Difference between revisions of "Egypt Energy Situation"

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{{CES Country|CES Country Name=Egypt
 
{{CES Country|CES Country Name=Egypt
 
|CES Country Capital=Cairo
 
|CES Country Capital=Cairo
|CES Country Region=Middle East & North Africa
+
|CES Country Region Middle East and North Africa=Middle East & North Africa
 
|CES Country Coordinates=26.0000° N, 30.0000° E
 
|CES Country Coordinates=26.0000° N, 30.0000° E
 
}}
 
}}
= Introduction<br/> =
 
The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in North Africa and borders with Libya in the East, Sudan in the South and Palestine Territories and Israel in the East. Its population is mainly concentrated along the river Nile, as the rest of the country's territory is largely desert. Most parts of the country have has a hot desert climate with extreme heat occuring during summer. An exception is the northern Mediterranean coast which receives more rainfall during winter and has a generally more moderate climate.<br/>
 
= Energy Situation<br/> =
 
  
== Energy Data<br/> ==
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<br/>
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= Introduction =
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The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in North Africa and borders with Libya in the West, Sudan in the South and Palestinian territories and Israel in the East, while in the North, it is washed by the Mediterranean. Its population is mainly concentrated along the river Nile, as the rest of the country's territory is largely desert.&nbsp;
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Most parts of the country have a hot desert climate with extreme heat occurring during summer. An exception is the northern Mediterranean coast which receives more rainfall during winter and has a generally more moderate climate.
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<br/>
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[[File:Egypt's Map.png|thumb|center|600px|Fig.1: Map of Egypt showing Examples of N.G. & C.O. Pipelines, Ports, Fields..etc (EIA, 2018)]]
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Egypty is a country with a high potential of natural resources: precious stones, natural gas, oil, coal and large reserves of fossil fuel enery sources; approximately&nbsp;4189 billion barrels of oil reserves and an estimated 77200 billion cubic meters of natural gas resreves, as the reserves are in the form of both mainland and coastal deposits<ref name="Obukhov. S. & Ibrahim A. (2017). Analysis of the Energy Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Egypt. MATEC Web Conference 141, 01035. Retrieved From: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/55/matecconf_smartgrids2017_01035.pdf">Obukhov. S. & Ibrahim A. (2017). Analysis of the Energy Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Egypt. MATEC Web Conference 141, 01035. Retrieved From: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/55/matecconf_smartgrids2017_01035.pdf</ref>.
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While more than 90% of the Egyptian generated electricity comes only from oil and natural gas, the major problem that Egypt encounters, especially in the energy-sector is the dynamic growth of population, which is estimated by around 1.3% per year, consequently increasing demand, which eventually fastens the rate of depleting the country's major resources<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref><ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Obukhov. S. & Ibrahim A. (2017). Analysis of the Energy Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Egypt. MATEC Web Conference 141, 01035. Retrieved From: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/55/matecconf_smartgrids2017_01035.pdf">Obukhov. S. & Ibrahim A. (2017). Analysis of the Energy Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Egypt. MATEC Web Conference 141, 01035. Retrieved From: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/55/matecconf_smartgrids2017_01035.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref>.
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According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), it is the largest non-OPEC oil producer in Africa and the third largest dry natural gas producer on the continent, following Algeria & Nigeria<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>.
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The country also represents a vital role-player in the international energy market, as a major transit route, by operating the Suez Canal and the Suez Mediterranean Pipleline (SUMED)<ref name="http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2011&country=EGYPT&product=Balances">http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2011&country=EGYPT&product=Balances</ref>, through which the oil is shipped from the Persian Gulf to Europe and the United States<ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>.
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<br/>
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= Energy Situation =
 +
 
 +
== Historical Background and an Overview of the Main Energy Sources ==
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Egypt has been known to mainly depend, in all its energy-related activities, on three major sources: oil, natural gas and the hydroelectric power generated from the large dam projects over the Nile: the High Dam, Aswan I & Aswan II<ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref><ref name="United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>.<br/>
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<br/>
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Despite being a major producer and net exporter of oil, especially in the 1990s, when its oil production peaked, reaching approximately over 900000 bbl/day, Egypt has become a net oil importer around 2009/2010<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref>. Thus can be traced back to both economic and population accelerated growth, which accompanied the beginning of the new millennium, leading to an increase in consumption by about 3% per year, resulting in growing of demand, and falling in production, that could roughly meet consumption requirements, resulting in a significant drop in the country’s oil refinery output since 2009<ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref>.
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<br/>
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During the period of the late 1990s/early 2000s, Egypt has witnessed a state of proliferation of discovering and exploiting huge natural gas reserves around the country, which drove the country to emerge as a key role player in the region as a natural gas producer and exporter<ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref>. Mainly, due to the same reason as in oil, consumption of natural gas has approximately increased by 7% per year during the first decade of 2000s, and production has noticeably decreased by around 3% yearly during the period of 2009-2013, consequently limiting its natural gas exporting capacity to only 5% of its total production by 2013, and eventually driving the country to start signing importing agreements in the following years of 2014 and 2015<ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref>.<br/>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.1: General Statistics on Oil & Natural Gas Situation in Egypt<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref></p>
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{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:757px;" align="center"
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|-
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! scope="row" | <br/>
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! scope="col" | <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Oil</span><br/>
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! scope="col" | <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Natural Gas</span><br/>
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|-
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! scope="row" | Total Production
 +
| 680,000 bbl/day
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| style="width: 276px;" | 2 trillion cubic feet/day
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|-
 +
! scope="row" | Global Production-Share<br/>
 +
| 0.72%<br/>
 +
| style="width: 276px;" | 1.7%<br/>
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Proven Reserves<br/>
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| 3,900,000,000 bbl<br/>
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| style="width: 276px;" | 65.3 trillion cubic feet<br/>
 +
|-
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! scope="row" | Global Proven Reserves-Share<br/>
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| 0.2%<br/>
 +
| style="width: 276px;" | 1%
 +
|-
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! scope="row" | &nbsp;% Total Domestic Consumption<br/>
 +
| 41%
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| style="width: 276px;" | 53%
 +
|-
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! scope="row" | Imports
 +
| 80,000 bbl/day<br/>
 +
| style="width: 276px;" | To Be Updated
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|-
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! scope="row" | Exports
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| 189,000 bbl/day<br/>
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| style="width: 276px;" | 0.1 trillion cubic feet/year<br/>
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" |
 +
Export Destinations
 +
 
 +
|
 +
EU (56%), India (28%), China (13%), Others (3%)
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| style="width: 276px;" |
 +
EU (56%), India (28%), China (13%), Others (3%)
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 +
|}
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<br/>
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According to reports from American Security Project (ASP) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Egypt has produced approximately 13.2-13.7 billion kilowatt-hours (KWh) of electricity, using hydropower in the period 2012/2013<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref><ref name="United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>.<br/>
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Hydropower accounts for about 9% of the total country’s power generation, and around 3% of the country’s total energy consumption, however, the majority of the Nile hydropower’s capacity in Egypt has already been exploited and is declining<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref><ref name="United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>.
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== Energy Access ==
 +
 
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According to the latest Tracking SDG7 Report on The Energy Progress, that was jointly prepared by:International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank Group and World Health Organization, the state of energy access through Egypt is illustrated through the following table and figures<ref name="Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf">Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf</ref>:<br/>
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[[File:Egypt Electricity Access (Total).png|thumb|center|450px|Fig.2: Total Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)|alt=Fig.2: Total Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
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The report shows that since around 2014/2015, the total Egyptian population has had access to reliable energy sources, and only 2% of the whole population has no access to clean cooking<ref name="Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf">Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf</ref>.<br/>
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[[File:Egypt Electricity Access (Urban & Rural).png|thumb|center|450px|Fig.3: Urban & Rural Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)|alt=Fig.3: Urban & Rural Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
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<p style="text-align: center;">Table.2: Percentage of Egyptian Population's Access to Electricity & Clean Cooking<ref name="Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf">Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf</ref></p>
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{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
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|-
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! rowspan="2" colspan="1" scope="row" | <br/>
 +
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" scope="col" | Access to
 +
|-
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! scope="row" | Electricity
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! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | Clean Cooking<br/>
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|-
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! scope="row" | &nbsp;% of Population
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| style="text-align: center;" | 100%
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| style="text-align: center;" | 98%
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|}
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<br/>
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== <span style="background-color: initial; font-size: 19.04px;">Production&nbsp;</span>==
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<p style="text-align: center;">Table.3: Egypt’s Production of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref></p>
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{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | <br/>
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2012
 +
! scope="col" | 2013
 +
! scope="col" | 2014
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Coal
 +
| 20
 +
| 14
 +
| 0
 +
| 0
 +
| 0
 +
| 0
 +
| 0
 +
| 0
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Crude Oil
 +
| 33189
 +
| 30111
 +
| 32142
 +
| 29537
 +
| 32825
 +
| 33210
 +
| 30835
 +
| 31885
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Natural gas
 +
| 18555
 +
| 35901
 +
| 54839
 +
| 50143
 +
| 39084
 +
| 34763
 +
| 34763
 +
| 35362
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Electricity from Fossil Fuels
 +
| 5302
 +
| 8211
 +
| 12250
 +
| 12250
 +
| 13431
 +
| 14355
 +
| 14514
 +
| 14679
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Hydro Electricity
 +
| 1260
 +
| 1087
 +
| 1112
 +
| 1113
 +
| 1188
 +
| 1155
 +
| 1171
 +
| 1187
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Electricity from Renewables&nbsp;
 +
| 12
 +
| 47
 +
| 139
 +
| 139
 +
| 145
 +
| 137
 +
| 150
 +
| 165
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Refinery/Oil Porducts
 +
| 23449
 +
| 28561
 +
| 24754
 +
| 21836
 +
| 25348
 +
| 25676
 +
| 26357
 +
| 270565
 +
|}
 +
 
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<br/>
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== Installed Capacity ==
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With accordance to the EIA's report on Egypt (2018), the following graph and pie-chart highlight the installed capacity of different energ sources in the country from 2007-2016 in terms of fiscal years.
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<br/>
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{| style="width: 100%;"
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|-
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| style="width: 423.078px;" | [[File:Installed Capacity of different fuels per fiscal years' Graph.png|thumb|center|415px|Fig.4: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources per Fiscal Year 2007-2016 (EIA, 2018)|alt=Fig.4: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources per Fiscal Year 2007-2016 (EIA, 2018)]]<br/>
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| style="width: 7px;" |
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| style="width: 321px;" | [[File:Installed Capacity of different fuels in the fy 2015-16 piechart.png|thumb|center|301px|Fig.5: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources by the Fiscal Year 2015-2016 (EIA, 2018)|alt=Fig.5: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources by the Fiscal Year 2015-2016 (EIA, 2018)]]
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|}
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<br/>
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== Consumption ==
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Egypt is by far the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, showing 22% of petroleum and other liquids of the continent's total consumption and 37% of its dry natural gas consumption<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>.
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 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
The main drivers of the rapid growth of the country's consumption of oil and natural gas can be summarized in the follwoing<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>:
 +
 
 +
#The increased industrial output.
 +
#Economic growth.
 +
#Intense extraction projects of oil and natural gas.
 +
#Population growth.
 +
#The inclining rate of private and commercial vehicle sales.
 +
#The generous subsidy policy, that is focused on energy products.
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
Through this sub-chapter, different consumption data will be presented, using different sources, to get a holistic view as possible of the energy consumption situation in the country.
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.4: Egypt’s Primary Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Year
 +
! scope="col" | 1965
 +
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Rate
 +
| 7.8
 +
| 10.5
 +
| 28
 +
| 37.3
 +
| 48.4
 +
| 60.5
 +
| 78.4
 +
| 84.4
 +
| 88.2
 +
| 91.6
 +
|}
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.5: Egypt’s Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel 2016-2017 Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | <br/>
 +
! scope="col" | Oil
 +
! scope="col" | Natural Gas
 +
! scope="col" | Coal
 +
! scope="col" | Nuclear
 +
! scope="col" | Hydro-Electric
 +
! scope="col" | Renewables
 +
! scope="col" | Total
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | 2016
 +
| 42
 +
| 42.4
 +
| .2
 +
| -
 +
| 3
 +
| .6
 +
| 88.2
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | 2017
 +
| 39.7
 +
| 48.1
 +
| .2
 +
| -
 +
| 3
 +
| .6
 +
| 91.6
 +
|}
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.6: Egypt’s Final Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | <br/>
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2012
 +
! scope="col" | 2013
 +
! scope="col" | 2014
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Coal
 +
| 453
 +
| 203
 +
| 204
 +
| 188
 +
| 188
 +
| 200
 +
| 211
 +
| 224
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Oil
 +
| 17898
 +
| 20156
 +
| 27009
 +
| 22573
 +
| 26333
 +
| 35213
 +
| 36086
 +
| 37028
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Natural Gas
 +
| 4274
 +
| 9182
 +
| 12719
 +
| 18202
 +
| 19505
 +
| 20956
 +
| 21446
 +
| 21960
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Electricity
 +
| 5559
 +
| 7918
 +
| 12060
 +
| 12324
 +
| 12306
 +
| 12668
 +
| 13134
 +
| 13630
 +
|}
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.7: Egypt’s Industrial Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | <br/>
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2012
 +
! scope="col" | 2013
 +
! scope="col" | 2014
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Oil
 +
| 5461
 +
| 5548
 +
| 3716
 +
| 3279
 +
| 3133
 +
| 6369
 +
| 6713
 +
| 7080
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Natural Gas
 +
| 2072
 +
| 5567
 +
| 6649
 +
| 6789
 +
| 8002
 +
| 9083
 +
| 9303
 +
| 9536
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Electricity
 +
| 2111
 +
| 2812
 +
| 3430
 +
| 3500
 +
| 3288
 +
| 369
 +
| 3488
 +
| 3612
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Coal
 +
| 453
 +
| 203
 +
| 204
 +
| 188
 +
| 188
 +
| 200
 +
| 211
 +
| 224
 +
|}
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.8: Egypt’s Transport Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | <br/>
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2012
 +
! scope="col" | 2013
 +
! scope="col" | 2014
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Oil
 +
| 9060
 +
| 9371
 +
| 15547
 +
| 12362
 +
| 16416
 +
| 16892
 +
| 17098
 +
| 17312
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Electricity
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| 44
 +
| 44
 +
| 45
 +
| 46
 +
| 46
 +
| 47
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Egyptian Primary Energy Consumption by 2016 accoding to EIA's Report.png|thumb|center|316px|Fig.6: A Pie-Chart of the Egyptian Primary Energy Consumption in the Year 2016 (EIA, 2018)]]
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
== Import and Export ==
 +
 
 +
Egypt is a net exporter of crude oil and natural gas, however, the combination of increasing consumption and declining production has led to a decline in natural gas exports since 2009, as the government started to divert natural gas supplies from exports, in order to satisfy domestic demand, eventually turning the country into a natural gas importer since 2015<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>.&nbsp;
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
In terms of coal and peat, Egypt is a net importer, and coal imports are even expected to increase in the short-medium term, since the Egyptian government has approved the industrial use of coal in April 2014, and in the same year signed a construction deal for the first coal-fired power in the country.
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
=== Subsidies ===
 +
 
 +
In 2013, the Egyptian government spent 120 billion Egyptian pounds (about 13.8 billion EUR) on fuel subsidies, which equals 7% of the GDP<ref name="http://www.iisd.org/GSI/sites/default/files/ffs_egypt_update_august_2014.pdf">http://www.iisd.org/GSI/sites/default/files/ffs_egypt_update_august_2014.pdf</ref>. These costs in combination with economic stagnation have contributed to the increasing deficit, which reached about 12% of GDP in 2013. In order to alleviate this burden, the Egyptian government announced spending cuts on energy subsidies in June 2014. The Financial Times reported that these subsidies are going to be cut by almost a third <ref name="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9da3cb08-007d-11e4-a3f2-00144feab7de.html#axzz3PwcopOCd">http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9da3cb08-007d-11e4-a3f2-00144feab7de.html#axzz3PwcopOCd</ref>.<br/><br/>
 +
 
 +
== Electricity ==
 +
 
 +
=== General Data ===
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Table.9: The General Electricity Situation in Egypt<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html</ref></span><br/></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" scope="row" | <br/>
 +
! rowspan="1" colspan="10" scope="col" | Electricity<br/>
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Production
 +
! <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Consumption</span><br/>
 +
! Exports
 +
! <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Imports</span><br/>
 +
! <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Installed Generating Capacity</span><br/>
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Rate
 +
| 171.9 billion kWh
 +
| 150.4 billion kWh
 +
| 1.158 billion kWh
 +
| 43 million kWh
 +
| 38.88 million kWh
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | World Ranking
 +
| 24
 +
| 25
 +
| 57
 +
| 106
 +
| 27
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
=== Electricity Access ===
 +
 
 +
According to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s 2018 report, only around 300,000 people of the whole Egyptian population is currently without access to electricity.
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.10: Electrification Percentages in Egypt<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" colspan="1" | <br/>
 +
! rowspan="1" colspan="3" | Electrification
 +
|-
 +
! Total Population
 +
! Urban Areas
 +
! Rural Areas
 +
|-
 +
! &nbsp;%
 +
| 99.6
 +
| 100
 +
| 99.3
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
  
