 
<u>They can be:</u>
 
 
*property of the municipality
 
*property of the municipality
 
*privately owned.
 
*privately owned.
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
<u>The users may pay:</u>
 
<u>The users may pay:</u>
 
 
*a fee per charge
 
*a fee per charge
 
*a monthly fee
 
*a monthly fee
 
*for renting a recharged battery owned by the operator.
 
*for renting a recharged battery owned by the operator.
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
SBCS can simply offer recharge service or include a shop selling other solar and electric equipment.
 
SBCS can simply offer recharge service or include a shop selling other solar and electric equipment.
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
= Example "Energising Development" Mali =
 
= Example "Energising Development" Mali =
  
Mali's power grid covers only a few urban areas and more than 97&nbsp;% of the rural population live without access to electricity. In order to enhance living conditions of the population photovoltaic battery charging stations were installed in seven rural municipalities as a part of the Malian Communal Electrification Programme '''‘Électrifcation Communale’ (ELCOM) '''which is a unit of the Local Government Support Programme (‘Programme d’Appui aux Collectivités Territoriales’ (PACT)) and forms an integral part of the [[Energising Development (EnDev)|'''‘Energising Development’ (EnDev)''']] initiative, a German-Dutch partnership. ELCOM’s objective is to provide access to electricity in rural areas of Mali, not only by constructing solar battery charging stations (SBCS) for local people, but also by installing communal solar power systems for key public buildings (health centres, schools, town halls) and solar street lights.
+
Mali's power grid covers only a few urban areas and more than 97 % of the rural population lives without access to electricity. In order to enhance living conditions of the population, photovoltaic battery charging stations were installed in seventeen rural municipalities as a part of the Malian Communal Electrification Programme '''‘Électrifcation Communale’ (ELCOM) '''which is a unit of the Local Government Support Programme (‘Programme d’Appui aux Collectivités Territoriales’ (PACT)) and forms an integral part of the [[Energising Development (EnDev)|‘Energising Development’ (EnDev)]] initiative, a German-Dutch partnership. ELCOM’s objective is to provide access to electricity in rural areas of Mali, not only by constructing solar battery charging stations (SBCS) for local people, but also by installing communal solar power systems for key public buildings (health centres, schools, town halls) and solar street lights.
 
 
The SBCS are property of the municipality and the operation is delegated to a private service provider who runs them on a fee-for-service basis. The fee is used to cover the maintenance costs&nbsp;for the SBSC as well as the maintenance costs for the communal PV systems installed in schools, health centres and town halls.
 
 
 
From the beginning of 2008 until the beginning of 2009, 26 SBCS were constructed. The municipalities contributed to the expenses in cash and in kind (labour by the villagers) with an average proportion of 10 to 20&nbsp;% of the initial investment costs. The remaining costs were covered by EnDev funding.
 
  
Most of the SBCS constructed have a recharge capacity of three batteries (average 70 Ah)&nbsp;per day.
+
The SBCS are property of the municipality; operation is delegated to a private service provider who runs them on a fee-for-service basis. The collective fees should suffice to cover maintenance costs for the SBSC and the communal PV systems as well as the eventual replacement of system components (batteries, charge controllers, bulbs etc).
  
<u>They consist of</u>:
+
From 2008 - 2011, 50 SBCS were constructed. The municipalities contributed to the expenses in cash and in kind (labour by the villagers) with an average proportion of 10 to 20 % of the initial investment costs. The remaining costs were covered by EnDev funding.
  
*a building with recharge terminal
+
Most of the SBCS constructed have a recharge capacity of four batteries (average 70 Ah) per day and consist of:
*six PV panels with a capacity of 65 Wp each
+
*a building with recharge terminal;
*a charge controller
+
*six 65 Wp PV panels ;
*necessary equipment such as cables and fittings
+
*a charge controller;
 +
*equipment such as cables and fittings
  
  
  
Some SBCS have a capacity of six batteries per day (capacity of 780 Wp (= 12 panels), two charge controllers) and one has a capacity of nine batteries. Furthermore, each SBCS has its own small PV system for lighting consisting of a 65 Wp panel, a charge controller, a battery and lamps for inside and outside.
+
Some SBCS have twice this set up and can thus charge eight 70 Ah batteries per day; one has three times this set up. Furthermore, each SBCS has a separate PV system for lighting consisting of a 65 Wp panel, a charge controller, a battery and lamps for inside and outside.
 
 
<br/>[[File:Panels.jpg|frame|center|Panels.jpg]]
 
  
 +
<br/>[[File:Panels.jpg|frame|center|180px|Panels.jpg]]
  
 +
<br/>
  
 
== ELCOM Intervention Area: Regions of Ségou and Koulikoro ==
 
== ELCOM Intervention Area: Regions of Ségou and Koulikoro ==
  
[[File:Mali map.jpg|frame|center|Mali map.jpg]]
+
[[File:Mali map.jpg|frame|center|180px|Mali map.jpg]]
  
 
=== Overview: Municipalities with Solar Battery Charging Stations (SBCS) Installed within the Programme<br/> ===
 
=== Overview: Municipalities with Solar Battery Charging Stations (SBCS) Installed within the Programme<br/> ===
  
{| align="center" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="width: 594px; height: 461px;"
+
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" style="width: 594px; height: 461px"
 
|-
 
|-
| width="124" rowspan="2" |  
+
| style="width: 124px" rowspan="2" |  
 
'''Municipality'''
 