=== Primary Energy Supply<br/> ===
+
=== Installed Capacity and Generation ===
<span lang="en">Egypt is a resource rich country. According to the US Energy Information Administration (<span data-scaytid="1" data-scayt_word="eia">EIA</span>)<ref>http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=EG</ref>, it is the largest non-OPEC oil producer in Africa and the second largest dry natural gas producer on the continent. However, primary energy production in Egypt has been steadily declining since 2009 and in 2012 reached 82,046 ktoe<ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2011&country=EGYPT&product=Balances</ref>. This is due to shortages in natural gas supply and oil production being able to keep up with the energy demand. The shortages have led to frequent electricity blackouts in the country as well as decreasing exports. In attempt to increase power generation, the Egyptian government has approved the industrial use of coal in April 2014.</span><br/>
+
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.11: Percentages of Different Electricity-Generating Energy-Sources in Egypt<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html</ref></p>
=== Consumption<br/> ===
+
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" colspan="1" | <br/>
 +
! rowspan="1" colspan="4" | Electricity Generated From:
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 146px;" | '''Fossil Fuels'''
 +
| style="width: 148px;" |
 +
'''Nuclear Fuels'''
  
{| style="width: 764px;" border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="1"
+
! Hydroelectric Plants
|+ Final energy consumption in Egypt in 2012 added up to 55,879 <span data-scaytid="194" data-scayt_word="ktoe">ktoe</span>. The share of the individual sectors is shown in table 1.<br/><br/><u>Table 1: Final energy consumption in Egypt in 2012 (ktoe)</u> <u><ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=EGYPT&product=Balances</ref></u><br/>
+
! Other Renewables
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 752px;" colspan="4" | Total Final Energy Consumption
+
! &nbsp;% of the Total Installed Capacity
 +
| style="width: 146px;" | 90.5
 +
| style="width: 148px;" | 0
 +
| 7.3
 +
| 2.2
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 649px;" colspan="2" | <br/>
+
! World Ranking
| style="width: 49px;" | <span data-scaytid="429" data-scayt_word="ktoe">ktoe</span>
+
| style="width: 146px;" | 58
| style="width: 40px;" | %
+
| style="width: 148px;" | 83
 +
| 125
 +
| 115
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
Between 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, the total installed capacity increased about 6&nbsp;%, reaching 30,803 MW, due to added thermal plants. The installed capacity development by type of generation since 2008 is outlined in table 12.<br/><br/>
 +
<p style="text-align: center"><u>Table 12: Installed capacity development by type of generation (in MW) 2008-2013</u><u><ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref></u><br/></p>
 +
{| style="width: 674.39px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 649px;" colspan="2" | Industry sector
+
| style="width: 205.39px" | <br/>
| style="width: 49px;" | 13,357
+
| style="width: 147.6px" | 2008/2009
| style="width: 40px;" | 23.90
+
| style="width: 84px" | 2009/2010
 +
| style="width: 76px" | 2010/2011
 +
| style="width: 74px" | 2011/2012
 +
| style="width: 135px" | 2012/2013
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 649px;" colspan="2" | Transport sector
+
| style="width: 670px" colspan="6" | MW
| style="width: 49px;" | 16,980
 
| style="width: 40px;" | 30.39
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 649px;" colspan="2" | Other sectors
+
| style="width: 205.39px" | Renewables
| style="width: 49px;" | 18,479
+
| style="width: 147.6px" | 425
| style="width: 40px;" | 33.07
+
| style="width: 84px" | 249
 +
| style="width: 76px" | 687
 +
| style="width: 74px" | 687
 +
| style="width: 135px" | 687
 
|-
 
|-
| of which
+
| style="width: 205.39px" | Steam
| style="width: 436px;" | Residential
+
| style="width: 147.6px" | 11,458
| style="width: 49px;" | 11,910
+
| style="width: 84px" | 11,458
| style="width: 40px;" | 21.31
+
| style="width: 76px" | 12,859
 +
| style="width: 74px" | 12,684
 +
| style="width: 135px" | 13,808
 
|-
 
|-
| <br/>
+
| style="width: 205.39px" | Hydro
| style="width: 436px;" | Commercial and public services
+
| style="width: 147.6px" | 2,800
| style="width: 49px;" | 2,913
+
| style="width: 84px" | 2,800
| style="width: 40px;" | 5.21
+
| style="width: 76px" | 2,800
 +
| style="width: 74px" | 2,800
 +
| style="width: 135px" | 2,800
 
|-
 
|-
| <br/>
+
| style="width: 205.39px" | Combined Cycle
| style="width: 436px;" | Agriculture/ Forestry
+
| style="width: 147.6px" | 7,178
| style="width: 49px;" | 2,841
+
| style="width: 84px" | 7,137
| style="width: 40px;" | 5.08
+
| style="width: 76px" | 9,327
 +
| style="width: 74px" | 10,077
 +
| style="width: 135px" | 10,080
 
|-
 
|-
| <br/>
+
| style="width: 205.39px" | Gas
| style="width: 436px;" | Non-Specified
+
| style="width: 147.6px" | 1,641
| style="width: 49px;" | 814
+
| style="width: 84px" | 2,841
| style="width: 40px;" | 1.46
+
| style="width: 76px" | 1,376
 +
| style="width: 74px" | 2,826
 +
| style="width: 135px" | 3,428
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 649px;" colspan="2" | Non-energy use
+
| style="width: 670px" colspan="6" | <br/>
| style="width: 49px;" | 7,062
 
| style="width: 40px;" | 12.64
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 649px;" colspan="2" | Total
+
| style="width: 205.39px" | Total
| style="width: 49px;" | 1622
+
| style="width: 147.6px" | 23,502
| style="width: 40px;" | 100
+
| style="width: 84px" | 24,762
 +
| style="width: 76px" | 27,049
 +
| style="width: 74px" | 29,074
 +
| style="width: 135px" | 30,803
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
<br/>
 +
 +
In addition, Egypt has 30 decentralized power plants, mostly diesel and gas turbine units which are not connected to the national grid. The combined installed capacities of these plants added up to 224 MW in 2012/2013. Approximately 234.5 GWh of electricity were supplied to local users including tourist resorts.<br/>
 +
 +
<br/>
 +
 +
Egypt is a net exporter of electricity, importing 77 GWh while exporting 474 GWh of electricity in 2012. In 2012/2013, the average percentage of network losses were 11.02%.<ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref><br/>
 +
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
=== Import and Export<br/> ===
 
Egypt is a net exporter of crude oil and natural gas. In addition, it has a strategic position in oil transfer because of its operation of the Suez Canal and Sumed (Suez-Mediterranean) Pipeline, two major routes for the transfer of Persian Gulf oil. However, the combination of increasing consumption and declining production has led to a decline in natural gas exports since 2009. In order to satisfy domestic demand, the government has been diverting natural gas supplies from exports. In terms of coal and peat, Egypt is a net importer. Coal imports are expected to increase in the short- and medium term, since the Egyptian government has approved the industrial use of coal in April 2014 and in the same year signed a construction deal for the first coal-fired power in the country.<br/>
 
=== Subsidies<br/> ===
 
In 2013, the Egyptian government spent 120 billion Egyptian pounds on fuel subsidies, which equals 7 % of the GDP <ref>http://www.iisd.org/GSI/sites/default/files/ffs_egypt_update_august_2014.pdf</ref>. These costs in combination with economic stagnation have contributed to the increasing deficit, which reached about 12 % of GDP in 2013. In order to alleviate this burden, the Egyptian government announced spending cuts on energy subsidies in June 2014. The Financial Times reported that these subsidies are going to be cut by almost a third <ref>http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9da3cb08-007d-11e4-a3f2-00144feab7de.html#axzz3PwcopOCd</ref>.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 
== Renewable Energy<br/> ==
 
In 2012, electricity production renewable energy sources reached 14,855 GWh <ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=EGYPT&product=ElectricityandHeat</ref>, which is a share of 9.04% of the total electricity production. While 13,358 GWh (8.13%) were produced by hydropower installations, wind power contributed another 1,260 GWh (0.77%) and solar PV 237 GWh (0.14%).<br/>The current installed wind capacity accounts for 550 MW (2012 <ref>http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/egypt_fact_sheet_re_print.pdf</ref>). Egypt is endowed with abundant wind energy resources. Particularly in the coastal regions, high and stable wind speeds are frequent (up to an average of 10.5 m/s in the Gulf of Suez). Furthermore, the country’s large deserts and abundant thinly populated areas are well suited for the construction of large wind farms.<br/>Solar energy use is still in its infancy, with only 15 MW of solar PV installed capacity so far. Additionally, there is one solar thermal project, an integrated solar combined-cycle power plant. Here, the solar power partially replaced fossil fuel. The plant has an overall capacity of 140 MW of which the solar input is 20 MW.<br/>The total installed capacity from hydropower accounted for 2,800 MW in 2012, most of it being produced by large dam projects on the Nile: the High Dam, Aswan I and Aswan II.<br/>
 
== Electricity<br/> ==
 
  
=== Installed Capacity and Generation<br/> ===
+
Between 2001 and 2012, electricity production rose from 83,282 GWh to 164,364 GWh. The main source for the production of electricity is gas (66%) followed by hydro (18.2%) and oil (15.6%).<ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref> The Egyptian&nbsp;Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) operates with five-year plans. The current one (2012-2017) foresees the installation of 15.000 MW additional capacity. However, due to the increasing demand, the reserve margin is still expected to remain tight.<ref>https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1</ref><br/>
 +
 
 +
<br/>
  
{| style="width: 678px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
+
=== Consumption ===
Between 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, the total installed capacity increased about 6 %, reaching 30,803 MW, due to added thermal plants. The installed capacity development by type of generation is outlined in table 2.<br/><u>Table 2: Installed capacity development by type of generation (in MW) 2008-2013</u> <u><ref>http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref><br/></u>
 
  
 +
The main consumer of electricity in Egypt is the residential sector which accounts for 42% of the total consumption, followed by the industrial sector (28%). The consumption of the residential sector has been steadily increasing in the recent years. According to the Ministry of Electricity and Energy, this is due to two factors: the expansion of residential compounds and new communities as well as the use of domestic appliances, air conditioners in particular, during hot weather. The development of the electricity consumption per sector is outlined in table 13.<br/>
 +
<p style="text-align: center"><u>Table 13: Electricity consumption by sector (GWh) 2008-2013</u> <ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref><br/></p>
 +
{| style="width: 100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| Sector
 +
| 2008/2009
 +
| 2009/2010
 +
| 2010/2011
 +
| 2011/2012
 +
| 2012/2013
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="6" | GWh
 +
|-
 +
| Industries
 +
| 37,273
 +
| 38,916
 +
| 40,702
 +
| 42,098
 +
| 39,887
 +
|-
 +
| Agriculture
 +
| 4,617
 +
| 4,834
 +
| 4,927
 +
| 5,560
 +
| 6,230
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 190px;" | <br/>
+
| Utilities
| style="width: 86px;" | 2008/2009
+
| 4,714
| style="width: 84px;" | 2009/2010
+
| 5,555
| style="width: 76px;" | 2010/2011
+
| 5,759
| style="width: 74px;" | 2011/2012
+
| 6,010
| style="width: 135px;" | 2012/2013
+
| 5,904
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 670px;" colspan="6" | MW
+
| Public lighting
 +
| 6,982
 +
| 7,050
 +
| 6,186
 +
| 6,537
 +
| 6,210
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 190px;" | Renewables
+
| Governmental entities
| style="width: 86px;" | 425
+
| 5,563
| style="width: 84px;" | 249
+
| 5,443
| style="width: 76px;" | 687
+
| 5,977
| style="width: 74px;" | 687
+
| 6,385
| style="width: 135px;" | 687
+
| 7,664
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 190px;" | Steam
+
| Residential
| style="width: 86px;" | 11,458
+
| 43,811
| style="width: 84px;" | 11,458
+
| 47,431
| style="width: 76px;" | 12,859
+
| 51,370
| style="width: 74px;" | 12,684
+
| 56,664
| style="width: 135px;" | 13,808
+
| 59,757
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 190px;" | Hydro
+
| Commercial & others
| style="width: 86px;" | 2,800
+
| 8,754
| style="width: 84px;" | 2,800
+
| 9,674
| style="width: 76px;" | 2,800
+
| 10,238
| style="width: 74px;" | 2,800
+
| 10,715
| style="width: 135px;" | 2,800
+
| 14,605
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 190px;" | Combined Cycle
+
| colspan="6" | <br/>
| style="width: 86px;" | 7,178
 
| style="width: 84px;" | 7,137
 
| style="width: 76px;" | 9,327
 
| style="width: 74px;" | 10,077
 
| style="width: 135px;" | 10,080
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 190px;" | Gas
+
| Total
| style="width: 86px;" | 1,641
+
| 111,714
| style="width: 84px;" | 2,841
+
| 118,903
| style="width: 76px;" | 1,376
+
| 125,159
| style="width: 74px;" | 2,826
+
| 133,969
| style="width: 135px;" | 3,428
+
| 140,257
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
=== Grid ===
 +
 
 +
In 2012/2013, the carrier grid consisted of 43,634 km total transmission lines and cables. The grid is subdivided into six geographical zones, namely Cairo, Canal, Delta, Alexandria and West Delta, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt. The country’s entire territory is covered. The network is interconnected with the grids of Libya, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. There are ongoing studies<ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref> for interconnections with Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Eastern Nile Basin (Sudan and Ethiopia) and Greece.<br/>
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.14: Indicators of Egyptian Grid<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 670px;" colspan="6" | <br/>
+
! scope="row" | Category
 +
! scope="col" | Installed Capacity
 +
! scope="col" | Max Load
 +
! scope="col" | Transmission Grid
 +
! scope="col" | Generated Energy
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 190px;" | Total
+
! scope="row" | Indicator
| style="width: 86px;" | 23,502
+
| 45192 MW
| style="width: 84px;" | 24,762
+
| 30400 MW
| style="width: 76px;" | 27,049
+
| 45000 Km
| style="width: 74px;" | 29,074
+
| 186320 GWh
| style="width: 135px;" | 30,803
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
<br/>
 +
 +
=== Electricity prices ===
 +
 +
The prices of electricity in Egypt range among the lowest in the world. The prices are fixed by the Egyptian and are highly subsidized. The tariff structure varies according to the type of consumption (i.e. residential, commercial, industrial) and amount consumed. Since the tariff is higher for higher consumption, there is an incentive to consume less. The lowest category of the residential tariff, up to 50 KWh/month, has remained unchanged since 1993 at 5 piasters (approximately 0.6 €-ct) per KWh.<br/>
 +
 +
<br/>
 +
 +
Since 2007, the government has been trying to cut costs for subsidies. In July 2014, electricity prices were increased as part of a five-year plan which aims to start generating profits from electricity, which is currently sold for less than half its production cost<ref name="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/2014/07/04/Minister-Egypt-raises-electricity-prices-.html">http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/2014/07/04/Minister-Egypt-raises-electricity-prices-.html</ref>.<br/>
 +
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
In addtion, Egypt has 30 decentralized power plants, mostly diesel and gas turbine units which are not connected to the national grid. The combined installed capacities of these plants added up to 224 MW in 2012/2013. Approximately 234.5 GWh of electricity were supplied to local users including tourist resorts.<br/>
+
 
Egypt is a net exporter of electricity, importing 77 GWh, while exporting 474 GWh of electricity in 2012. In 2012/2013, the average percentage network losses were 11.02%.<br/>
+
== Energy Security ==
Between 2001 and 2012, electricity production rose from 83,282 GWh to 164,364 GWh .The main source for the production of electricity is gas (66%) followed by hydro (18.2%) and oil (15.6%).<br/>
+
 
<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
+
*[[Egypt's_Energy_Security_-_Challenges_&_Possible_Futuristic_Scenarios|read more about Energy Security]]
 +
Despite the lack of profound resources and information, and the ambiguity of available data regarding energy security in Egypt, yet Atlam & Rapiea (2016)’s study on “''Assessing the Future Energy Security in Egypt''” can be used as a firm basis for investigating the energy security situation in the country.<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref>.<br/>
 +
 
 
= Renewable Energy =
 
= Renewable Energy =
<span style="line-height: 20.4px; font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Shares of renewable energies have not increased to a significant extent and continue to play a minor role in the energy supply structure. </span><span style="line-height: 20.4px; font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 2006, renewable energy sources reached a share of 12.5 % of total grid-connected electricity production. While 12 925 <span data-scaytid="11" data-scayt_word="gwh">GWh</span> (12 %) were produced by hydropower installations, wind power contributed another 616 <span data-scaytid="12" data-scayt_word="gwh">GWh</span> (0.5 %).</span><br/>
+
 
== Wind Energy<br/> ==
+
== General Data ==
The current installed wind capacity accounts for 550 MW (2010/2011). Egypt is endowed with abundant wind energy resources, especially in the Suez Gulf zone. After the implementation of several experimental wind farm projects, the Ministry of Electricity and Energy set up an ambitious plan for wind farm development aiming at a total installed capacity of 965 MW in 2011/2012.<ref>EEHC 2008. Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC): Annual Report 2007/2008, Cairo 2008</ref> Egypt has outstanding wind energy conditions. Particularly in the coastal regions, high and stable wind speeds are frequent (up to an average of 10.5 m/s in the Gulf of Suez). Furthermore, the country’s large deserts and abundant thinly populated areas are well suited for the construction of large wind farms.<br/>A detailed wind atlas has been compiled between 1998 and 2005 in a joint effort by <span data-scaytid="15" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span>, the Egyptian Meteorological Authority (<span data-scaytid="16" data-scayt_word="ema">EMA</span>) and the Danish <span data-scaytid="17" data-scayt_word="unep">UNEP</span> research <span data-scaytid="18" data-scayt_word="centre">centre</span> <span data-scaytid="19" data-scayt_word="risø">Risø</span>. The purpose of the project was to establish a solid meteorological basis for evaluating the country’s wind resources. In addition to data records, the atlas also surveys the Egyptian wind conditions on the basis of wind models and offers detailed, meteorologically based information on site requirements for <span data-scaytid="20" data-scayt_word="mediumsized">mediumsized</span> and large wind farms. The Wind Atlas covers the entire country. However, particular attention was given to six promising areas: the Northwest Coast, the Northeast Coast, the Gulf of <span data-scaytid="21" data-scayt_word="aqaba">Aqaba</span>, the Gulf of Suez, the Red Sea and the Western Desert. It is considered a reliable source of information and is used as the basis for all governmental decisions related to wind energy project planning and feasibility studies. A map of average wind speeds can be found in a study by Mortensen et al.<ref name="Mortensen et al. 2006: Wind Atlas for Egypt: Measurements , micro- and mesoscale modelling. Proceedings of the Third Middle East – North Africa Renewable Energy Conference (MENAREC 3), Cairo, Egypt, June 12-14. 12 pp. fckLR(http://www.windatlas.dk/Egypt/About.html)">Mortensen et al. 2006: Wind Atlas for Egypt: Measurements , micro- and mesoscale modelling. Proceedings of the Third Middle East – North Africa Renewable Energy Conference (MENAREC 3), Cairo, Egypt, June 12-14. 12 pp. fckLR(http://www.windatlas.dk/Egypt/About.html)</ref><br/>For further information a wind atlas has been published by members of the Wind Energy Division at <span data-scaytid="22" data-scayt_word="risø">Risø</span> <span data-scaytid="24" data-scayt_word="dtu">DTU</span> in <span data-scaytid="25" data-scayt_word="roskilde">Roskilde</span><ref name="www.windatlas.dk/Egypt/Index.htm">www.windatlas.dk/Egypt/Index.htm</ref>.<br/>A special wind <span data-scaytid="26" data-scayt_word="atlas36">atlas36</span> for the Gulf of Suez was completed in 2003.<ref name="Mortensen et al. 2003: Wind Atlas for the Gulf of Suez. Measurements and Modelling 1991-2001, New and Renewable Energy Authority, Cairo, and Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde 2003">Mortensen et al. 2003: Wind Atlas for the Gulf of Suez. Measurements and Modelling 1991-2001, New and Renewable Energy Authority, Cairo, and Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde 2003</ref> The assessment determined an overall potential capacity of 20 000 MW for wind power projects in the uninhabited desert regions to the west of the Gulf. A further brief study evaluated the meteorological data gathered from ten weather stations situated along the Mediterranean coast.<ref name="Shata, A.S. Ahmed: Evaluation of wind energy potential and power production on the coast of Mediterranean Sea in Egypt, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Energy and Automation Technology, Technical University Berlin, 2006.">Shata, A.S. Ahmed: Evaluation of wind energy potential and power production on the coast of Mediterranean Sea in Egypt, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Energy and Automation Technology, Technical University Berlin, 2006.</ref> Three locations – <span data-scaytid="27" data-scayt_word="sidi">Sidi</span> <span data-scaytid="28" data-scayt_word="barrani">Barrani</span>, <span data-scaytid="29" data-scayt_word="mersa">Mersa</span> <span data-scaytid="30" data-scayt_word="matruh">Matruh</span> and El <span data-scaytid="31" data-scayt_word="dabaa">Dabaa</span> – were founded to also exhibit suitable characteristics for the installation of wind turbines. The atlas further indicates that large regions of the eastern and western deserts of the Nile River and parts of Sinai are much higher then hitherto assumed.<br/>Egypt Wind Atlas was issued in December 2005 in co-operation with <span data-scaytid="33" data-scayt_word="riso">RISO</span> laboratories of Denmark, and '''Egyptian Meteorological Authority (<span data-scaytid="32" data-scayt_word="ema">EMA</span>)'''. It aims to indicate the areas with high wind speed which is qualified for wind energy projects. The Atlas concluded that, there are many promising areas with high wind speeds in the Gulf of Suez, some areas are located on both sides of the Nile River, and some areas in Sinai. These areas are qualified for hosting the establishment of large-scale wind energy projects.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
+
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.15: Egyptian Renewable Energy Production since 1965 in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
=== Framework Conditions ===
+
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
To know about the framework conditions for wind energy in Egypt see: [[Wind Energy Country Analysis Egypt#Framework Conditions for Wind Energy|Framework Conditions for wind energy]] [[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/><br/>
+
|-
=== Licensing Procedures ===
+
! scope="row" | Year
To know more about the Licensing procedures in Egypt see: [[Wind Energy Country Analysis Egypt#Licensing Procedures|Licensing Procedures in Egypt]]<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/><br/>
+
! scope="col" | 1965
=== Business Climate<br/> ===
+
! scope="col" | 1975
For more information about the business climate in Egypt, see: [[Wind Energy Country Analysis Egypt#Business Climate|Business environment for investing in Egypt]]<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
+
! scope="col" | 1985
== Solar Energy ==
+
! scope="col" | 1995
Solar energy use is still in its infancy, however, regarding the Solar Thermal power (in 2007), the German company <span data-scaytid="43" data-scayt_word="flagsol">Flagsol</span> GmbH won a tender to build a hybrid solar combined cycle plant with a total gross capacity of 140 MW. The solar field is located at ''<span data-scaytid="44" data-scayt_word="kuraymat">Kuraymat</span>'' <ref name="Ministry of Electricity & Energy / New & Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) Annual Report 2010/ 2011fckLR http://www.nrea.gov.eg/annual%20report/Annual_Report_English_2010-2011.pdf">Ministry of Electricity &amp;amp;amp;amp; Energy / New &amp;amp;amp;amp; Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) Annual Report 2010/ 2011fckLR http://www.nrea.gov.eg/annual%20report/Annual_Report_English_2010-2011.pdf</ref>and is co-financed by the Global Environmental Facility (<span data-scaytid="48" data-scayt_word="gef">GEF</span>) and the Japanese Bank for International Development. This <span data-scaytid="46" data-scayt_word="kuraymat">Kuraymat</span> site is located nearly 90 km South Cairo, and has been selected because of the following advantages:high intensity direct solar radiation reaches to 2400 kWh /<span data-scaytid="50" data-scayt_word="m2">m2</span> / year,an extended unified power grid and expanded natural gas pipelines,located near to the sources of water (the River Nile) and an uninhabited flat desert land.<br/><br/>The project based on parabolic trough technology integrated with combined cycle power plant using natural gas as a fuel.The project is one of 3 similar projects that are being implemented in Africa ([[Morocco Energy Situation|Morocco]], [[Algeria Energy Situation|Algeria]] and Egypt), and mainly depend on integrating solar field with combined cycle.The capacity of the project is : 140 MW including solar share of 20 MW. The Total cost is : about 340 Million US Dollar as follow: 50 Million dollar grant from '''Global Environment Facility (<span data-scaytid="53" data-scayt_word="gef">GEF</span>)''' – World Bank,190 Million US Dollar soft loan from '''Japanese International Cooperation Agency (<span data-scaytid="58" data-scayt_word="jica">JICA</span>)''' (0,75% interest – 40 years repayment period including 10 years grace period).<br/><br/>100 Million US Dollar provided by <span data-scaytid="56" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> through national banks.<br/><br/><br/>
+
! scope="col" | 2000
{| align="left" style="width: 754px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
+
! scope="col" | 2005
|+ <span data-scaytid="57" data-scayt_word="kuraymat">Kuraymat</span> project data
+
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Produced Capacity
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| .1
 +
| .5
 +
| 1.4
 +
| 1.9
 +
| 2.6
 +
| 2.7
 +
|}
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.16: Egyptian Renewable Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Year
 +
! scope="col" | 1965
 +
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Consumed Capacity
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| .1
 +
| .3
 +
| .4
 +
| .6
 +
| .6
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Egyptian Electricity Generation from Renewables by Source (2015,IEA).png|thumb|center|800px|Fig.7: Egyptian Electricity Generation from Renewables by Source (IEA, 2017)]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Generation-Share of Different Renewable Energy Sources in Egypt in 2015.PNG|thumb|center|350px|FIg.8: Generation-Share of Different Renewable Energy Sources in Egypt in 2015 (IEA, 2017)]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
In 2012, electricity production from renewable energy sources reached 14,855 GWh<ref name="http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=EGYPT&product=ElectricityandHeat">http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=EGYPT&product=ElectricityandHeat</ref>, which is a share of 9.04% of the total electricity production. While 13,358 GWh (8.13%) were produced by hydropower installations, wind power contributed another 1,260 GWh (0.77%) and solar PV 237 GWh (0.14%).<br/>
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
== Hydro ==
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.17: Egyptian Hydro-Generation since 1965 in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Year
 +
! scope="col" | 1965
 +
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Generated Capacity
 +
| 1.7
 +
| 6.8
 +
| 9.1
 +
| 11.2
 +
| 14.2
 +
| 12.6
 +
| 13
 +
| 13.7
 +
| 13.3
 +
| 13.4
 +
|}
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.18: Egyptian Hydro-Consumption from since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Year
 +
! scope="col" | 1965
 +
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Consumed Capacity
 +
| .4
 +
| 1.5
 +
| 2.1
 +
| 2.5
 +
| 3.2
 +
| 2.9
 +
| 2.9
 +
| 3.1
 +
| 3
 +
| 3
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Egyptian Hydro-Generation (IEA, 2017).png|thumb|center|800px|Fig.9: Egyptian Hydro-Generation (IEA, 2017)]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
The latest estimates of the hydropower installed capacity are approximately 2842 MW, accounting for about 7.2-9% of the total generated mix<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. Also, the ongoing implementation of 32 MW hydropower project in Assiut governorate and a 2400 MW pumping and storage plant in Attaqa-Suez, that is supposed to be operating by 2022, according to the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy & the Egyptian Holding Electricity Company<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref>.
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.19: Egypt's Hydroelectric Plants<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Operator
 +
! scope="col" | Comissioning Date
 +
! scope="col" | Installed Capacity (MW)
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | High Dam
 +
| 1967
 +
| 2100
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Aswan Dam 1
 +
| 1960
 +
| 280
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Aswan Dam 2
 +
| 1985/86
 +
| 270
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Esna&nbsp;
 +
| 1993
 +
| 86
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Nag' Hamadi
 +
| 2008
 +
| 64
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
&nbsp;
 +
 
 +
== Wind ==
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.20: Egyptian Wind-Power Generation since 1965 in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Year
 +
! scope="col" | 1965
 +
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Generation Capacity
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| .1
 +
| .5
 +
| 1.4
 +
| 1.9
 +
| 2.5
 +
| 2.5
 +
|}
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.21: Egyptian Wind-Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Year
 +
! scope="col" | 1965
 +
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Consumed Capacity
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| .1
 +
| .3
 +
| .4
 +
| .6
 +
| .6
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Egyptian Wind-Energy Generation (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.10: Egyptian Wind-Energy Generation (IEA, 2017)]]
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
Egypt is endowed with abundant wind energy resources, with many coastal regions, where high and stable wind speeds are frequent, especially in the Gulf of Suez and the Nile Valley, as wind speed could reach 10.5 m/s at 50m height<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>.
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.22: Egyptian Wind Indicators<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Indicator
 +
! scope="col" | Installed Capacity
 +
! scope="col" | Generated Energy
 +
! scope="col" | Fuel Savings
 +
! scope="col" | CO<sub>2</sub> Reductions
 +
! scope="col" | Potential Capacities
 
|-
 
|-
|  
+
! scope="row" | Value
! style="width: 377px;" scope="col" | ''Solar Island''
+
| 750-753 MW
! style="width: 248px;" scope="col" | ''Combined Cycle Island''
+
| 12600 GWh
 +
| 2.7 Mtoe
 +
| 6.8 Million Tons
 +
| 30000 MW
 +
|}
 +
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.23: Egyptian Major Wind Farms<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 
|-
 
|-
| Capacity (MW)
+
! scope="row" | Farm
| style="width: 377px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" | 20
+
! scope="col" | Za'farana
| style="width: 248px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" | 120
+
! scope="col" | Gebel El-Zeit
 +
! scope="col" | Hurghada
 
|-
 
|-
| Contractor
+
! scope="row" | Generated Capacity
| style="width: 377px;" | <span data-scaytid="61" data-scayt_word="orascom">Orascom</span> company
+
| 547 MW
| style="width: 248px;" | <span data-scaytid="62" data-scayt_word="iberdrolla">Iberdrolla</span> company
+
| 200 MW
 +
| 5 MW
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
== Solar ==
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.24: Egyptian Solar Production since 1965 in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 
|-
 
|-
| Status
+
! scope="row" | Year
| style="width: 377px;" | The project was completed , in 1/ 6 /2011<br/>initial handover certificate was issued with<br/>2 years guarantee
+
! scope="col" | 1965
| style="width: 248px;" | The project was completed. the installation<br/>completion certificate was issued in 4/ 5 / 2011 with 2 years guarantee
+
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| Area
+
! scope="row" | Procution Capacity
| style="width: 377px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" | The total area of the solar field is 644 thousand <span data-scaytid="69" data-scayt_word="m2">m<sup>2</sup></span>. the total solar collectors are<br/>1920 including 5370 mirrors
+
| -
| style="width: 248px;" |  
+
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| <.1
 +
| .1
 +
| .1
 +
| .1
 +
| .2
 
|}
 
|}
<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>
+
<p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.25: Egyptian Solar Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>Commercial operation is scheduled for mid 2010. Egypt plans to extend the solar capacities with further solar thermal and photovoltaic power plant projects.<ref>Solar Millenium AG 2008</ref>The five year plan (<span data-scaytid="73" data-scayt_word="2012→2017">2012→2017</span>) includes implementing 100 MW solar thermal power plant as solar energy projects are considered as corner stone in disseminating renewable energy utilization. ''<span data-scaytid="74" data-scayt_word="kom">Kom</span> <span data-scaytid="75" data-scayt_word="ombo">Ombo</span> ''site was selected to host 100 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant Project. The consultant was selected in June 2011 in order to conduct the project feasibility study. It is expected to be finalized in mid-2012. The available finance to date is 440 Million dollar divided as follows: 100 Million dollar from <span data-scaytid="76" data-scayt_word="ctf">CTF</span> (99 million dollar as loan + 1 Million grant to prepare the environmental study and technical support), 170 Million dollar from the World Bank,170 Million dollar from African Development Bank,50 Million Euro from European Investment Bank, 50 Million Euro from French Agency Development and 50 Million Euro from German Government.<br/>As for the '''[[Photovoltaic (PV)|PV power]]'''; despite being an expensive technology, Photovoltaic systems are considered the most appropriate energy application for rural and remote areas of small scattered loads which are far away from national grid. The cost of PV systems’ maintenance is limited while the PV life time is about 25 years. The total installed capacity of PV systems in Egypt is around 10 MW for lighting, water pumping, wireless communications, cooling and commercial advertisements on highways.<br/><br/><span data-scaytid="78" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> signed a protocol for co-operation with the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea to electrify two remote settlements in <span data-scaytid="82" data-scayt_word="matrouh">Matrouh</span> <span data-scaytid="83" data-scayt_word="governorate">Governorate</span> by PV systems. The project consists of: the electrification of 100 houses and 40 street light units, electrification of 1 school and 3 mosques and the electrification of 2 medical clinic units. The project has been completed and operated since December 2010.<br/><br/>Regarding the Future plan of Egypt for PV Projects : there is a proposed project to implement 20 MW solar Plant in <span data-scaytid="87" data-scayt_word="hurghada">Hurghada</span> in co-operation with <span data-scaytid="85" data-scayt_word="jica">JICA</span> where '''Tokyo Electric Power Service Company (<span data-scaytid="89" data-scayt_word="tepsco">TEPSCO</span>) '''was selected to conduct the project feasibility study.The solar radiation measurement equipment was supplied beside the supply of 2 modules to measure the sand effect in the site according to solar cell performance has been erected since October 2011. The duration of the project is 18 month started from 18 January. Moreover, the second proposed project is to implement 20 MW solar plant in <span data-scaytid="99" data-scayt_word="kom">kom</span> <span data-scaytid="97" data-scayt_word="ombo">Ombo</span> in co-operation with French development agency (<span data-scaytid="101" data-scayt_word="afd">AFD</span>) where the feasibility study will be prepared through a grant presented from <span data-scaytid="102" data-scayt_word="afd">AFD</span> with an amount of 800 thousand Euro .The grant agreement to be signed between The Ministry of International Cooperation & <span data-scaytid="103" data-scayt_word="afd">AFD</span> is under study. .<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
+
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
== Hydro Power ==
 