'''Municipality'''
  
| width="94" rowspan="2" |  
+
| style="width: 94px" rowspan="2" |  
 
'''Population''' '''(Projection 2008)'''
 
'''Population''' '''(Projection 2008)'''
  
| width="70" rowspan="2" |  
+
| style="width: 70px" rowspan="2" |  
 
'''No. of''' '''SBCS'''
 
'''No. of''' '''SBCS'''
  
| width="216" colspan="3" |  
+
| style="width: 216px" colspan="3" |  
'''Capacity of SBCS batteries/day'''
+
'''Capacity of SBCS; # of 70 Ah batteries/day'''
  
| width="89" rowspan="2" |  
+
| style="width: 89px" rowspan="2" |  
 
'''Total''' '''batteries/ day'''
 
'''Total''' '''batteries/ day'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
'''3'''
+
'''4'''
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
'''6'''
+
'''8'''
  
| width="65" |  
+
| style="width: 65px" |  
'''9'''
+
'''12'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="124" |  
+
| style="width: 124px" |  
 
Katiéna
 
Katiéna
  
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27,405
 
27,405
  
| width="70" |  
+
| style="width: 70px" |  
 
6
 
6
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
3
 
3
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
3
 
3
  
| width="65" |  
+
| style="width: 65px" |  
 
-
 
-
  
| width="89" |  
+
| style="width: 89px" |  
 
27
 
27
  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="124" |  
+
| style="width: 124px" |  
 
Tiélè
 
Tiélè
  
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20,133
 
20,133
  
| width="70" |  
+
| style="width: 70px" |  
 
6
 
6
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
5
 
5
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
1
 
1
  
| width="65" |  
+
| style="width: 65px" |  
 
-
 
-
  
| width="89" |  
+
| style="width: 89px" |  
 
21
 
21
  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="124" |  
+
| style="width: 124px" |  
 
Kamiandougou
 
Kamiandougou
  
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15,330
 
15,330
  
| width="70" |  
+
| style="width: 70px" |  
 
4
 
4
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
3
 
3
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
1
 
1
  
| width="65" |  
+
| style="width: 65px" |  
 
-
 
-
  
| width="89" |  
+
| style="width: 89px" |  
 
15
 
15
  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="124" |  
+
| style="width: 124px" |  
 
N'Koumandougou
 
N'Koumandougou
  
| align="left" width="94" |  
+
| style="text-align: leftwidth: 94px" |  
 
12,371
 
12,371
  
| width="70" |  
+
| style="width: 70px" |  
 
4
 
4
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
3
 
3
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
1
 
1
  
| width="65" |  
+
| style="width: 65px" |  
 
-
 
-
  
| width="89" |  
+
| style="width: 89px" |  
 
15
 
15
  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="124" |  
+
| style="width: 124px" |  
 
Sobra
 
Sobra
  
| width="94" |  
+
| style="width: 94px" |  
 
9,282
 
9,282
  
| width="70" |  
+
| style="width: 70px" |  
 
1
 
1
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
-
 
-
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
-
 
-
  
| width="65" |  
+
| style="width: 65px" |  
 
1
 
1
  
| width="89" |  
+
| style="width: 89px" |  
 
9
 
9
  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="124" |  
+
| style="width: 124px" |  
 
N'Gassola
 
N'Gassola
  
| width="94" |  
+
| style="width: 94px" |  
 
5,549
 
5,549
  
| width="70" |  
+
| style="width: 70px" |  
 
2
 
2
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
1
 
1
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
1
 
1
  
| width="65" |  
+
| style="width: 65px" |  
 
-
 
-
  
| width="89" |  
+
| style="width: 89px" |  
 
9
 
9
  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="124" |  
+
| style="width: 124px" |  
 
Bellen
 
Bellen
  
| width="94" |  
+
| style="width: 94px" |  
 
5,409
 
5,409
  
| width="70" |  
+
| style="width: 70px" |  
 
3
 
3
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
3
 
3
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
-
 
-
  
| width="65" |  
+
| style="width: 65px" |  
 
-
 
-
  
| width="89" |  
+
| style="width: 89px" |  
 
9
 
9
  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="124" |  
+
| style="width: 124px" |  
 
'''Total'''
 
'''Total'''
  
| width="94" |  
+
| style="width: 94px" |  
 
'''95,479'''
 
'''95,479'''
  
| width="70" |  
+
| style="width: 70px" |  
 
'''26'''
 
'''26'''
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
'''18'''
 
'''18'''
  
| width="76" |  
+
| style="width: 76px" |  
 
'''7'''
 
'''7'''
  
| width="65" |  
+
| style="width: 65px" |  
 
'''1'''
 
'''1'''
  
| width="89" |  
+
| style="width: 89px" |  
 
'''105'''
 
'''105'''
  
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
== Costs, Revenues and Operational Model ==
 
== Costs, Revenues and Operational Model ==
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=== Investment Costs ===
 
=== Investment Costs ===
  
A SBCS which has a charging capacity of three batteries (six 65 Wp PV panels, one charge controller) costs approximately FCFA 5.2 million (~ € 7.900), including the costs for the construction of the building. The costs for SBCS with a capacity of six batteries or more are higher according to the prices for PV panels and charge controllers.
+
A SBCS which has a charging capacity of four batteries costs approximately FCFA 5.2 million (~ € 7.900), including the costs for the construction of the building, for the bigger SBCSs costs are roughly proportionally higher.  
 