The total installed capacity from hydropower accounted for 2 842 MW in 2008. Hydropower installations include High Dam (2 100 MW), Aswan Dam I (322 MW), Aswan Dam II (270 MW), <span data-scaytid="110" data-scayt_word="esna">Esna</span> (86 MW). Current hydro power projects include the New <span data-scaytid="111" data-scayt_word="hammasi">Hammasi</span> plant with an installed capacity of 4 x 16 MW, which started operations in 2008. For 2014, the commissioning of the New <span data-scaytid="112" data-scayt_word="assuit">Assuit</span> Barrage hydro electricity plant, with an installed capacity of 32 MW, is projected. [[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 
= Electricity Situation<ref name="EEHC 2008">EEHC 2008</ref> =
 
<span style="line-height: 20.4px; font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Egypt is a net exporter of electricity, importing 208 <span data-scaytid="114" data-scayt_word="gwh">GWh</span> of electricity in 2006, while exporting 557 <span data-scaytid="115" data-scayt_word="gwh">GWh</span>. Transmission and distribution losses account for approximately 10 % (12 583 <span data-scaytid="116" data-scayt_word="gwh">GWh</span>) of total electricity produced.<span style="line-height: 20.4px; font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 2005, losses added up to 16 % of total electricity supply. The main consumer of electricity in Egypt is the residential sector which accounts for 37 % of the total consumption, followed close by the industrial sector (35 %). A future average annual growth in electricity demand of 6.35 % is expected, partly due to rising living standards and very low electricity prices.</span></span><br/><br/><br/>
 
{| align="left" style="width: 509px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 366px;" | Economic Sector
+
! scope="row" | Year
| style="width: 130px;" | <span data-scaytid="122" data-scayt_word="gwh">GWh</span>
+
! scope="col" | 1965
 +
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 366px;" | Industry
+
! scope="row" | Consumption Capacity
| style="width: 130px;" | 34569
+
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
| <.1
 +
| <.1
 +
| <.1
 +
| <.1
 +
| <.1
 +
| <.1
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Egyptian Solar Generation (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.11: Egyptian Solar Generation (IEA, 2017)]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
Though solar energy use in the country is still in its infancy, yet the country has a great potential in the solar sector. With accordance to the EIA's latest report, the country only has 30 MW of installed solar capacity so far<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. Additionally, there is one solar thermal project, an integrated solar combined-cycle power plant. Here, the solar power partially replaces fossil fuel. The plant has an overall capacity of 140 MW, of which the solar input is 20 MW. More PV projects are in the pipeline, one in Hurghada (20 MW, expected start of operation 2016), and one in Kom Ombo (20 MW, expected the start of operation 2016).<ref>https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1</ref><br/><br/>
 +
 
 +
Also, the Egyptian government has a huge scheme to boost the solar sector by installing a 1.8 GW solar park, which to be developed in Benban<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. As part of reaching that goal, the Egyptian government has closed two deals on two different fronts; the 1st is with Norway's Scatec Solar to build six solar photovoltaic plants with a combined capacity of 400 MW, while the 2nd is with Saudi firma Acwa for another three solar photovoltaic plants with a capacity of 120 MW<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>.
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.26: Egyptian Solar Potential Indicators<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 366px;" | Residential
+
! scope="row" | Indicator
| style="width: 130px;" | 34596
+
! scope="col" | Direct Solar Radiaton
 +
! scope="col" | Sunshine Duration
 +
! scope="col" | Potential Capacities
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 366px;" | Commercial and Public Service
+
! scope="row" | Value
| style="width: 130px;" | 11541
+
| 2000-3000 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/year
 +
| 9-11 hours/day
 +
| >50000 MW
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
= Fossil Fuels =
 +
 
 +
== Oil ==
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.27: Egyptian Proved Oil Reserves since 1980 in Barrels<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 366px;" | Agriculture and Forestry
+
! scope="row" | Year
| style="width: 130px;" | 3697
+
! scope="col" | 1980
 +
! scope="col" | 1990
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 366px;" | Other
+
! scope="row" | Reserves (Thosuand million barrel)
| style="width: 130px;" | 12040
+
| 2.9
 +
| 3.5
 +
| 3.6
 +
| 4.5
 +
| 3.5
 +
| 3.4
 +
| 3.3
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.28: Egyptian Oil Production in Barrels since 1965<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 501px;" colspan="2" |  
+
! scope="row" | Year
 +
! scope="col" | 1965
 +
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 366px;" | Total
+
! scope="row" | Prduction (1000 barrels/day)
| style="width: 130px;" | 99443
+
| 126
 +
| 228
 +
| 882
 +
| 924
 +
| 779
 +
| 672
 +
| 725
 +
| 726
 +
| 691
 +
| 660
 
|}
 
|}
<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>In order to meet the expected growth in demand, <span data-scaytid="129" data-scayt_word="eehc">EEHC</span> prepared the <span data-scaytid="130" data-scayt_word="6th">6th</span> five year plan (2008 – 2012). The plan entails adding electricity production capacity of 7 750 MW, while at the same time maximizing the use of combined cycle installations to reach a 37 % share of the total installed capacity in 2011/2012. On 31 January 2009, the government has finalized the follow-up five-year plan from 2012 – 2017 which aims at adding further 10 450 MW generation capacity.<br/><br/>
+
 
{| style="width: 524px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
+
<br/>
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.29: Egyptian Oil Consumption since 1965<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Year
 +
! scope="col" | 1965
 +
! scope="col" | 1975
 +
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | <br/>
+
! scope="row" | Consumption (1000 barrels/day)
| style="width: 90px;" | 07/08
+
| 131
| style="width: 92px;" | 06/07
+
| 159
| style="width: 88px;" | %-change
+
| 406
 +
| 463
 +
| 552
 +
| 617
 +
| 766
 +
| 833
 +
| 854
 +
| 816
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.30: Egyptian Refinery/Oil Products' Production since 1980<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 516px;" colspan="4" | <span data-scaytid="131" data-scayt_word="gwh">GWh</span>
+
! scope="row" | Year
 +
! scope="col" | 1980
 +
! scope="col" | 1990
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | Steam
+
! scope="row" | Output (1000 barrels/day)
| style="width: 90px;" | 53076
+
| 277
| style="width: 92px;" | 52082
+
| 489
| style="width: 88px;" | 1.9
+
| 497
 +
| 580
 +
| 530
 +
| 509
 +
| 508
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">Table.31: Egyptian Refinery/Oil Products' Production Capacity since 1965<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p>
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | Gas
+
! scope="row" | Year
| style="width: 90px;" | 9361
+
! scope="col" | 1965
| style="width: 92px;" | 6888
+
! scope="col" | 1975
| style="width: 88px;" | 35.9
+
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | Combined Cycle
+
! scope="row" | Capacity (1000 barrels/day)
| style="width: 90px;" | 33345
+
| 181
| style="width: 92px;" | 29892
+
| 201
| style="width: 88px;" | 11.6
+
| 433
 +
| 633
 +
| 654
 +
| 810
 +
| 810
 +
| 810
 +
| 810
 +
| 810
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:00- Egyptian Annual Petroleum & Other Oil-Products Production, Consumption, Net Exports & Net Imports (EIA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.12: Egyptian Annual Petroleum & Other Oil-Products Production, Consumption, Net Exports & Net Imports (EIA, 2018)]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:01- Egyptian Production of Crude Oil & Other Oil-Products (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.13: Egyptian Production of Crude Oil & Other Oil-Products (IEA, 2017)]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:02- Final Egyptian Consumption of Oil & Oil-Products (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.14: Final Egyptian Consumption of Oil & Oil-Products (IEA, 2017)]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:03- Egyptian Oil-Products Consumption By Sector (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|350px|Fig.15: Egyptian Oil-Products Consumption By Sector]]
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
== Natural Gas ==
 +
 
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|+ Table.32: Egyptian Proved Natural Gas Reserves since 1980 in Tcm<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | Total Thermal
+
! scope="row" | Year
| style="width: 90px;" | 95782
+
! scope="col" | 1980
| style="width: 92px;" | 88862
+
! scope="col" | 1990
| style="width: 88px;" | 7.8
+
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | Hydro
+
! scope="row" | Estimated Reserves
| style="width: 90px;" | 15510
+
| .1
| style="width: 92px;" | 12925
+
| .4
| style="width: 88px;" | 20
+
| 1.4
 +
| 2.1
 +
| 1.8
 +
| 1.8
 +
| 1.8
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|+ Table.33: Egyptian Natural Gas Production in Bcm since 1970<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | Wind (<span data-scaytid="133" data-scayt_word="zafrana">Zafrana</span>)
+
! scope="row" | Year
| style="width: 90px;" | 831
+
! scope="col" | 1970
| style="width: 92px;" | 616
+
! scope="col" | 1980
| style="width: 88px;" | 34.9
+
! scope="col" | 1990
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | Total grid
+
! scope="row" | Production Capacity
| style="width: 90px;" | 112123
+
| .1
| style="width: 92px;" | 102403
+
| 2.1
| style="width: 88px;" | 9.5
+
| 7.8
 +
| 20.2
 +
| 59
 +
| 42.6
 +
| 40.3
 +
| 49
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|+ Table.34: Egyptian Natural Gas Consumption since 1965<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | Isolated plants
+
! scope="row" | Year
| style="width: 90px;" | 350
+
! scope="col" | 1965
| style="width: 92px;" | 347
+
! scope="col" | 1975
| style="width: 88px;" | 0.86
+
! scope="col" | 1985
 +
! scope="col" | 1995
 +
! scope="col" | 2000
 +
! scope="col" | 2005
 +
! scope="col" | 2010
 +
! scope="col" | 2015
 +
! scope="col" | 2016
 +
! scope="col" | 2017
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 231px;" | Purchased from <span data-scaytid="134" data-scayt_word="ipps">IPPs</span>
+
! scope="row" | Consumption Capacity (Bcm)
| style="width: 90px;" | 14
+
| <.1
| style="width: 92px;" | 32.2
+
| <.1
| style="width: 88px;" | (56.5)
+
| 4.7
 +
| 12.1
 +
| 19.3
 +
| 30.4
 +
| 43.4
 +
| 46
 +
| 49.4
 +
| 56
 
|}
 
|}
[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/><br/>
+
 
== Electricity Grid ==
+
<br/>
In 2007 / 2008, the state-owned carrier grid consisted of 39 552 km. The grid is subdivided into six geographical zones, namely Cairo, Canal, Delta, Alexandria and West Delta, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt. The country’s entire territory is covered by the grid. Medium and low voltage as well as isolated grids are owned and operated by the respective distribution companies. In June 2008, the distribution grid consisted of 142 983 km of medium voltage and 230 187 km of low voltage lines (not including non-energy use). Since 1998, efforts have been made to interconnect the Egyptian electricity grid internationally. As a result, the five-country interconnection of Egypt’s system with those of [[Jordan Energy Situation|Jordan]], [[Syria Energy Situation|Syria]], <span data-scaytid="137" data-scayt_word="lybia">Lybia</span> and [[Turkey Energy Situation|Turkey]] has been completed in 2002.<ref name="EIA 2008. Energy Information Administration. Country Analysis Briefs – Egypt.">EIA 2008. Energy Information Administration. Country Analysis Briefs – Egypt.</ref>Links to the European electricity market have been established through the sub-marine connection between Morocco and Spain (400 KV) and over the connection Syria –Turkey. In April 2004, the Arab <span data-scaytid="139" data-scayt_word="maghreb">Maghreb</span> countries agreed to <span data-scaytid="140" data-scayt_word="repower">repower</span> the national grids of Egypt and Libya in order to upgrade the interconnection.In the fiscal year 2007 / 2008, the '''Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (<span data-scaytid="138" data-scayt_word="eehc">EEHC</span>)''' faced a challenge meeting the unexpectedly high peak demand, reaching 19 738 MW<br/><br/><br/><br/>
+
 
{| style="width: 768px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
+
[[File:NG 01- Egyptian Natural Gas Production, Consumption, Net Exports, Net Imports (EIA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.16: Egyptian Natural Gas Production, Consumption, Net Exports, Net Imports (EIA, 2018)]]<br/>
|+ '''THE EGYPTIAN TRANSMISSION GRID, KEY FIGURES 2008'''<ref name="EEHC 2008">EEHC 2008</ref><br/>
+
 
 +
[[File:NG 02- Egyptian Natural Gas Production (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig,17: Egyptian Natural Gas Production (IEA, 2017)]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:NG 03- Egyptian Natural Gas Consumption (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.18: Egyptian Natural Gas Consumption (IEA, 2017)]]<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:NG 04- Egyptian Sectorial Natural Gas Consumption (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|350px|Fig.19: Egyptian Sectorial Natural Gas Consumption (IEA, 2017)]]
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
 +
 
 +
The main and utmost challenge that Egypt currently faces, that is mentioned in almost any literature that is related to energy in Egypt, is the un-controlable and continuously increasing population growth. Yet, the Egyptian energy sector has few other challenges that need to be dealt with adequately and seriously, otherwise Egypt will have to deal with a catastrophic energy situation within the few years to come. These challenges can be summarized in the following points:
 +
 
 +
#The decline of Egyptian oil and natural gas reserves; as proved oil reserves have decreased from 4.5 million barrels in 2009 to 4.2 million barrels in 2013, while natural gas reserves have decreased from 78 trillion cubic feet in 2010 to 77.2 trillion cubic feet in 2014<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref><ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>.
 +
#The fact that the current Egyptian energy mixture is not properly diversified, as Egypt, heavily and mainly depends on oil, natural gas and the hydroelectric power from the Nile, with the third being close to nothing and even descending more, then Egypt is left with only both oil and natural gas representing approximately 90.4-94.4% of the total primary energy consumption till 2014<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref><ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref>.
 +
#The gap between supply and demand of oil, since the supply ratio is about 52.7% of the demand<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref><ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>.
 +
#The majority of the Egyptian imported oil (~4.9 million tons), comes only from three suppliers: Kuwait, Iraq and Oman –according to the Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum- in 2014<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref>.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Such a low variety of oil importers increases the probability of the risk of Egypt being negatively affected by any geopolitical instabilities in one or all of these importers, consequently affecting its ability to secure domestic demands in such situations<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref>.</span>
 +
#<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The low percentage of private investment in the energy sector (~16% in 2014/15), which in a way confines and hinders the technological aspects of energy production, distribution and consumption<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref><ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref>.</span>
 +
#<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The aging, un-maintained, low to non-efficient, mal-planned Egyptian infrastructure, especially in the energy sectors, which when faced with any sign of major problem, would lead to catastrophic outcomes, as for example, the daily blackouts of 2013 and 2014 summers, where electricity used to be completely absent allover Egypt for 6-8 hours/day through different times of the day<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref><ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref>.</span>
 +
#<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The non-existence of clear, to the point and profound strategies to be properly integrated in the Egyptian energy sector, and the un-clarity and complete randomness of the existent mixed ones, which are mostly unreliable, un-applicable strategies designed by totally different and varied institutions and energy-suppliers with different agendas and mentalities, eventually hindering any possible appropriate application or planning a proper solution(s) to secure energy supply<ref name="Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930">Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930</ref>.</span>
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations</span> =
 +
 
 +
== <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">General Information</span>==
 +
 
 +
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The combination of increasing demand, decreasing production and high subsidies for fuel have put a strain on the Egyptian energy sector and led to an enormous public deficit. As of June 2014, Egypt owed 7.5 billion USD and counting to foreign oil and gas companies alone <ref name="http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=eg">http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=eg</ref>. In order help meeting the energy demand and to prevent an Egyptian energy crisis, Gulf countries have been providing financial aid to Egypt. However, this kind of aid is expected to decrease as the Gulf countries are impacted by the falling oil prices of 2015.</span><br/>
 +
 
 +
<br/><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One topic dominating energy policy debates in Egypt is the use of coal. In April 2014, the government approved the industrial use of coal. This is especially relevant for cement factories, as these are particularly energy intensive and have occasionally been cut off from the energy supply as the government's priority was to preserve gas for power generation<ref name="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/05/egypt-cement-coal-idUSL6N0SU2YB20141105">http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/05/egypt-cement-coal-idUSL6N0SU2YB20141105</ref>.</span><br/><br/>
 +
 
 +
== <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Renewable Energy Policy</span>==
 +
 
 +
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In February 2008, the Egyptian government adopted a New National Renewable Energy Strategy. It sets out the ambitious goal to achieve a generation of 20% of the country’s electricity from renewable resources by 2020. 12 percentage points (7,200 MW) are supposed to be covered by wind energy. One-third of the planned RE capacity will be state-owned projects financed through public investments by the New and Renewable Energy Agency (NREA) in cooperation with international financing institutions. Two thirds will be private sector projects, which will be supported by policies structured in three phases:</span><br/>
 +
 
 +
*<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Phase 1 will adopt competitive bids through issuing tenders requesting the private sector to supply electricity from renewable energy sources.</span><br/>
 +
*<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In Phase 2, a feed-in-tariff will be implemented, in particular for medium and small size projects.</span><br/>
 +
*<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Phase 3 allows investors to build and operate renewable energy power plants to satisfy their electricity needs or to sell electricity to other consumers through the national grid.</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Also, an RE support fund is supposed to be established to cover the feed-in tariff payments.</span><br/>
 +
 
 +
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In September 2014, the government approved the issuance of feed-in tariffs for solar PV and wind projects.<br/>The new Presidential Decree 1947/2014 of October 2014 provides for fixed feed-in-tariffs over 25 years for PV and over 20 years for wind. These tariffs will be adjusted as soon as the following ceilings are reached: 300 MW of small PV (< 500 kW), 2000 MW of medium PV (500 kW – 50 MW), and 2000 MW of wind. The tariffs are going to be paid according to plant capacity. The details are outlined in a [http://egyptera.org/Downloads/taka guiding document published by the Egyptian Electric Utility for Consumer Protection and Regulatory Agency (EgyptERA)].</span><br/>
 +
 
 +
<br/><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The FIT scheme is complemented by Law 203/2014 of 22 December 2014 whereby the Egyptian TSO (EETC) and the local distribution companies are obliged to connect a RES project to the grid. The costs of the connection shall be borne by the producer, while the government shall fund any extension of the grid. They are also obliged to purchase the electricity generated by qualifying projects and, if this is not feasible, compensate the producer.</span><br/><br/>
 +
 
 +
== <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Energy Efficiency Policy</span> ==
 +
 
 +
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Egypt has adopted a National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) (2012-2015) with cumulative energy efficiency targets of 5%. At the Council of Minister's secretariat, there is an EE unit which is the mandated entity for developing and implementing this plan. However, there is no designated energy efficiency agency and no general legal framework for EE measures<ref name="http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/egypt_ee_fact_sheet_print.pdf">http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/egypt_ee_fact_sheet_print.pdf</ref>.<br/>Some steps have been taken to improve energy efficiency:</span><br/>
 +
 
 +
*<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mandatory EE codes for residential buildings (2006), commercial buildings (2009), and government buildings (2011) have been adopted.</span><br/>
 +
*<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Minimum performance standards with mandatory labeling schemes have been adopted for refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, air conditioners, CFLs, and electric water heaters.</span><br/>
 +
 
 +
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">By 2012, 750,000 m2 of Solar Water Heaters had been installed and 10.25 million Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) had been distributed. However, there are no buildings which are built according to EE building code and no demonstration projects for energy-efficient buildings.</span><br/><br/>
 +
 
 +
= <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector</span> =
 +
 
 +
== <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Governmental Bodies, Agencies & Utilities</span>==
 +
 
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|+ Table.35: Egyptian Energy-Sector Governmental Bodies/Agencies<ref name="Meier, P. Vagliasindi, M. Imran, M. Eberhard, A. & Siyambalapitiya, T. (2015). The Design and Sustainability of Renewable Energy Incentives: An Economic Analysis. Retrieved From: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1">Meier, P. Vagliasindi, M. Imran, M. Eberhard, A. & Siyambalapitiya, T. (2015). The Design and Sustainability of Renewable Energy Incentives: An Economic Analysis. Retrieved From: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1</ref>
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Body/Agency
 +
! scope="col" | Abbreviation
 +
! scope="col" | Establishment
 +
! scope="col" | Role
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Ministry of Electricity and Energy
 +
| MOEE
 +
| 1964
 +
|
 +
*Supervising all activities related to energy projects<br/>
 +
*Suggesting electricity prices<br/>
 +
*Publishing data and statistics relating to electricity production<br/>
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span>'''New and Renewable Energy Authority'''<br/>
 +
| NREA
 +
| 1986, by MOEE
 +
|
 +
*Bundling activities aiming to promote both renewable energy soures and energy efficiency<br/>
 +
*Acts as the national focal point for expanding efforts to introduce and develop renewable technologies in Egypt<br/>
 +
*Implementation of related energy conservation programs<br/>
 +
*Responsible for development, ownership and operation of governmental wind projects
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
 +
| EEAA
 +
| 1982, and restructured in 1994
 +
|
 +
*Executive arm of the Ministry of Environment<br/>
 +
*Formulation of environmental policies<br/>
 +
*Development and monitoring of projects<br/>
 +
*Implementation of pilot projects<br/>
 +
*Tha national autority in charge of promoting environmental topics<br/>
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 260px;" | <br/>
+
! scope="row" | Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency&nbsp;
| style="width: 85px;" | 500 kV
+
| EgyptERA
| style="width: 67px;" | 400 kV
+
| 1997, upon decree
| style="width: 98px;" | 220 kV
+
|  
| style="width: 78px;" | 132 kV
+
*Balance the interests of electricity producers, providers and end users<br/>
| style="width: 89px;" | 66 kV
+
*Ensure reliable long term supply of electriciy<br/>
| style="width: 53px;" | <span data-scaytid="142" data-scayt_word="33kv">33kv</span>
+
*Promoting and supervising environmental protection and operational reliability in the energy sector<br/>
 +
*Licensing the construction and operation of electricity generation, transmission and distribution facilities<br/>
 +
*Electricity trading<br/>
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 260px;" | Transformer capacity (<span data-scaytid="143" data-scayt_word="mva">MVA</span>)
+
! scope="row" | Egyptian Electricity Holding Company&nbsp;
| style="width: 85px;" | 7765
+
| EEHC
| style="width: 67px;" | n.s.
+
| 2000, As a result of major institutional reform tha took place through law 164
| style="width: 98px;" | 28850
+
|  
| style="width: 78px;" | 3427
+
*Coordinates, supervises and monitors the activities of its affiliated companies in the fields of production, transmission and distribution of electric energy.
| style="width: 89px;" | 35223
+
 
| style="width: 53px;" | 1769
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 260px;" | Total length of transmission lines
+
! scope="row" | Egyptian Energy Transmission Company&nbsp;
| style="width: 85px;" | 2478
+
| EETC
| style="width: 67px;" | 33
+
| 1976
| style="width: 98px;" | 14912
+
|  
| style="width: 78px;" | 2429
+
*Responsible for the country-wide transmission of electricity to regional and local distributors.
| style="width: 89px;" | 16986
+
 
| style="width: 53px;" | 2713
 
 
|}
 
|}
<br/><br/><br/>
+
 
{| style="width: 723px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
+
<br/>
|+ '''PEAK LOADS IN THE INTERCONNECTED ELECTRICITY GRID; 2003 – 2008'''<ref name="EEHC 2008">EEHC 2008</ref><br/>
+
 
 +
The current Egyptian electricity market is completely composed of governmental owned utilities, which can be divided into: 6 for generation, 1 for transmission and 9 for distribution<ref name="Meier, P. Vagliasindi, M. Imran, M. Eberhard, A. & Siyambalapitiya, T. (2015). The Design and Sustainability of Renewable Energy Incentives: An Economic Analysis. Retrieved From: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1">Meier, P. Vagliasindi, M. Imran, M. Eberhard, A. & Siyambalapitiya, T. (2015). The Design and Sustainability of Renewable Energy Incentives: An Economic Analysis. Retrieved From: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1</ref>, which all are operating under the direct management of the EEHC, as shown in the following figure (Fig.20)<ref name="Meier, P. Vagliasindi, M. Imran, M. Eberhard, A. & Siyambalapitiya, T. (2015). The Design and Sustainability of Renewable Energy Incentives: An Economic Analysis. Retrieved From: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1">Meier, P. Vagliasindi, M. Imran, M. Eberhard, A. & Siyambalapitiya, T. (2015). The Design and Sustainability of Renewable Energy Incentives: An Economic Analysis. Retrieved From: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1</ref>.
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Egypt Sectorial Structure.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.20: Egypt Sectorial Structure (Peter et al., 2015)]]
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On the other hand, the whole petroleum sector in Egypt is run by main five state-owned enterprises, with accordance to the latest EIA's Egypt's analysis brief (2018), which can be summarized in the following table.</span><br/>
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
 +
|+ Table.36: Egypt's Petroleum Sector Main Enterprises<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Enterprise
 +
! scope="col" | Abbreviaton
 +
! scope="col" | Establishment
 +
! scope="col" | Role
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation
 +
| EGPC
 +
| 1956
 +
|
 +
*Manage upstream oil activities<br/>
 +
*Issue upstream licenses<br/>
 +
 
 +
(Focus on activities the country, except Southern)<br/>
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company
 +
| EGAS
 +
| 2001
 +
|
 +
*Oversees the development, production and marketing of natural gas<br/>
 +
*Organizing international exploration bid rounds<br/>
 +
*Awarding natural gas exploration licenses<br/>
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" | Egyptian Petrochemicals Holding Company
 +
| ECHEM
 +
| 2002
 +
|
 +
*Developing the petrochemical sector
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 255px;" | <br/>
+
! scope="row" | Egyptian Mineral Resources Authority
| style="width: 96px;" | 03/04
+
| EMRA
| style="width: 67px;" | 04/05
+
| 1896
| style="width: 105px;" | 05/06
+
|  
| style="width: 78px;" | 06/07
+
*Mineral resources assessment<br/>
| style="width: 89px;" | 07/08
+
*Geological mapping of the country<br/>
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="width: 255px;" | Peak load (MW)
+
! scope="row" | Ganoub El-Wadi Holding Company
| style="width: 96px;" | 14735
+
| Ganope
| style="width: 67px;" | 15678
+
| 2003
| style="width: 105px;" | 17300
+
|  
| style="width: 78px;" | 18500
+
*Manage upstream oil activities<br/>
| style="width: 89px;" | 19728
+
*Issue upstream licenses<br/>
 +
 
 +
(Focus on activities in the Southern Region)&nbsp;<br/>
 +
 
 
|}
 
|}
<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 
== Electricity Price ==
 
The electricity prices in Egypt range among the lowest in the world. The prices are fixed by the Egyptian government in a non-transparent manner and apply in equal manner to all regions. Electricity is highly subsidized. Since October 2004, several electricity tariffs were raised, by an average of 8.6 %, for the first time since 1992 and further 5 % increases were set for all electricity customers for each of the following five years. The last increase took place in November 2008. In 2008, the rise summed up to 7.5 %, including an additional 2.5 %-increase caused by high oil prices.<br/>Although the increase in some segments exceeded 18 %; prices of the first segment of domestic consumption (less than 50 kWh per month, mainly composed of low income families) remained unchanged at 5 Pt (approximately 0.62 €<span data-scaytid="147" data-scayt_word="-ct">-ct</span>). The highest increase was seen for the residential consumers with a demand of >1000 kWh/ month. The governmental plan was intended to gradually accommodate the electricity prices to the actual cost of the electricity system. However, taking into consideration annual inflation rates exceeding 5 %, these increases may not suffice. The new electricity law is supposed to specify the main principles of price regulation such as the ones mentioned above.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 
== Rural Electrification<br/> ==
 
Under the Egyptian government rural electrification <span data-scaytid="149" data-scayt_word="programme">programme</span>, a countrywide electrification rate of 99 % was achieved through grid extension projects. As assessed in a study by <span data-scaytid="150" data-scayt_word="medrec">MEDREC</span><ref name="MEDREC 2004. Mediterranean Renewable Energy Center: MEDREC Report 2004, available at: http://www.medrec.org/en/download/REPORT%20MEDREC%202004_egypt.pdf ; Retrieved on 10.09.2009">MEDREC 2004. Mediterranean Renewable Energy Center: MEDREC Report 2004, available at: http://www.medrec.org/en/download/REPORT%20MEDREC%202004_egypt.pdf ; Retrieved on 10.09.2009</ref> in 2004, there have been approximately 121 remote villages and communities which still do not have access to electricity. The Rural Electrification Authority’s target for 2008 was to electrify 327 little settlements, the strengthening of 31 village grids and the refurbishment of 41 further grids.<ref name="MoEE 2009. Ministry of Electricity and Energy. http://www.moee.gov.eg; Retrieved on: 02.09.2009">MoEE 2009. Ministry of Electricity and Energy. http://www.moee.gov.eg; Retrieved on: 02.09.2009</ref><br/><br/>For the few remaining remote settlements, the decentralized use of renewable energy resources is under consideration as an alternative to actual grid access. Due to the dispersed nature of both houses and rural communities, in addition to their low demand, the extension of the grid is economically unfeasible. The project <span data-scaytid="154" data-scayt_word="medrep">MEDREP</span>, a joint project being conducted by <span data-scaytid="152" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span>, the <span data-scaytid="156" data-scayt_word="governorate">governorate</span> of North Sinai, the Egyptian environmental authorities, the Rural Electrification Agency (REA) and initiated by the Italian Ministry of Environment in 2004, aims at supplying electricity through photovoltaic to these remote rural communities as well as the utilization of solar thermal energy for heating and cooling purposes in tourist resorts and new villages.<ref>MEDREC 2004</ref><br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 
= Political Framework Conditions in the Energy Sector<br/> =
 
Egypt has a national energy strategy, although only adopted at the level of the energy policy committee of the governing party. The strategy covers the diversification of the energy mix, higher energy efficiency, a reform of the electricity and the oil as well as natural gas markets and reduction of energy subsidies. The renewable energy strategy is a fundamental part of the national energy strategy.<br/><br/>The diversification of the energy mix in the electricity sector is one of the main goals of the energy strategy. It aims to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels while increasing the share of renewable energy sources and giving a new impulse to the nuclear electricity program suspended in the <span data-scaytid="158" data-scayt_word="1980s">1980s</span>. In February 2008, the government set a new ambitious target of 20 % renewable energy in electricity production by 2020 excluding existing large hydro power plants.<ref name="JCEE 2009 - Egyptian-German High Level Joint Committee for cooperation on renewable energy and energy efficiency and environmental protection http://www.jcee-eg.net Retrieved on 8th September 2009">JCEE 2009 - Egyptian-German High Level Joint Committee for cooperation on renewable energy and energy efficiency and environmental protection http://www.jcee-eg.net Retrieved on 8th September 2009</ref> Although no nuclear electricity generation targets have been set, the government launched a nuclear electricity plan in 2007. First steps to implement it have already been taken.<ref name="ESIS 2008 - Egypt State Information Service. Egypt on the Threshold of a Nuclear Age. (http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Pub/magazin/winter2008/110235000000000015.htm) Retrieved on 10th September 2009; NPPA 2009 - Nuclear Power Plants Authority. Egyptian Nuclear Program. Technical meeting on invitation and evaluation of bids for nuclear power plants. (http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/...F/.../Egypt_Ali_Abd_El_Nabi.pdf) Retrieved on 8th September 2009">ESIS 2008 - Egypt State Information Service. Egypt on the Threshold of a Nuclear Age. (http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Pub/magazin/winter2008/110235000000000015.htm) Retrieved on 10th September 2009; NPPA 2009 - Nuclear Power Plants Authority. Egyptian Nuclear Program. Technical meeting on invitation and evaluation of bids for nuclear power plants. (http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/...F/.../Egypt_Ali_Abd_El_Nabi.pdf) Retrieved on 8th September 2009</ref><br/><br/>Improving energy efficiency is a fundamental part of the strategy as well. It aims at tackling the fast growth of primary energy consumption, which tends to grow as rapidly as or even higher than real economic growth. Although numerous regulations exist for the main energy consuming sectors, implementation and enforcement is often quite low.<ref name="JCEE 2009 - Egyptian-German High Level Joint Committee for cooperation on renewable energy and energy efficiency and environmental protection http://www.jcee-eg.net Retrieved on 8th September 2009">JCEE 2009 - Egyptian-German High Level Joint Committee for cooperation on renewable energy and energy efficiency and environmental protection http://www.jcee-eg.net Retrieved on 8th September 2009</ref> The policy on energy subsidies has changed due to the reduction of oil reserves and the financial problems associated with the existing schemes. The domestic natural gas and electricity prices have been adjusted in 2008 in order to cover at least the cost of service. Subsidies are being reduced gradually, first in energy intensive industries, and second in the tourism sector, though energy subsidies for the average consumer are not expected to change significantly.<ref name="JCEE 2009; Marquer 2009. Egypt moves towards renewable energy. In: Business monthly, April 2009.">JCEE 2009; Marquer 2009. Egypt moves towards renewable energy. In: Business monthly, April 2009.</ref> With regard to the energy market, the adopted energy strategy aims to establish a fully competitive structure, where electricity production, transmission and distribution activities are fully unbundled. The strategy should also create <span data-scaytid="160" data-scayt_word="favourable">favourable</span> conditions to achieve the 20 % renewable energy in electricity production.<ref name="El-Salmawy 2009. Renewable Energy Strategy for 20/20 and Regulatory Framework. Egyptian Electric Utility and Customer Protection Regulatory Agency. (http://www.jcee-eg.net/libdetails.asp?typeID=4)">El-Salmawy 2009. Renewable Energy Strategy for 20/20 and Regulatory Framework. Egyptian Electric Utility and Customer Protection Regulatory Agency. (http://www.jcee-eg.net/libdetails.asp?typeID=4)</ref> [[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 
== Framework Conditions for Renewable Energies<br/> ==
 