 
 
 
  
 
=== The Customers ===
 
=== The Customers ===
  
Firstly, the user has to possess a battery that can be recharged in a SBCS. As batteries are very expensive in proportion to the income of the rural population, many people cannot afford them. Hence, they are excluded from the services SBCS offer. New batteries with a capacity of 70 Ah (typical car batteries) cost about 40,000 FCFA (€ 61). Second hand batteries cost between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA (€ 15 to 23).
+
The user has to have a battery that can be recharged in a SBCS. Batteries are relatively expensive in relation to the income of the rural population and many people can't afford them. New 70 Ah batteries cost about 40,000 FCFA (€ 61). Second hand batteries cost 10 - 15,000 FCFA (€ 15 to 23). Smaller (motorcycle)batteries however can also be used, costing quite a bit less while obviously also bigger (truck) batteries can be charged at the SBCS
 
 
The charge of a 70 Ah battery in Bamako or in regional and district centres costs FCFA 500 (€ 0.8). Additional transport costs to overcome distances of up to 100 km can lead to a total expense of FCFA 1,000.
 
  
FCFA 750 per charge in communal SBCS are considered to be a competitive price compared to pre-existing conditions (long journeys, travel costs, recharge quality).
+
The charge of a 70 Ah battery in Bamako or in regional and district centres costs FCFA 500 (€ 0.8). Additional transport costs to overcome distances of up to 100 km can lead to a total expense of FCFA 1,000 per charge.
 
 
Compared to the low income of the rural population, battery charging be it in a conventional charging station or in a SBCS, is very expensive. ELCOM team members estimate that a person in a rural area can earn between FCFA 5,000 and 6,000 (€ 8 to 9). This means that recharging a battery twice a month accounts for a proportion of more than 25&nbsp;% of a monthly income.
 
  
 +
In order to ensure sustainable operation of the SBCS the charging cost for a 70 Ah battery was calcilated at 750 FCFA which is considered a competitive price compared to pre-existing conditions (long journeys, travel costs, recharge quality).
  
 +
Battery charging, be it in a conventional charging station or in a SBCS, however is expensive, both in comparison to the price of grid electricity as well as related to the target population's income,nearly all of which live below the 1 $/day poverty threshold.<br/>
  
 
=== The Operator ===
 
=== The Operator ===
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The private operator who takes care of the charging stations in each municipality has to pay a fixed monthly fee, which is divided between the amortisation fund, the town hall and the management committee. The management committee, established in each municipality, is responsible for supervising the operation of the solar installations. It consists of village representatives and is responsible for the operator renting fee, for repair of equipment and for investments. The operator participates in these meetings regularly. In this way mutual control of the involved actors is guaranteed. The operator’s fee is used to pay necessary repairs of all the installations including those generating power for key public buildings and the street lights. Spare parts if necessary and potential upgrade costs have to be covered by the revenue from the SBSC as well.
 
The private operator who takes care of the charging stations in each municipality has to pay a fixed monthly fee, which is divided between the amortisation fund, the town hall and the management committee. The management committee, established in each municipality, is responsible for supervising the operation of the solar installations. It consists of village representatives and is responsible for the operator renting fee, for repair of equipment and for investments. The operator participates in these meetings regularly. In this way mutual control of the involved actors is guaranteed. The operator’s fee is used to pay necessary repairs of all the installations including those generating power for key public buildings and the street lights. Spare parts if necessary and potential upgrade costs have to be covered by the revenue from the SBSC as well.
  
Furthermore, the operator has to pay the wages of the technicians. His profit has to be covered by the remaining amount. In order to be profitable the SBCS have to run on 60 to 70&nbsp;% of the total capacity in the case of rural Mali.
+
Furthermore, the operator has to pay the wages of the technicians. His profit has to be covered by the remaining amount. In order to be profitable the SBCS have to run on 60 to 70 % of the total capacity in the case of rural Mali.
 
 
  
 +
<br/>
  
 
== Experiences<br/> ==
 
== Experiences<br/> ==
  
After their installation, the SBCS are operating reliably. They are known and reputed among the clients for their very high quality of charge, which allows battery utilisation for about two weeks (15 to 20 days, depending on the quality of the battery). The quality of charge of other BCS is usually much lower (utilisation of 2 to 5 days) as they do not apply charge controllers. Nevertheless, the advantages and potential savings on energy expenditures have to be explained to the costumers, who often only see the higher price, not considering the superior price-service ratio and the amount of money saved on transport costs. Word of mouth seems to be the most effective means of marketing.
+
After their installation, the SBCS are operating reliably. They are known and reputed among the clients for their high quality of charge, which allows battery utilisation for about two weeks (15 to 20 days, depending on the quality of the battery). The quality of charge of other BCS is usually much lower (utilisation of 2 to 5 days) as they do not apply charge controllers. Nevertheless, the advantages and potential savings on energy expenditures have to be explained to the costumers, who often only see the higher price, not considering the superior price-service ratio and the amount of money saved on transport costs. Word of mouth seems to be the most effective means of marketing.
  