  
=== Strategy and Objectives for Renewable Energies<br/> ===
+
<br/>
Egypt’s renewable energy strategy was formulated in the early <span data-scaytid="162" data-scayt_word="1980s">1980s</span> as an integral part of the national energy planning. This strategy has been revised and adapted according to the changing financial, market and technological framework conditions. The target of a 20 % renewable electricity by 2020 (around 12 000 MW) is highly ambitious compared to the previous target set in 2000 of 14 % RE-E by 2021/22.<ref name="El-Salmawy 2004. Egyptian Power Sector Reform and New Electricity Law. EEUCPRA.">El-Salmawy 2004. Egyptian Power Sector Reform and New Electricity Law. EEUCPRA.</ref><br/><br/><br/>
+
 
=== Legal conditions and support Schemes for renewable Energies ===
+
 
<u>To implement the strategy, a two phase policy is planned:</u><br/><br/><br/>
+
== Others ==
*Phase 1 will adopt competitive bids through issuing tenders requesting the private sector to supply electricity from renewable energy sources. A <span data-scaytid="164" data-scayt_word="ppa">PPA</span> agreement, mostly for 20 years, will be guaranteed. This competitive bidding is based on existing law, which also supports the existing <span data-scaytid="165" data-scayt_word="ipp">IPP</span>.
+
 
*In Phase 2, a feed-in-tariff will be implemented, in particular for medium and small size projects. This will be based on the new electricity law.<br/>
+
<span style="font-size: 0.85em">In the area of fossil power plants, Egypt already works with Independent Power Producers (IPPs). The first contract under a power purchase agreement (PPA) was signed in 1998.</span><ref>https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1</ref><span style="font-size: 0.85em">In 2012/13, the following IPPs feed a total 33 GWh into the Egyptian electricity grid: </span>'''Petrochemicals '''<span style="font-size: 0.85em">(15 GWh), </span>'''Carbon Black '''<span style="font-size: 0.85em">(1 GWh), </span>'''Talkha Fertilizer'''<span style="font-size: 0.85em">and </span>'''Ghazl El-Mahaala '''<span style="font-size: 0.85em">(17 GWh)</span><ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref><span style="font-size: 0.85em">.</span><br/>
<br/>Further support instruments are the right of access and priority dispatching for electricity generation from renewable sources, which is already implemented, whenever they are available and the establishment of a Renewable Energy Fund. This fund will support the renewable energy activities of the <span data-scaytid="168" data-scayt_word="mee">MEE</span> and the <span data-scaytid="169" data-scayt_word="mop">MoP</span> covering the deficit between the renewable energy costs and market prices as well as providing financial support to pilot projects. It will be mainly financed through a levy on subsidized fossil fuel sales for electricity generation.<ref name="El-Salmawy 2009; JCEE 2009">El-Salmawy 2009; JCEE 2009</ref><br/><br/><u>'''Competitive bids'''</u><br/><u>It is planned to tender a total of 2 500 MW through five bids, divided in blocks of 250 MW. The framework criteria for the tenders include:</u><br/><br/><br/>
+
 
*Controlled increase of the renewable based electricity capacity according to the capacity of transmission system and the capacity of the market.
+
<br/>The private sector is also involved via the “Build-Own-Operate-Transfer” (BOOT) scheme. Four steam power plants were operated with the BOOT model in 2012/13 and provided a total of 14,264 GWh. According to EgyptERA<ref name="http://egyptera.org/en/curr_egy.aspx">http://egyptera.org/en/curr_egy.aspx</ref>, the companies under the BOOT model are '''Suez Gulf Power Company '''(4,576 GWh), '''Port Said East Power Company''' (4,983 GWh) and '''Sidi Krir Generating Company''' (4,705 GWh). The power plants operated by these companies were built in 2001-2003, with an installed capacity of 682.5 MW each. All three BOOT companies were acquired by the Malaysian Powertek Energy in 2006/2007<ref name="http://www.powertek.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=70">http://www.powertek.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=70</ref>.<br/>
*Attracting highly qualified international developers with strong financial status and high capacity for technology transfer.<br/>
+
 
*Promotion of local manufacturing. In the evaluation of the proposals, advantages will be given to those offers having higher share of locally manufactured components.<br/>
+
<br/>The '''Egyptian Wind Energy Association ([http://eaee-eg.com/ EGWEA])''' is the umbrella organisation, representing the wind energy sector in Egypt. It assists interaction and co-operation between all relevant players with professional involvement in the field of wind energy. The EGWEA is organised in a global network of wind associations. It aims at promoting and supporting the development of wind energy in Egypt by providing the means to facilitate the exchange of technical information, expertise and experience in the wind energy sector. It conducts studies, provides information on tenders and conferences and organises workshops for interested parties. EGWEA is particularly interested in bringing forward wind energy interests of Egypt.<br/>
*Achieving the lowest possible prices.<br/>
+
 
*Reducing the financial risk for investors guaranteeing long term <span data-scaytid="170" data-scayt_word="ppas">PPAs</span> (mostly of 20 years). The first process has started with a prequalification tender for 250 MW in <span data-scaytid="171" data-scayt_word="gabal">Gabal</span> el <span data-scaytid="172" data-scayt_word="zeyt">Zeyt</span>. The last tender will be opened by 2017.<br/>
+
However, the association is also engaged in the promotion of wind energy in developing countries in general.<br/><br/>
<br/><u>'''Feed-in-tariff'''</u><br/>The system is supposed to offer incentives to install 2 500 MW of additional capacity. It is addressed to small and medium size projects up to 50 MW. The tariff will be probably set for 15 years, taking into consideration wind speed and installed capacity. The system is still under elaboration.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/><br/>
+
 
=== Clean Development Mechanism (<span data-scaytid="175" data-scayt_word="cdm">CDM</span>)<br/> ===
+
 
Egypt’s Designated National Authority (DNA) was established in 2005, serving as the contact point for all <span data-scaytid="177" data-scayt_word="cdm-related">CDM-related</span> matters. Organizationally, it is part of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (<span data-scaytid="178" data-scayt_word="eeaa">EEAA</span>).<br/><u>Egypt’s current climate change mitigation policies, plans and measures relevant to <span data-scaytid="176" data-scayt_word="cdm">CDM</span> are contained in:</u><br/>1. The National Environmental Action Plan (2002 – 2017).<br/>2. Egypt’s Climate Change National Action Plan (<span data-scaytid="180" data-scayt_word="eccnap">ECCNAP</span>).<br/>3. Egypt’s National Strategy Study Program on <span data-scaytid="179" data-scayt_word="cdm">CDM</span>.<br/>4. Egypt’s National Energy Efficiency Strategy (<span data-scaytid="183" data-scayt_word="nees">NEES</span>)<br/><br/>Currently, four <span data-scaytid="182" data-scayt_word="cdm">CDM</span> projects are registered. Minor corrections have been requested for one project. In April 2009, 18 projects were in the DNA pipeline, of which nine were renewable energy<br/>projects. The <span data-scaytid="185" data-scayt_word="cdm">CDM</span> potential in Egypt has been estimated at 69.75 Mt <span data-scaytid="188" data-scayt_word="co2eq">CO2eq</span>, of which around 21 % is in the renewable energy sector.27 As shown in table 10, the total annual savings of the registered RE projects amounts to 0.62 Mt <span data-scaytid="189" data-scayt_word="co2eq">CO2eq</span>. This represents 5 % of the existing potential<br/>in the renewable energy sector and around 1 % of the whole potential.<ref name="Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and RenewablefckLREnergies: 16 Country Analyses, Eschborn 2009, page 186.">Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and RenewablefckLREnergies: 16 Country Analyses, Eschborn 2009, page 186.</ref><br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
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= Energy Cooperation =
== Important Laws and Regulations<br/> ==
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The most important instrument to implement the energy strategy is the New Electricity Law, which is currently in the process of ratification by the People’s Assembly. The new law will<ref name="JCEE 2009; Ministry of Electricity and Energy. Strategic Plan in the Electricity Sector in Egypt. Prequalification Developers’ Meeting of BOO Wind Power Project 250 MW. Cairo 2009.">JCEE 2009; Ministry of Electricity and Energy. Strategic Plan in the Electricity Sector in Egypt. Prequalification Developers’ Meeting of BOO Wind Power Project 250 MW. Cairo 2009.</ref>:<br/><br/><br/>
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At the European level, a [http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/sites/default/files/attachments/mou_energy_eu-egypt_en.pdf Memorandum of Understanding to enhance EU-Egypt energy cooperation] was signed in December 2008. The priority areas covered are, among others, the development of the Egyptian energy strategy, including the market reform, the convergence of Egypt’s energy market with that of the EU, the promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency, the development of energy grids as well as technological and industrial cooperation.<br/>
*Establish a liberalized electricity market with various market participants, regulated by <span data-scaytid="191" data-scayt_word="eeucpra">EEUCPRA</span>
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*Improve the conditions for renewable energy, <span data-scaytid="193" data-scayt_word="cogeneration">cogeneration</span> and demand side management in the electricity sector
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*Provide some rules for electricity consumption and includes measures to encourage renewable energy electricity production.
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With regard to renewable energy electricity generation, the law foresees that the private sector builds, owns and operates the projects and sells the '''electricity to the transmission company (<span data-scaytid="197" data-scayt_word="eetc">EETC</span>)''' under long term Power Purchase Agreements (<span data-scaytid="200" data-scayt_word="ppa">PPA</span>). Non-renewable energy based '''[[Independent Power Producers (IPPs)|Independent Power Producers (IPPs)]]''' conclude bilateral purchase agreements with eligible consumers.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
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== Bilateral Energy Cooperation with Germany ==
== Liberalization<br/> ==
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Article 7 of Law No. 100 dating from 1996 stipulates that local and international investors can obtain concessions for building and operating electricity plants. A new investment law enacted in 1997<ref name="Spohn, Hans-Dieter et al. 2009: Egypt – Business Guide (http://www.ghorfa.de/pdf/BusinessGuide_Aegypten.pdf ) Retrieved on 16th October 2009">Spohn, Hans-Dieter et al. 2009: Egypt – Business Guide (http://www.ghorfa.de/pdf/BusinessGuide_Aegypten.pdf ) Retrieved on 16th October 2009</ref> includes various incentive mechanisms such as state guarantees for investors. At the time of contract negotiations concerning the supply of electricity from privately built power plants in the late <span data-scaytid="217" data-scayt_word="1990s">1990s</span>, an initial public offering of stock in all seven of Egypt’s state-owned monopolistic electricity providers was in preparation for the Egyptian stock exchange. However, due to lack of interest among investors, the plan was never implemented. The last significant step of reform took place in 2000, when the Egyptian Electricity Authority was restructured to become the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (<span data-scaytid="212" data-scayt_word="eehc">EEHC</span>). That conversion is regarded as a step towards a more entrepreneurial approach because, for example, <span data-scaytid="213" data-scayt_word="eehc">EEHC</span> is expected to finance future projects from its own budget without governmental intervention. The conversion also included the break-up of formerly vertically integrated utility companies into individual enterprises each of which is now an independent company with its own, autonomous management and separate accounting. <span data-scaytid="214" data-scayt_word="eehc">EEHC</span> was created as a new approach to the privatization of its subsidiaries, but no part of any state-owned enterprise has been privatized by now. Via <span data-scaytid="215" data-scayt_word="eehc">EEHC</span>, the Egyptian government still controls 90 % of all electricity production and is maintaining its monopoly on transmission and distribution. Until today three privately operated power plants with foreign investors have been built according to the build-own-operate (BOO) principle (<span data-scaytid="216" data-scayt_word="sidi">Sidi</span> <span data-scaytid="223" data-scayt_word="krir">Krir</span>, Suez and Port Said), representing approximately 10 % (2 049 MW) of the current installed generating capacity.<br/><br/>Within the context of the new energy strategy and the ambitious renewable energy targets, recently, there has been some effort to create a more competitive electricity market in order to attract investors from the private<br/>sector. The draft of the new Electricity Law, which is currently in the process of ratification by the People’s Assembly, is supposed to establish a <span data-scaytid="226" data-scayt_word="liberalised">liberalised</span> electricity market, regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency <span data-scaytid="224" data-scayt_word="eeucpra">EEUCPRA</span>. Article 20 – 22 of the draft law addresses the replacement of the current Single Buyer Model and allows for third party access to the electricity grid. The access to the electricity grids will be based on published tariffs and <span data-scaytid="228" data-scayt_word="longterm">longterm</span> electricity purchase agreements. Moreover, the government states that it plans to remove all energy subsidies by 2017. [[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
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Along with the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the United States, France, the EU and Japan, Germany is Egypt’s leading partner in terms of official development assistance. Egypt is one of the priority partner countries of the German development policy. Since 1963, Egypt has received approximately 6 billion EUR of aggregate commitments from Germany. The current focus areas of the bilateral cooperation are water management, renewable energies, energy efficiency and climate change.<ref name="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes/Aegypten_node.html">http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes/Aegypten_node.html</ref><br/>
= Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector<br/> =
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<br/>Within the framework of the German development cooperation, two initiatives to promote renewable energies and energy efficiency were launched in 2008:<br/>
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*The Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE), based in Cairo. Besides Egypt, other Arab members of the RCREEE are Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. RCREEE formulates and disseminates policies in support of RE and EE in the region and provides a platform for the regional exchange on policy issues and technological questions. In addition, RCREEE encourages the participation of the private sector to promote the establishment of a regional RE and EE industry.<br/>
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*The Egyptian-German High-Level Committee on Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Protection JCEE, is a bilateral Egyptian-German initiative. The JCEE is a platform for energy policy discussion, for developing initiatives for investment as well as institutional projects, awareness, and capacity building activities and establishing contacts and exchange between the two countries. The project is financed by the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Energy and the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The implementing partners of the cooperation are NREA and GIZ.
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= Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations =
  
== Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Energy ==
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<br/>
The first Ministry for Electricity and Energy was established in 1964. The Ministry supervises the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company as well as the '''New and Renewable Energy Agency (<span data-scaytid="230" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span>)''' and the '''Rural Electrification Authority (REA)'''. Next to supervising all activities related to energy projects, it suggests electricity prices and publishes data and statistics relating to electricity production. [[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/><br/>
 
== Regulatory Authority <span data-scaytid="233" data-scayt_word="eeucpra">EEUCPRA</span><br/> ==
 
The '''Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency (<span data-scaytid="234" data-scayt_word="eeucpra">EEUCPRA</span>)''' was established by decree in 1997 (Decree no. 326 of 1997: »Establishing the electric utility and consumer protection regulatory agency«).The regulatory authority is located in Cairo and came into formal existence in 1998.<br/><br/>The primary task of the regulatory authority is to balance the interests of electricity producers, electricity providers and end users. It is supposed to ensure a reliable <span data-scaytid="235" data-scayt_word="longterm">longterm</span> supply of electricity while promoting and supervising environmental protection and operational reliability in the energy sector. It is also responsible for licensing the construction and operation of electricity generation, transmission and distribution facilities as well as for electricity trading. One of the authority’s declared objectives is to create an enabling environment for market-based competition within the framework of existing laws and to prevent the formation of commercial monopolies in the energy sector. <span data-scaytid="238" data-scayt_word="eeucpra's">EEUCPRA's</span> Board of Directors is nominated by the Ministry of Electricity and Energy.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 
== New and Renewable Energy Authority (<span data-scaytid="240" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span>)<br/> ==
 
The Ministry of Electricity and Energy established the <span data-scaytid="241" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> in 1986 for the purpose of bundling activities aiming to promote both renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency. <span data-scaytid="242" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> is the operator of all wind power installations in Egypt, including the demonstration projects in <span data-scaytid="243" data-scayt_word="matrouh">Matrouh</span> administrative district (hybrid wind/diesel system) and <span data-scaytid="244" data-scayt_word="hurghada">Hurghada</span> (5.5 MW wind farm), as well as the grid connected <span data-scaytid="250" data-scayt_word="zafarana">Zafarana</span> wind farms on the Gulf of Suez (reaching 425 MW by mid 2009 and still expanding).<br/><br/>With the new general orientation towards private sector involvement, <span data-scaytid="252" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> also engages in supporting private investment in wind energy by providing resource assessment, the necessary data for feasibility studies and technical support for potential project developers, and by being the partner in land use agreements.<br/><br/>Moreover, the <span data-scaytid="256" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> has a central laboratory for testing and certifying apparatus and equipment for utilizing renewable energy resources. Finally, the <span data-scaytid="257" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> offers training and upgrading courses, <span data-scaytid="260" data-scayt_word="organises">organises</span> workshops and conducts studies – both on its own and in cooperation with international partner <span data-scaytid="261" data-scayt_word="organisations">organisations</span>.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 
== Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (<span data-scaytid="265" data-scayt_word="eeaa">EEAA</span>)<br/> ==
 
The <span data-scaytid="266" data-scayt_word="eeaa">EEAA</span> was initially established in 1982 and restructured in 1994, according to Law 4/1994. The <span data-scaytid="267" data-scayt_word="eeaa">EEAA</span> serves as the executive arm of the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs (<span data-scaytid="272" data-scayt_word="msea">MSEA</span>). Its administrative council is composed of the Minister of Environmental Affairs, the Chief Executive Officer of the Agency and representatives from relevant ministries, '''Non-Governmental <span data-scaytid="273" data-scayt_word="organisations">Organisations</span> (NGOs)''', the public business sector, universities and research <span data-scaytid="276" data-scayt_word="centres">centres</span>. The Agency’s activities are financed by the '''Environmental Protection Fund (<span data-scaytid="277" data-scayt_word="epf">EPF</span>)''', which is funded by donations and grants by national and foreign organizations, as well as fines and compensation awarded by courts of law. Principal functions of the agency include the formulation of environmental policies, the development and monitoring of projects and the implementation of pilot projects. The agency is further the national authority in charge of promoting environmental topics between Egypt and third parties.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 
== Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (<span data-scaytid="284" data-scayt_word="eehc">EEHC</span>) ==
 
The government-owned and operated '''Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (<span data-scaytid="285" data-scayt_word="eehc">EEHC</span>)''' coordinates, supervises and monitors the activities of its 16 (+1 - Includes <span data-scaytid="289" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> –actually a research institute – also presents itself as the operator of the <span data-scaytid="295" data-scayt_word="zaafarana">Zaafarana</span> wind farm-therefore included as a electricity production company) affiliated companies in the field of production, transmission and distribution of electric energy. The <span data-scaytid="296" data-scayt_word="eech">EECH</span> subsidiary <span data-scaytid="290" data-scayt_word="eetc">EETC</span> is responsible for the countrywide transmission of electricity to regional and local distributors. Next to the <span data-scaytid="291" data-scayt_word="eetc">EETC</span>, there are six generating and nine distribution companies. The <span data-scaytid="292" data-scayt_word="eehc">EEHC</span> is supervised by the Egyptian '''Ministry of Electricity and Energy (<span data-scaytid="293" data-scayt_word="mee">MEE</span>)'''.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 
== Egyptian Wind Energy Association (<span data-scaytid="305" data-scayt_word="egwea">EGWEA</span>)<br/> ==
 
The <span data-scaytid="306" data-scayt_word="egwea">EGWEA</span> is the umbrella <span data-scaytid="308" data-scayt_word="organisation">organisation</span>, representing the wind energy sector in Egypt. It assists interaction and co-operation between all relevant players with professional involvement in the field of wind energy. The <span data-scaytid="307" data-scayt_word="egwea">EGWEA</span> is <span data-scaytid="309" data-scayt_word="organised">organised</span> in a global network of wind associations. It aims at promoting and supporting the development of wind energy in Egypt by providing the means to facilitate the exchange of technical information, expertise and experience in the wind energy sector. It conducts studies, provides information on tenders and conferences and <span data-scaytid="303" data-scayt_word="organises">organises</span> workshops for interested parties. <span data-scaytid="311" data-scayt_word="iegwea">IEGWEA</span> is particularly interested in bringing forward wind energy interests of Egypt. However, the association is also engaged in the promotion of wind energy in developing countries in general.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 
== International Donor Activities<br/> ==
 
Egypt is one of the priority partner countries of the German development assistance. In the last 50 years, Egypt has received approximately 5.5 billion € development aid. The current focus areas of the bilateral cooperation are water management, renewable energies (wind, solar and<br/>hydro power), energy efficiency and climate protection.<ref name="KfW. Landesinformation Ägypten. (http://www.kfwentwicklungsbank.de)Retrieved on 8th September 2009.">KfW. Landesinformation Ägypten. (http://www.kfwentwicklungsbank.de)Retrieved on 8th September 2009.</ref> <u>Within the framework of the German development cooperation, two initiatives to promote renewable energies and energy efficiency were launched in 2008:</u><br/><br/><br/>
 
*The Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (<span data-scaytid="317" data-scayt_word="rcreee">RCREEE</span>), based in Cairo. Key development partners in setting up <span data-scaytid="318" data-scayt_word="rcreee">RCREEE</span> are Egypt, Germany, Denmark and the EU Commission. Besides Egypt, other Arab members of the <span data-scaytid="319" data-scayt_word="rcreee">RCREEE</span> are Algeria, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, the Palestinian National Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. <span data-scaytid="320" data-scayt_word="rcreee">RCREEE</span> formulates and disseminates policies in support of RE and EE in the region and provides a platform for the regional exchange on policy issues and technological questions. In addition, <span data-scaytid="321" data-scayt_word="rcreee">RCREEE</span> encourages the participation of the private sector to promote the establishment of a regional RE and EE industry. The German development cooperation provides assistance for the establishment of the Center and the formulation of the initial work program by <span data-scaytid="322" data-scayt_word="gtz">GTZ</span>.<ref name="RCREEE 2009. -Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy. (http://www.rcreee.org/about.asp) Retrieved on 8th September 2009.">RCREEE 2009. -Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy. (http://www.rcreee.org/about.asp) Retrieved on 8th September 2009.</ref><br/>
 
*The Egyptian-German High Level Committee on Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Protection <span data-scaytid="324" data-scayt_word="jcee">JCEE</span>, is a bilateral Egyptian-German initiative. The <span data-scaytid="325" data-scayt_word="jcee">JCEE</span> is a platform for energy policy discussion, for developing initiatives for investment as well as institutional projects, awareness and capacity building activities and establishing contacts and exchange between the two countries. The project is financed by the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Energy and the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (<span data-scaytid="326" data-scayt_word="bmz">BMZ</span>). The implementing partners of the cooperation are <span data-scaytid="316" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> and <span data-scaytid="323" data-scayt_word="gtz">GTZ</span>.<br/>
 
In addition, financial assistance is provided by the German <span data-scaytid="330" data-scayt_word="kreditanstalt">Kreditanstalt</span> <span data-scaytid="331" data-scayt_word="für">für</span> <span data-scaytid="332" data-scayt_word="wiederaufbau">Wiederaufbau</span> (<span data-scaytid="333" data-scayt_word="kfw">KfW</span>). <span data-scaytid="334" data-scayt_word="kf">Kf</span> W provided a reduced interest loan to rehabilitate the hydro electricity plants at Aswan and additional loans for the construction of medium sized hydro electricity projects at the Nile River. In the wind energy sector, <span data-scaytid="335" data-scayt_word="kf">Kf</span> W provided loans to finance an important part of the wind farm in <span data-scaytid="328" data-scayt_word="zafarana">Zafarana</span> and is supporting a new wind farm in <span data-scaytid="329" data-scayt_word="gabal">Gabal</span> El <span data-scaytid="338" data-scayt_word="zeit">Zeit</span> through loans jointly with the European Investment Bank.<br/><br/>Apart from Germany, Denmark, Japan, Spain and Italy are the most important partners providing assistance for developing renewable energies.<br/><br/>At European level, a Memorandum of Understanding to enhance EU-Egypt energy cooperation was signed in December 2008. The priority areas covered are, among others, the development of the Egyptian energy strategy, including the market reform, the convergence of Egypt’s energy market with that of the EU, the promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency, the development of energy grids as well as technological and industrial cooperation.<br/>These include the World Bank, the UN <span data-scaytid="344" data-scayt_word="organisations">organisations</span> <span data-scaytid="348" data-scayt_word="undp">UNDP</span>, <span data-scaytid="349" data-scayt_word="unido">UNIDO</span> and <span data-scaytid="345" data-scayt_word="unep">UNEP</span> as well as the African Development Bank. For instance, Egypt is one of the first countries to present a portfolio within the framework of the Clean Technology Fund established by the World Bank in 2008 to finance RE and EE projects. Egypt plans to use $300 million in concessional financing from the fund, blended with financing from the World Bank Group, the African Development Bank, bilateral development agencies, private sector and other sources to spur wind power development and introduce clean transport options. The projects include a transmission grid extension for transporting electricity from Gulf of Suez-based wind farms.<ref name="World Bank 2009. Egypt: Renewable Energy and Clean Transport Are Cornerstones of Low Carbon Growth. In: News and broadcast. June 5, 2009. (http://bit.ly/VllxVl) Retrieved on 10th September 2009.">World Bank 2009. Egypt: Renewable Energy and Clean Transport Are Cornerstones of Low Carbon Growth. In: News and broadcast. June 5, 2009. (http://bit.ly/VllxVl) Retrieved on 10th September 2009.</ref><br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 
= Existing Projects =
 
  
== Wind Energy Projects<br/> ==
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= Further Information =
Egypt has passed the stage of initial resource assessment and demonstration projects (<span data-scaytid="353" data-scayt_word="hurghada">Hurghada</span> wind farm) towards the planning and implementation of large scale grid connected projects (<span data-scaytid="354" data-scayt_word="zafarana">Zafarana</span> and Gulf of El <span data-scaytid="358" data-scayt_word="zayt">Zayt</span>). A series of large-scale wind energy projects have been built in Egypt, resulting in a total installed wind capacity of 390 MW at the end of 2008.<br/>So far, large scale wind projects were established mainly at <span data-scaytid="360" data-scayt_word="zafarana">Zafarana</span>, with a total capacity of 360 MW by end of 2008. In cooperation with Germany, Denmark and Spain, the farm has been constructed and operated in stages since 2001. A partnership with Japan in 2008 added 55 MW. In the fiscal year 2007/2008, approximately 840 <span data-scaytid="362" data-scayt_word="gwh">GWh</span> of electricity were generated by the <span data-scaytid="361" data-scayt_word="zafarana">Zafarana</span> wind farm with an average capacity factor of 35.5 %, saving 466 000 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>.<br/><br/><span data-scaytid="367" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> has precise plans for wind farm development at the two sites <span data-scaytid="368" data-scayt_word="zafarana">Zafarana</span> and Gulf of <span data-scaytid="373" data-scayt_word="el-zayt">El-Zayt</span>. While at <span data-scaytid="369" data-scayt_word="zafarana">Zafarana</span> a capacity of 600 MW on 150 <span data-scaytid="374" data-scayt_word="km2">km<sup>2</sup></span> is planned, total capacity at <span data-scaytid="623" data-scayt_word="el-zayt">El-Zayt</span> will reach 720 MW on 200 km<sup>2</sup>. Between both areas, 1 300 <span data-scaytid="624" data-scayt_word="km2">km<sup>2</sup></span> have been designated to private investors, which are supposed to generate up to further 6 000 MW. Projections for <span data-scaytid="625" data-scayt_word="zafarana">Zafarana</span> between 2009 and 2010 include additional 75 MW in co-operation with Japan, and additional 120 MW in cooperation with Denmark. In total, <span data-scaytid="626" data-scayt_word="zafarana">Zafarana</span> will host 555 MW of grid connected wind power, rendering it the largest wind farm in Middle East and Africa.<br/>At the Gulf of El <span data-scaytid="385" data-scayt_word="zayt">Zayt</span>, various projects have been developed and will add up to 720 MW. 720 MW are expected in three stages: 200 MW in cooperation with Germany, 220 MW in cooperation with Japan, and 300 MW in cooperation with Spain. In addition, a number of private companies have expressed interest in developing large-scale wind projects at the Gulf of El <span data-scaytid="386" data-scayt_word="zayt">Zayt</span>. Among them, the Italian company <span data-scaytid="389" data-scayt_word="italcementi">Italcementi</span> signed a <span data-scaytid="390" data-scayt_word="mou">MoU</span> with the Egyptian government in 2006 to install 120 MW with the possibility for extension to up to 400 MW. The output is supposed to partly generate electricity for auto-consumption in the cement factories in the Suez area.<ref name="WEI 2009/2010. World Wind Association: Wind Energy International 2009/2010, World Wind Association, Bonn, 15.09.2009">WEI 2009/2010. World Wind Association: Wind Energy International 2009/2010, World Wind Association, Bonn, 15.09.2009</ref><br/>On 2 August 2009, authorities have approved the designation of 1.5 million acres of state-owned land, located on the east and west of the Nile River for the implementation of wind farms, which are supposed to contribute 30 000 MW.<ref name="MEES 2009. Ministry of Electricity and Energy. Strategic Plan in the Electricity Sector in Egypt. Prequalification Developers’ Meeting of BOO Wind Power Project 250 MW. Cairo 2009.">MEES 2009. Ministry of Electricity and Energy. Strategic Plan in the Electricity Sector in Egypt. Prequalification Developers’ Meeting of BOO Wind Power Project 250 MW. Cairo 2009.</ref> One-third of this land will be developed for wind energy production by <span data-scaytid="391" data-scayt_word="nrea">NREA</span> and multinational <span data-scaytid="392" data-scayt_word="organisations">organisations</span>, whereas two-thirds will be offered to the private sector by bid-procedure.<br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 
== Egypt Green Economy National Initiative<br/> ==
 
Egypt recently faces several challenges: first, there is a widening gap in meeting basic needs of the population (food, health, education, housing and decent and secure jobs); second, its global and regional leadership in political and economic terms is called into question; third, Egypt has to win the race against time before water, energy and food scarcity become national security risks, and, forth, its export market share and investment in <span data-scaytid="397" data-scayt_word="21st">21<sup>st</sup></span> century technologies, growth sectors and industries is contested<ref name="Abouleish, H. (23 January 2011). Egypt Green Economy National Initiative. Sustainable and Green Growth: A Main Pillar of the Egyptiona National Competitiveness Strategy.[[Media:GENI_ENCC_HA_20110123.pdf|Egypt Green Economy National Initiative]]">Abouleish, H. (23 January 2011). Egypt Green Economy National Initiative. Sustainable and Green Growth: A Main Pillar of the Egyptiona National Competitiveness Strategy.[[Media:GENI_ENCC_HA_20110123.pdf|Egypt Green Economy National Initiative]]</ref>. Therefore, the [http://www.encc.org.eg/(S(00wpi2mondh25145qgkweh45))/default.aspx Egyptian National Competitiveness Council] in cooperation with in cooperation with the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs and the United Nations Environment <span data-scaytid="400" data-scayt_word="programme">Programme</span> launched the " [http://www.encc.org.eg/(S(00wpi2mondh25145qgkweh45))/news_details.aspx?mediaId=25 Egypt Green Economy National Initiative] " on January 23, 2011.<br/>'''Egypt's Competitiveness Strategy (<span data-scaytid="401" data-scayt_word="ecs">ECS</span>)''' is one part of the initiative. It focuses on human development, green transformation and innovation.<br/><u>These goals shall be reached by the <span data-scaytid="402" data-scayt_word="ecs">ECS</span> by the following:</u><br/><br/><br/>
 
*Human Development: Create a globally competitive and productive workforce in an efficient <span data-scaytid="403" data-scayt_word="labour">labour</span> market with a special focus on a modern educational and training system that equips them with skills, critical thinking and technologies to adapt to a constantly changing environment.
 
*Green Transformation: To build a model of growth based on a Green Transformation of the economy assuring a modern, efficient, competitive and low-carbon economy that uses the unique availability of abundant renewable energy resources and builds on its strength in tourism and logistics.
 
*Green Innovation: To establish an outcome driven innovation model that addresses the major societal challenges and strengthen Egypt's leadership in key potential technologies: renewable energy, <span data-scaytid="405" data-scayt_word="agri-business">agri-business</span> and communication technology.
 
[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/>
 
= Further Information<br/> =
 
  
 
*[http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/ Egypt's Government Services Portal]<br/>
 
*[http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/ Egypt's Government Services Portal]<br/>
 
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html Egypt's entry at The World Factbook]
 
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html Egypt's entry at The World Factbook]
= References<br/> =
+
*<br/>
<references /> [[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
+
 
 +
= References =
  
[[Category:Egypt]]
+
<references /><br/>[[Egypt Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
[[Category:MENA_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)]]
 
[[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]
 

Latest revision as of 09:44, 7 November 2022

Egypt
Flag of Egypt.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Cairo

Region:

Coordinates:

26.0000° N, 30.0000° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

1,001,450

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

112,716,598 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

57 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

395,926,075,163 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

3,512.58 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

100.00 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

-7.39 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

97.93 (2014)

Source: World Bank




Introduction

The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in North Africa and borders with Libya in the West, Sudan in the South and Palestinian territories and Israel in the East, while in the North, it is washed by the Mediterranean. Its population is mainly concentrated along the river Nile, as the rest of the country's territory is largely desert. 


Most parts of the country have a hot desert climate with extreme heat occurring during summer. An exception is the northern Mediterranean coast which receives more rainfall during winter and has a generally more moderate climate.