With all the SBCS running approximately 1,100 batteries are charged per month. As a result 6,470 people currently profit from the SBSC and have access to electricity. However, the number and the capacity of the SBCS in some of the municipalities were over-estimated as the number of costumers’ remains low and the SBSC are running on approximately 35 to 40&nbsp;% of their capacity on average. This is partly due to the lack of rechargeable batteries. Most of the batteries brought to the SBCS are car batteries that are not suited for delivering a steady amount of current over a longer time but the only ones which are readily available in rural areas. Many households cannot even afford to buy a car battery and others have second hand batteries which are in such a poor condition that recharging them is impossible. Many potential customers had to be rejected by the operator due to the bad state of their battery. However, even those who do not own a battery profit indirectly from charging services as they can watch TV in their neighbours’ home or have their mobile phone recharged by someone owning a battery. The maintenance of all solar installations including communal PV systems and an acceptable level of profit for the operator is not guaranteed if the degree of capacity utilisation does not reach 60 to 70&nbsp;%. Currently, only in one municipality is the revenue high enough for the operator to pay the total fee. In the other municipalities the operators meet on a monthly basis with the management committee and representatives from the town hall to discuss the repartition of the revenue. In this way it is avoided that the operator is discouraged.
+
With all the SBCS running approximately 1,100 batteries are charged per month. As a result 6,470 people currently profit from the SBSC and have access to electricity. However, the number and the capacity of the SBCS in some of the municipalities were over-estimated as the number of costumers’ remains low and the SBSC are running on approximately 35 to 40 % of their capacity on average. This is partly due to the lack of rechargeable batteries. Most of the batteries brought to the SBCS are car batteries that are not suited for delivering a steady amount of current over a longer time but the only ones which are readily available in rural areas. Many households cannot even afford to buy a car battery and others have second hand batteries which are in such a poor condition that recharging them is impossible. Many potential customers had to be rejected by the operator due to the bad state of their battery. However, even those who do not own a battery profit indirectly from charging services as they can watch TV in their neighbours’ home or have their mobile phone recharged by someone owning a battery. The maintenance of all solar installations including communal PV systems and an acceptable level of profit for the operator is not guaranteed if the degree of capacity utilisation does not reach 60 to 70 %. Currently, only in one municipality is the revenue high enough for the operator to pay the total fee. In the other municipalities the operators meet on a monthly basis with the management committee and representatives from the town hall to discuss the repartition of the revenue. In this way it is avoided that the operator is discouraged.
  
 
Almost all municipalities have had large difficulties in mobilising their share. This led to major delays in the construction of the SBCS as the communal contribution had to be paid directly to the construction companies. The municipalities, who were also the contracting authority, were unwilling to put the construction companies under pressure to terminate the construction as they were depending on the goodwill of the contracted companies to pre-finance the communal share. These dependencies sometimes resulted in less transparent awarding of contracts to construction enterprises. In addition, the inhabitants of the municipalities could not be easily mobilised to contribute their manual support for construction.
 
Almost all municipalities have had large difficulties in mobilising their share. This led to major delays in the construction of the SBCS as the communal contribution had to be paid directly to the construction companies. The municipalities, who were also the contracting authority, were unwilling to put the construction companies under pressure to terminate the construction as they were depending on the goodwill of the contracted companies to pre-finance the communal share. These dependencies sometimes resulted in less transparent awarding of contracts to construction enterprises. In addition, the inhabitants of the municipalities could not be easily mobilised to contribute their manual support for construction.
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A positive development of the programme is that the private operators have begun to install solar home systems, sell solar lanterns and provide after-sales services in the rural municipalities that go beyond the original ELCOM intervention.
 
A positive development of the programme is that the private operators have begun to install solar home systems, sell solar lanterns and provide after-sales services in the rural municipalities that go beyond the original ELCOM intervention.
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
== Lessons Learnt<br/> ==
 
== Lessons Learnt<br/> ==
Line 341: Line 332:
 
In order to avoid over-capacity and reduce costs for both, the project and the municipalities, the number of SBCS, their capacity and the selection of the villages where they will be located, will be based on the result of detailed feasibility studies which will take place in the intervention area in the future. In order to ensure business profitability, wealthier municipalities should be selected where people have the means to buy quality batteries and charge them on a regular basis. Small commercial centres where electricity is required for productive use, are also better suited. Other factors such as network coverage for mobile phones and TV signal coverage have also to be taken into consideration. This experience shows the difficulty in providing electricity to the poorest and the necessity of having customers which have a certain level of income to assure the sustainability of the intervention.
 
In order to avoid over-capacity and reduce costs for both, the project and the municipalities, the number of SBCS, their capacity and the selection of the villages where they will be located, will be based on the result of detailed feasibility studies which will take place in the intervention area in the future. In order to ensure business profitability, wealthier municipalities should be selected where people have the means to buy quality batteries and charge them on a regular basis. Small commercial centres where electricity is required for productive use, are also better suited. Other factors such as network coverage for mobile phones and TV signal coverage have also to be taken into consideration. This experience shows the difficulty in providing electricity to the poorest and the necessity of having customers which have a certain level of income to assure the sustainability of the intervention.
  
 +
<br/>
  
= Example&nbsp;"Energising&nbsp;Development"&nbsp;Ethiopia<br/> =
+
= Example "Energising Development" Ethiopia<br/> =
 
 
  
 
= Example "Energising Development" Mozambique =
 
= Example "Energising Development" Mozambique =
Line 349: Line 340:
 
*In 2011-2012 a study [https://energypedia.info/index.php/Master_thesis:_Design_of_a_battery_charging_station_in_Mozambique Design of a battery charging station in Mozambique]
 
*In 2011-2012 a study [https://energypedia.info/index.php/Master_thesis:_Design_of_a_battery_charging_station_in_Mozambique Design of a battery charging station in Mozambique]
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
= Example Cambodia<br/> =
 
= Example Cambodia<br/> =
  
 
<u>A handful of solar battery stations (or rather solar assited or with diesel generators as back up) are in place in Cambodia:</u>
 
<u>A handful of solar battery stations (or rather solar assited or with diesel generators as back up) are in place in Cambodia:</u>
 
+
*[http://www.kamworks.com/ Kamworks]piloted a SBC station at an already existing battery charging station, yet stopped after half a year as the operator was not satisfied- the timing was not ideal as the project started in the rainy season, when solar irradiation is not sufficient.Also, the donated solar panels did not reach electricity generation expectations.
*[http://www.kamworks.com/ Kamworks ]piloted a SBC station at an already existing battery charging station, yet stopped after half a year as the operator was not satisfied- the timing was not ideal as the project started in the rainy season, when solar irradiation is not sufficient.Also, the donated solar panels did not reach electricity generation expectations.
+
*4 SBCS have been 100% funded through the[http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/12855/solar_battery_charging_project.html GEF Small Grants Programme under UNDP.]they are community owned. Charging rates are lower than at diesel operated charging services.part of the income is saved within the community for later maintenance and repair, yet the amount is very low. The remaining money is used to pay the operator.
*4 SBCS have been 100% funded through the[http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/12855/solar_battery_charging_project.html GEF Small Grants Programme under UNDP. ]they are community owned. Charging rates are lower than at diesel operated charging services.part of the income is saved within the community for later maintenance and repair, yet the amount is very low. The remaining money is used to pay the operator.
 
 
*[http://www.locab.org/ LOCAB] has been partner of the GEF Small Grants programme and has also installed privately owned and funded solar battery charging stations in very remote regions, e.g. Mondulkiri (Gold Mine villages in the mountains).
 
*[http://www.locab.org/ LOCAB] has been partner of the GEF Small Grants programme and has also installed privately owned and funded solar battery charging stations in very remote regions, e.g. Mondulkiri (Gold Mine villages in the mountains).
 
*GIZ also cooperated with LOCAB in a iPPP solar battery station with a private investor in Kampong Chnang province. 2.88 kWp of solar panels were installed to charge arund 45 batteries (around 50 Ah). GIZ provided an improved charge controller, testing equipment, training for the operator and customers as well as marketing support and support in accessing a loan. Yet, the cost of taking out money has been so high that the operator could not repay his loan with his income from solar battery charging.
 
*GIZ also cooperated with LOCAB in a iPPP solar battery station with a private investor in Kampong Chnang province. 2.88 kWp of solar panels were installed to charge arund 45 batteries (around 50 Ah). GIZ provided an improved charge controller, testing equipment, training for the operator and customers as well as marketing support and support in accessing a loan. Yet, the cost of taking out money has been so high that the operator could not repay his loan with his income from solar battery charging.
Line 375: Line 365:
 
*The efficiency of using solar energy to old car batteries is very low, especially keeping in mind the current level of know how with operators. If donors support rural electrification, battery charging is only a short time bridging technology wich serves the lowest needs. Investing in solar home systems or rural mini grids (running on biomas, solar, or hybrid systems) will be a more sustainable investment with greater quality energy services.
 
*The efficiency of using solar energy to old car batteries is very low, especially keeping in mind the current level of know how with operators. If donors support rural electrification, battery charging is only a short time bridging technology wich serves the lowest needs. Investing in solar home systems or rural mini grids (running on biomas, solar, or hybrid systems) will be a more sustainable investment with greater quality energy services.
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
= Key Success Factors for Solar Battery Charging Stations (SBCS)<br/> =
 
= Key Success Factors for Solar Battery Charging Stations (SBCS)<br/> =
  
 
<u>In general SBCS are comparably expensive, but can be an economic solution</u>:
 
<u>In general SBCS are comparably expensive, but can be an economic solution</u>:
 
 
*Remote areas, which are not connected to the grid
 
*Remote areas, which are not connected to the grid
 
*Where there is cell phone network
 
*Where there is cell phone network
Line 386: Line 375:
 
*Income and energy demand are low
 
*Income and energy demand are low
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
<u>Important aspects to be considered for the success of SBCS are</u>:
 
<u>Important aspects to be considered for the success of SBCS are</u>:
 
 
*Extensive [[Marketing|marketing]]
 
*Extensive [[Marketing|marketing]]
 
*Additional services to be offered such as renting/selling batteries or recharge services for mobile phones or shaving heads
 
*Additional services to be offered such as renting/selling batteries or recharge services for mobile phones or shaving heads
 
*Training of all local operators and technicians
 
*Training of all local operators and technicians
  
 
+
<br/>
  
 
= Further Information<br/> =
 
= Further Information<br/> =
  
*You can also download the [https://energypedia.info/:file:Rural%20electrification%20by%20battery%20charging%20stations.pdf paper on rural electrification by battery charging stations] as PDF
+
*You can also download the [https://energypedia.info/:file:Rural electrification by battery charging stations.pdf paper on rural electrification by battery charging stations] as PDF
 
 
 
*[[Hydro Battery Charging Station|Hydro Battery Charging Systems]]
 
*[[Hydro Battery Charging Station|Hydro Battery Charging Systems]]
 
*[[Battery Charging Systems (BCS)|Battery Charging Systems]]
 
*[[Battery Charging Systems (BCS)|Battery Charging Systems]]
  
 +
[[Category:Solar]]
 +
[[Category:Lessons_Learned]]
 +
[[Category:Mozambique]]
 +
[[Category:Mali]]
 +
[[Category:Ethiopia]]
 +
[[Category:Cambodia]]
 
[[Category:Battery_Charging_Systems]]
 
[[Category:Battery_Charging_Systems]]
[[Category:Cambodia]]
 
[[Category:Ethiopia]]
 
[[Category:Mali]]
 
[[Category:Mozambique]]
 
[[Category:Lessons_Learned]]
 
[[Category:Solar]]
 

Revision as of 09:06, 14 May 2013

Overview

In rural areas of developing countries many households do not have access to electricity and power their radios with dry cell batteries or use candles and kerosene lamps for domestic lighting. Some employ car batteries that are charged in stations for lighting and entertainment.


Rural Electrification by Battery Charging Stations

Battery Terminal.jpg

Battery charging stations are usually not the first choice for rural electrification, but they can be viable in remote areas were no other alternatives exist and the income of the population is too low to invest in other solutions like for example solar home systems (SHS). Battery charging stations provide services for a low energy demand and therefore are a temporary solution until other energy resources are available. Until then, however, many years may pass.

In electrified areas grid-based battery charging stations can also be useful to extend electricity access to those who have no direct connection in their home and profit indirectly from the existing electricity infrastructure.

Lead-acid wet cell car batteries are often used for providing a minimum of electricity services for the local population in many developing countries. They are usually available on the market, in some countries also produced locally and the most common type in use to cover basic energy needs. They are the least cost option, but have a low allowable depth of discharge and a short life time compared to deep-cycle batteries designed to provide a steady amount of current over a long period.

The use of electricity from car batteries can improve the living conditions of its users to a large extent. Battery powered lamps not only improve domestic working conditions at night in particular for women but also enhance studying conditions for children because they provide brighter light than kerosene lamps and candles. Furthermore, they do not emit noxious pollutants accounting for a healthier indoor air.

Battery-driven radios and TVs are highly valued for information and entertainment. Power from batteries charged in a battery charging station could replace commonly used disposable dry cell batteries and reduce costs in the long term. They are also the environmentally friendlier option if their disposal and recycling, after a lifetime of up to three years, can be guaranteed.

The possibility to recharge mobile phones is crucial for the access to modern communication and can help people in rural areas to obtain information and facilitate commercial operations.

To a smaller extent, the provision of battery charging facilities gradually contributes to raising incomes derived from small businesses and handicraft, especially in communal market towns. Shop owners, for example, can open their shops in the evenings, and thus not only might raise their income, but also deliver an improved service to the community. Usually car batteries are transported to the nearest grid, diesel or solar-based battery charging station where they are connected and recharged for a fee. In addition to the fee, users pay either transport costs according to the distance to the next stationor have to cover long distances by bike or motorcycle. Depending on the household’s income, energy demand, battery quality and size, batteries are recharged between two to four times a month.

Diesel generators can charge a limited number of batteries at a time, and service costs highly depend on diesel costs. Grid based charging stations are usually less subject to quantity restrictions and changing diesel prices, but might be located far from the rural population.

Solar battery charging stations (SBCS) constructed in rural areas are an alternative solution to provide the local population with energy for basic needs and reduce the time and expenses required for travelling.

Those stations consist of:

  • at least one photovoltaic panel and
  • a charge controller to prevent batteries from overcharging.


The size of a SBCS and the number of Photovoltaic (PV)panels installed vary according to insolation (solar radiation energy received on a given surface area at a given time) and energy demand (number of batteries to be charged). SBCS can be operated in different ways.

They can be:

  • property of the municipality
  • privately owned.


The users may pay:

  • a fee per charge
  • a monthly fee
  • for renting a recharged battery owned by the operator.


SBCS can simply offer recharge service or include a shop selling other solar and electric equipment.


Example "Energising Development" Mali

Mali's power grid covers only a few urban areas and more than 97 % of the rural population lives without access to electricity. In order to enhance living conditions of the population, photovoltaic battery charging stations were installed in seventeen rural municipalities as a part of the Malian Communal Electrification Programme ‘Électrifcation Communale’ (ELCOM) which is a unit of the Local Government Support Programme (‘Programme d’Appui aux Collectivités Territoriales’ (PACT)) and forms an integral part of the ‘Energising Development’ (EnDev) initiative, a German-Dutch partnership. ELCOM’s objective is to provide access to electricity in rural areas of Mali, not only by constructing solar battery charging stations (SBCS) for local people, but also by installing communal solar power systems for key public buildings (health centres, schools, town halls) and solar street lights.

The SBCS are property of the municipality; operation is delegated to a private service provider who runs them on a fee-for-service basis. The collective fees should suffice to cover maintenance costs for the SBSC and the communal PV systems as well as the eventual replacement of system components (batteries, charge controllers, bulbs etc).

From 2008 - 2011, 50 SBCS were constructed. The municipalities contributed to the expenses in cash and in kind (labour by the villagers) with an average proportion of 10 to 20 % of the initial investment costs. The remaining costs were covered by EnDev funding.

Most of the SBCS constructed have a recharge capacity of four batteries (average 70 Ah) per day and consist of:

  • a building with recharge terminal;
  • six 65 Wp PV panels ;
  • a charge controller;
  • equipment such as cables and fittings


Some SBCS have twice this set up and can thus charge eight 70 Ah batteries per day; one has three times this set up. Furthermore, each SBCS has a separate PV system for lighting consisting of a 65 Wp panel, a charge controller, a battery and lamps for inside and outside.


Panels.jpg


ELCOM Intervention Area: Regions of Ségou and Koulikoro

Mali map.jpg

Overview: Municipalities with Solar Battery Charging Stations (SBCS) Installed within the Programme

Municipality

Population (Projection 2008)

No. of SBCS

Capacity of SBCS; # of 70 Ah batteries/day

Total batteries/ day

4

8

12

Katiéna

27,405

6

3

3

-

27

Tiélè

20,133

6

5

1

-

21

Kamiandougou

15,330

4

3

1

-

15

N'Koumandougou

12,371

4

3

1

-

15

Sobra

9,282

1

-

-

1

9

N'Gassola

5,549

2

1

1

-

9

Bellen

5,409

3

3

-

-

9

Total

95,479

26

18

7

1

105


Costs, Revenues and Operational Model

Investment Costs

A SBCS which has a charging capacity of four batteries costs approximately FCFA 5.2 million (~ € 7.900), including the costs for the construction of the building, for the bigger SBCSs costs are roughly proportionally higher.

The Customers

The user has to have a battery that can be recharged in a SBCS. Batteries are relatively expensive in relation to the income of the rural population and many people can't afford them. New 70 Ah batteries cost about 40,000 FCFA (€ 61). Second hand batteries cost 10 - 15,000 FCFA (€ 15 to 23). Smaller (motorcycle)batteries however can also be used, costing quite a bit less while obviously also bigger (truck) batteries can be charged at the SBCS

The charge of a 70 Ah battery in Bamako or in regional and district centres costs FCFA 500 (€ 0.8). Additional transport costs to overcome distances of up to 100 km can lead to a total expense of FCFA 1,000 per charge.

In order to ensure sustainable operation of the SBCS the charging cost for a 70 Ah battery was calcilated at 750 FCFA which is considered a competitive price compared to pre-existing conditions (long journeys, travel costs, recharge quality).

Battery charging, be it in a conventional charging station or in a SBCS, however is expensive, both in comparison to the price of grid electricity as well as related to the target population's income,nearly all of which live below the 1 $/day poverty threshold.

The Operator

The private operator who takes care of the charging stations in each municipality has to pay a fixed monthly fee, which is divided between the amortisation fund, the town hall and the management committee. The management committee, established in each municipality, is responsible for supervising the operation of the solar installations. It consists of village representatives and is responsible for the operator renting fee, for repair of equipment and for investments. The operator participates in these meetings regularly. In this way mutual control of the involved actors is guaranteed. The operator’s fee is used to pay necessary repairs of all the installations including those generating power for key public buildings and the street lights. Spare parts if necessary and potential upgrade costs have to be covered by the revenue from the SBSC as well.

Furthermore, the operator has to pay the wages of the technicians. His profit has to be covered by the remaining amount. In order to be profitable the SBCS have to run on 60 to 70 % of the total capacity in the case of rural Mali.


Experiences

After their installation, the SBCS are operating reliably. They are known and reputed among the clients for their high quality of charge, which allows battery utilisation for about two weeks (15 to 20 days, depending on the quality of the battery). The quality of charge of other BCS is usually much lower (utilisation of 2 to 5 days) as they do not apply charge controllers. Nevertheless, the advantages and potential savings on energy expenditures have to be explained to the costumers, who often only see the higher price, not considering the superior price-service ratio and the amount of money saved on transport costs. Word of mouth seems to be the most effective means of marketing.

With all the SBCS running approximately 1,100 batteries are charged per month. As a result 6,470 people currently profit from the SBSC and have access to electricity. However, the number and the capacity of the SBCS in some of the municipalities were over-estimated as the number of costumers’ remains low and the SBSC are running on approximately 35 to 40 % of their capacity on average. This is partly due to the lack of rechargeable batteries. Most of the batteries brought to the SBCS are car batteries that are not suited for delivering a steady amount of current over a longer time but the only ones which are readily available in rural areas. Many households cannot even afford to buy a car battery and others have second hand batteries which are in such a poor condition that recharging them is impossible. Many potential customers had to be rejected by the operator due to the bad state of their battery. However, even those who do not own a battery profit indirectly from charging services as they can watch TV in their neighbours’ home or have their mobile phone recharged by someone owning a battery. The maintenance of all solar installations including communal PV systems and an acceptable level of profit for the operator is not guaranteed if the degree of capacity utilisation does not reach 60 to 70 %. Currently, only in one municipality is the revenue high enough for the operator to pay the total fee. In the other municipalities the operators meet on a monthly basis with the management committee and representatives from the town hall to discuss the repartition of the revenue. In this way it is avoided that the operator is discouraged.

Almost all municipalities have had large difficulties in mobilising their share. This led to major delays in the construction of the SBCS as the communal contribution had to be paid directly to the construction companies. The municipalities, who were also the contracting authority, were unwilling to put the construction companies under pressure to terminate the construction as they were depending on the goodwill of the contracted companies to pre-finance the communal share. These dependencies sometimes resulted in less transparent awarding of contracts to construction enterprises. In addition, the inhabitants of the municipalities could not be easily mobilised to contribute their manual support for construction.

A positive development of the programme is that the private operators have begun to install solar home systems, sell solar lanterns and provide after-sales services in the rural municipalities that go beyond the original ELCOM intervention.


Lessons Learnt

In order to avoid delays in the construction for the future, greater efforts will be made in the selection of the municipalities involving the prefectures, sub-prefectures and the tax inspectors which should facilitate the identification of municipalities which are able to pay their own contribution. The municipalities will outsource the responsibility for supervising the construction process to ELCOM, thus avoiding problems with the construction companies from the beginning. Furthermore, the in kind contribution by the village community will be not included any more and more emphasis will be placed on a direct financial contribution. It was difficult to mobilise the whole community to perform their allocated tasks and resulted in an unfair distribution of work among the inhabitants.

Monthly monitoring of SBCS management during the first months of operation is absolutely necessary. The technicians as well as the operators need support to use the provided management tools.

Technical monitoring has to be done about every two months during the first six months to demonstrate presence and prevent misuse of the equipment installed. It also helps in capacity building regarding end-users, operators and technicians. For technical monitoring it will be necessary to develop a maintenance plan that operators can follow when they visit the installations.

In order to avoid over-capacity and reduce costs for both, the project and the municipalities, the number of SBCS, their capacity and the selection of the villages where they will be located, will be based on the result of detailed feasibility studies which will take place in the intervention area in the future. In order to ensure business profitability, wealthier municipalities should be selected where people have the means to buy quality batteries and charge them on a regular basis. Small commercial centres where electricity is required for productive use, are also better suited. Other factors such as network coverage for mobile phones and TV signal coverage have also to be taken into consideration. This experience shows the difficulty in providing electricity to the poorest and the necessity of having customers which have a certain level of income to assure the sustainability of the intervention.


Example "Energising Development" Ethiopia

Example "Energising Development" Mozambique


Example Cambodia

A handful of solar battery stations (or rather solar assited or with diesel generators as back up) are in place in Cambodia:

  • Kamworkspiloted a SBC station at an already existing battery charging station, yet stopped after half a year as the operator was not satisfied- the timing was not ideal as the project started in the rainy season, when solar irradiation is not sufficient.Also, the donated solar panels did not reach electricity generation expectations.
  • 4 SBCS have been 100% funded through theGEF Small Grants Programme under UNDP.they are community owned. Charging rates are lower than at diesel operated charging services.part of the income is saved within the community for later maintenance and repair, yet the amount is very low. The remaining money is used to pay the operator.
  • LOCAB has been partner of the GEF Small Grants programme and has also installed privately owned and funded solar battery charging stations in very remote regions, e.g. Mondulkiri (Gold Mine villages in the mountains).
  • GIZ also cooperated with LOCAB in a iPPP solar battery station with a private investor in Kampong Chnang province. 2.88 kWp of solar panels were installed to charge arund 45 batteries (around 50 Ah). GIZ provided an improved charge controller, testing equipment, training for the operator and customers as well as marketing support and support in accessing a loan. Yet, the cost of taking out money has been so high that the operator could not repay his loan with his income from solar battery charging.


Experiences from Cambodian Solar Battery Charging Stations (SBCS)

  • The initiative capital investment is an obstacle that needs to be overcome
  • Owners of existing battery charging stations are reluctant to invest, due to huge capital investment compared to diesel battery charging station, yet solar could be competitive due to very high diesel prices in Cambodia (|> 1.25 USD7l)
  • Sun shine time (weather) is not constant, changes from day to day, especially in rainy season but even in dry season. Hence, some diesel is needed nearly every day.
  • Information on the possibilities and functioning of solar energy is not widely spread, awareness needs to be created
  • The business model and technology is new which needs to be explained to customers in order to overcome obstacles
  • Customers are used to batteries being hot when they collect them from diesel run battery charging stations as these tend to overcharge the batteries. When batteries are charged properly at a solar station, they are not as hot which is why customers are of th eopinion that they have not been charged. In Many cases customers complained that batteries became empty more quickly when chargedwith solar. The charging quality, according to them, was not satisfactory.
  • A lot of awareness raising and training is needed.
  • Very old car batteries are used. It is very difficult to change (de-)charging habits and educate customers about the advantages and importance of solar charging and the proper usage of batteries.
  • There are allegedly more than 10,000 charging stations in Cambodia. Due to the poor charging technologies and low level of know-how of operators, focus should be put on capacity building with regards to technical aspects of charging, including saftey and effeffiency issues. With little effort, a lot of energy can be saved. At the moment, due to the high price of diesel, many diesel charging stations are not profitable as operators do not calculate all of their costs when pricing their services. Diesel charging is often a side business of rural business men.
  • Even in areas where the grid is reaching, battery charging stations are common as they supply the poorest households who cannot afford grid connection. Also, batteries are used in times of poer cuts, for water pumping on the fields, etc.
  • As the price for a kwH from a battery charged with diesel is the most expensive form of energy and as it is at the same time often the only source of electricity for rural households, which are amongst the poorest in Cambodia, new ways of providing these houeholds with electricity need to be found.
  • The efficiency of using solar energy to old car batteries is very low, especially keeping in mind the current level of know how with operators. If donors support rural electrification, battery charging is only a short time bridging technology wich serves the lowest needs. Investing in solar home systems or rural mini grids (running on biomas, solar, or hybrid systems) will be a more sustainable investment with greater quality energy services.


Key Success Factors for Solar Battery Charging Stations (SBCS)

In general SBCS are comparably expensive, but can be an economic solution:

  • Remote areas, which are not connected to the grid
  • Where there is cell phone network
  • Where diesel fuel costs and battery transport costs are high
  • Income and energy demand are low


Important aspects to be considered for the success of SBCS are:

  • Extensive marketing
  • Additional services to be offered such as renting/selling batteries or recharge services for mobile phones or shaving heads
  • Training of all local operators and technicians


Further Information