Fig.1: Map of Egypt showing Examples of N.G. & C.O. Pipelines, Ports, Fields..etc (EIA, 2018)


Egypty is a country with a high potential of natural resources: precious stones, natural gas, oil, coal and large reserves of fossil fuel enery sources; approximately 4189 billion barrels of oil reserves and an estimated 77200 billion cubic meters of natural gas resreves, as the reserves are in the form of both mainland and coastal deposits[1].


While more than 90% of the Egyptian generated electricity comes only from oil and natural gas, the major problem that Egypt encounters, especially in the energy-sector is the dynamic growth of population, which is estimated by around 1.3% per year, consequently increasing demand, which eventually fastens the rate of depleting the country's major resources[2][3][1][4].


According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), it is the largest non-OPEC oil producer in Africa and the third largest dry natural gas producer on the continent, following Algeria & Nigeria[5].


The country also represents a vital role-player in the international energy market, as a major transit route, by operating the Suez Canal and the Suez Mediterranean Pipleline (SUMED)[6], through which the oil is shipped from the Persian Gulf to Europe and the United States[3][5].


Energy Situation

Historical Background and an Overview of the Main Energy Sources

Egypt has been known to mainly depend, in all its energy-related activities, on three major sources: oil, natural gas and the hydroelectric power generated from the large dam projects over the Nile: the High Dam, Aswan I & Aswan II[3][4][7].


Despite being a major producer and net exporter of oil, especially in the 1990s, when its oil production peaked, reaching approximately over 900000 bbl/day, Egypt has become a net oil importer around 2009/2010[4]. Thus can be traced back to both economic and population accelerated growth, which accompanied the beginning of the new millennium, leading to an increase in consumption by about 3% per year, resulting in growing of demand, and falling in production, that could roughly meet consumption requirements, resulting in a significant drop in the country’s oil refinery output since 2009[3][4].


During the period of the late 1990s/early 2000s, Egypt has witnessed a state of proliferation of discovering and exploiting huge natural gas reserves around the country, which drove the country to emerge as a key role player in the region as a natural gas producer and exporter[3]. Mainly, due to the same reason as in oil, consumption of natural gas has approximately increased by 7% per year during the first decade of 2000s, and production has noticeably decreased by around 3% yearly during the period of 2009-2013, consequently limiting its natural gas exporting capacity to only 5% of its total production by 2013, and eventually driving the country to start signing importing agreements in the following years of 2014 and 2015[3][4].


Table.1: General Statistics on Oil & Natural Gas Situation in Egypt[4]


Oil
Natural Gas
Total Production 680,000 bbl/day 2 trillion cubic feet/day
Global Production-Share
0.72%
1.7%
Proven Reserves
3,900,000,000 bbl
65.3 trillion cubic feet
Global Proven Reserves-Share
0.2%
1%
 % Total Domestic Consumption
41% 53%
Imports 80,000 bbl/day
To Be Updated
Exports 189,000 bbl/day
0.1 trillion cubic feet/year

Export Destinations

EU (56%), India (28%), China (13%), Others (3%)

EU (56%), India (28%), China (13%), Others (3%)


According to reports from American Security Project (ASP) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Egypt has produced approximately 13.2-13.7 billion kilowatt-hours (KWh) of electricity, using hydropower in the period 2012/2013[4][7].


Hydropower accounts for about 9% of the total country’s power generation, and around 3% of the country’s total energy consumption, however, the majority of the Nile hydropower’s capacity in Egypt has already been exploited and is declining[4][7].


Energy Access

According to the latest Tracking SDG7 Report on The Energy Progress, that was jointly prepared by:International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank Group and World Health Organization, the state of energy access through Egypt is illustrated through the following table and figures[8]:


Fig.2: Total Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)
Fig.2: Total Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)


The report shows that since around 2014/2015, the total Egyptian population has had access to reliable energy sources, and only 2% of the whole population has no access to clean cooking[8].


Fig.3: Urban & Rural Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)
Fig.3: Urban & Rural Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)


Table.2: Percentage of Egyptian Population's Access to Electricity & Clean Cooking[8]


Access to
Electricity Clean Cooking
 % of Population 100% 98%


Production 

Table.3: Egypt’s Production of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe[9]


2000 2005 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coal 20 14 0 0 0 0 0 0
Crude Oil 33189 30111 32142 29537 32825 33210 30835 31885
Natural gas 18555 35901 54839 50143 39084 34763 34763 35362
Electricity from Fossil Fuels 5302 8211 12250 12250 13431 14355 14514 14679
Hydro Electricity 1260 1087 1112 1113 1188 1155 1171 1187
Electricity from Renewables  12 47 139 139 145 137 150 165
Refinery/Oil Porducts 23449 28561 24754 21836 25348 25676 26357 270565


Installed Capacity

With accordance to the EIA's report on Egypt (2018), the following graph and pie-chart highlight the installed capacity of different energ sources in the country from 2007-2016 in terms of fiscal years.


Fig.4: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources per Fiscal Year 2007-2016 (EIA, 2018)
Fig.4: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources per Fiscal Year 2007-2016 (EIA, 2018)

Fig.5: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources by the Fiscal Year 2015-2016 (EIA, 2018)
Fig.5: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources by the Fiscal Year 2015-2016 (EIA, 2018)


Consumption

Egypt is by far the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, showing 22% of petroleum and other liquids of the continent's total consumption and 37% of its dry natural gas consumption[5].


The main drivers of the rapid growth of the country's consumption of oil and natural gas can be summarized in the follwoing[5]:

  1. The increased industrial output.
  2. Economic growth.
  3. Intense extraction projects of oil and natural gas.
  4. Population growth.
  5. The inclining rate of private and commercial vehicle sales.
  6. The generous subsidy policy, that is focused on energy products.


Through this sub-chapter, different consumption data will be presented, using different sources, to get a holistic view as possible of the energy consumption situation in the country.


Table.4: Egypt’s Primary Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Rate 7.8 10.5 28 37.3 48.4 60.5 78.4 84.4 88.2 91.6


Table.5: Egypt’s Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel 2016-2017 Mtoe[10]


Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Hydro-Electric Renewables Total
2016 42 42.4 .2 - 3 .6 88.2
2017 39.7 48.1 .2 - 3 .6 91.6


Table.6: Egypt’s Final Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe[9]


2000 2005 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coal 453 203 204 188 188 200 211 224
Oil 17898 20156 27009 22573 26333 35213 36086 37028
Natural Gas 4274 9182 12719 18202 19505 20956 21446 21960
Electricity 5559 7918 12060 12324 12306 12668 13134 13630


Table.7: Egypt’s Industrial Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe[9]


2000 2005 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Oil 5461 5548 3716 3279 3133 6369 6713 7080
Natural Gas 2072 5567 6649 6789 8002 9083 9303 9536
Electricity 2111 2812 3430 3500 3288 369 3488 3612
Coal 453 203 204 188 188 200 211 224


Table.8: Egypt’s Transport Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe[9]


2000 2005 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Oil 9060 9371 15547 12362 16416 16892 17098 17312
Electricity - - 44 44 45 46 46 47


Fig.6: A Pie-Chart of the Egyptian Primary Energy Consumption in the Year 2016 (EIA, 2018)


Import and Export

Egypt is a net exporter of crude oil and natural gas, however, the combination of increasing consumption and declining production has led to a decline in natural gas exports since 2009, as the government started to divert natural gas supplies from exports, in order to satisfy domestic demand, eventually turning the country into a natural gas importer since 2015[5]


In terms of coal and peat, Egypt is a net importer, and coal imports are even expected to increase in the short-medium term, since the Egyptian government has approved the industrial use of coal in April 2014, and in the same year signed a construction deal for the first coal-fired power in the country.


Subsidies

In 2013, the Egyptian government spent 120 billion Egyptian pounds (about 13.8 billion EUR) on fuel subsidies, which equals 7% of the GDP[11]. These costs in combination with economic stagnation have contributed to the increasing deficit, which reached about 12% of GDP in 2013. In order to alleviate this burden, the Egyptian government announced spending cuts on energy subsidies in June 2014. The Financial Times reported that these subsidies are going to be cut by almost a third [12].

Electricity

General Data

Table.9: The General Electricity Situation in Egypt[13]


Electricity
Production Consumption
Exports Imports
Installed Generating Capacity
Rate 171.9 billion kWh 150.4 billion kWh 1.158 billion kWh 43 million kWh 38.88 million kWh
World Ranking 24 25 57 106 27


Electricity Access

According to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s 2018 report, only around 300,000 people of the whole Egyptian population is currently without access to electricity.

Table.10: Electrification Percentages in Egypt[13]


Electrification
Total Population Urban Areas Rural Areas
 % 99.6 100 99.3


Installed Capacity and Generation

Table.11: Percentages of Different Electricity-Generating Energy-Sources in Egypt[13]


Electricity Generated From:
Fossil Fuels

Nuclear Fuels

Hydroelectric Plants Other Renewables
 % of the Total Installed Capacity 90.5 0 7.3 2.2
World Ranking 58 83 125 115


Between 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, the total installed capacity increased about 6 %, reaching 30,803 MW, due to added thermal plants. The installed capacity development by type of generation since 2008 is outlined in table 12.

Table 12: Installed capacity development by type of generation (in MW) 2008-2013[14]


2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013
MW
Renewables 425 249 687 687 687
Steam 11,458 11,458 12,859 12,684 13,808
Hydro 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800
Combined Cycle 7,178 7,137 9,327 10,077 10,080
Gas 1,641 2,841 1,376 2,826 3,428

Total 23,502 24,762 27,049 29,074 30,803


In addition, Egypt has 30 decentralized power plants, mostly diesel and gas turbine units which are not connected to the national grid. The combined installed capacities of these plants added up to 224 MW in 2012/2013. Approximately 234.5 GWh of electricity were supplied to local users including tourist resorts.


Egypt is a net exporter of electricity, importing 77 GWh while exporting 474 GWh of electricity in 2012. In 2012/2013, the average percentage of network losses were 11.02%.[14]


Between 2001 and 2012, electricity production rose from 83,282 GWh to 164,364 GWh. The main source for the production of electricity is gas (66%) followed by hydro (18.2%) and oil (15.6%).[14] The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) operates with five-year plans. The current one (2012-2017) foresees the installation of 15.000 MW additional capacity. However, due to the increasing demand, the reserve margin is still expected to remain tight.[15]


Consumption

The main consumer of electricity in Egypt is the residential sector which accounts for 42% of the total consumption, followed by the industrial sector (28%). The consumption of the residential sector has been steadily increasing in the recent years. According to the Ministry of Electricity and Energy, this is due to two factors: the expansion of residential compounds and new communities as well as the use of domestic appliances, air conditioners in particular, during hot weather. The development of the electricity consumption per sector is outlined in table 13.

Table 13: Electricity consumption by sector (GWh) 2008-2013 [14]

Sector 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013
GWh
Industries 37,273 38,916 40,702 42,098 39,887
Agriculture 4,617 4,834 4,927 5,560 6,230
Utilities 4,714 5,555 5,759 6,010 5,904
Public lighting 6,982 7,050 6,186 6,537 6,210
Governmental entities 5,563 5,443 5,977 6,385 7,664
Residential 43,811 47,431 51,370 56,664 59,757
Commercial & others 8,754 9,674 10,238 10,715 14,605

Total 111,714 118,903 125,159 133,969 140,257


Grid

In 2012/2013, the carrier grid consisted of 43,634 km total transmission lines and cables. The grid is subdivided into six geographical zones, namely Cairo, Canal, Delta, Alexandria and West Delta, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt. The country’s entire territory is covered. The network is interconnected with the grids of Libya, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. There are ongoing studies[14] for interconnections with Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Eastern Nile Basin (Sudan and Ethiopia) and Greece.


Table.14: Indicators of Egyptian Grid[16]

Category Installed Capacity Max Load Transmission Grid Generated Energy
Indicator 45192 MW 30400 MW 45000 Km 186320 GWh


Electricity prices

The prices of electricity in Egypt range among the lowest in the world. The prices are fixed by the Egyptian and are highly subsidized. The tariff structure varies according to the type of consumption (i.e. residential, commercial, industrial) and amount consumed. Since the tariff is higher for higher consumption, there is an incentive to consume less. The lowest category of the residential tariff, up to 50 KWh/month, has remained unchanged since 1993 at 5 piasters (approximately 0.6 €-ct) per KWh.


Since 2007, the government has been trying to cut costs for subsidies. In July 2014, electricity prices were increased as part of a five-year plan which aims to start generating profits from electricity, which is currently sold for less than half its production cost[17].


Energy Security

Despite the lack of profound resources and information, and the ambiguity of available data regarding energy security in Egypt, yet Atlam & Rapiea (2016)’s study on “Assessing the Future Energy Security in Egypt” can be used as a firm basis for investigating the energy security situation in the country.[2].

Renewable Energy

General Data

Table.15: Egyptian Renewable Energy Production since 1965 in Twh[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Produced Capacity - - - - .1 .5 1.4 1.9 2.6 2.7


Table.16: Egyptian Renewable Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Consumed Capacity - - - - - .1 .3 .4 .6 .6


Fig.7: Egyptian Electricity Generation from Renewables by Source (IEA, 2017)


FIg.8: Generation-Share of Different Renewable Energy Sources in Egypt in 2015 (IEA, 2017)


In 2012, electricity production from renewable energy sources reached 14,855 GWh[18], which is a share of 9.04% of the total electricity production. While 13,358 GWh (8.13%) were produced by hydropower installations, wind power contributed another 1,260 GWh (0.77%) and solar PV 237 GWh (0.14%).


Hydro

Table.17: Egyptian Hydro-Generation since 1965 in Twh[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Generated Capacity 1.7 6.8 9.1 11.2 14.2 12.6 13 13.7 13.3 13.4


Table.18: Egyptian Hydro-Consumption from since 1965 in Mtoe[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Consumed Capacity .4 1.5 2.1 2.5 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 3 3


Fig.9: Egyptian Hydro-Generation (IEA, 2017)


The latest estimates of the hydropower installed capacity are approximately 2842 MW, accounting for about 7.2-9% of the total generated mix[16][5]. Also, the ongoing implementation of 32 MW hydropower project in Assiut governorate and a 2400 MW pumping and storage plant in Attaqa-Suez, that is supposed to be operating by 2022, according to the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy & the Egyptian Holding Electricity Company[16].

Table.19: Egypt's Hydroelectric Plants[5]

Operator Comissioning Date Installed Capacity (MW)
High Dam 1967 2100
Aswan Dam 1 1960 280
Aswan Dam 2 1985/86 270
Esna  1993 86
Nag' Hamadi 2008 64

 

Wind

Table.20: Egyptian Wind-Power Generation since 1965 in Twh[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Generation Capacity - - - - .1 .5 1.4 1.9 2.5 2.5


Table.21: Egyptian Wind-Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Consumed Capacity - - - - - .1 .3 .4 .6 .6


Fig.10: Egyptian Wind-Energy Generation (IEA, 2017)


Egypt is endowed with abundant wind energy resources, with many coastal regions, where high and stable wind speeds are frequent, especially in the Gulf of Suez and the Nile Valley, as wind speed could reach 10.5 m/s at 50m height[16][5].


Table.22: Egyptian Wind Indicators[16][5]

Indicator Installed Capacity Generated Energy Fuel Savings CO2 Reductions Potential Capacities
Value 750-753 MW 12600 GWh 2.7 Mtoe 6.8 Million Tons 30000 MW


Table.23: Egyptian Major Wind Farms[5]

Farm Za'farana Gebel El-Zeit Hurghada
Generated Capacity 547 MW 200 MW 5 MW


Solar

Table.24: Egyptian Solar Production since 1965 in Twh[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Procution Capacity - - - - - <.1 .1 .1 .1 .2


Table.25: Egyptian Solar Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Consumption Capacity - - - - <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1


Fig.11: Egyptian Solar Generation (IEA, 2017)


Though solar energy use in the country is still in its infancy, yet the country has a great potential in the solar sector. With accordance to the EIA's latest report, the country only has 30 MW of installed solar capacity so far[5]. Additionally, there is one solar thermal project, an integrated solar combined-cycle power plant. Here, the solar power partially replaces fossil fuel. The plant has an overall capacity of 140 MW, of which the solar input is 20 MW. More PV projects are in the pipeline, one in Hurghada (20 MW, expected start of operation 2016), and one in Kom Ombo (20 MW, expected the start of operation 2016).[19]

Also, the Egyptian government has a huge scheme to boost the solar sector by installing a 1.8 GW solar park, which to be developed in Benban[5]. As part of reaching that goal, the Egyptian government has closed two deals on two different fronts; the 1st is with Norway's Scatec Solar to build six solar photovoltaic plants with a combined capacity of 400 MW, while the 2nd is with Saudi firma Acwa for another three solar photovoltaic plants with a capacity of 120 MW[5].


Table.26: Egyptian Solar Potential Indicators[16]

Indicator Direct Solar Radiaton Sunshine Duration Potential Capacities
Value 2000-3000 kWh/m2/year 9-11 hours/day >50000 MW


Fossil Fuels

Oil

Table.27: Egyptian Proved Oil Reserves since 1980 in Barrels[10]

Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017
Reserves (Thosuand million barrel) 2.9 3.5 3.6 4.5 3.5 3.4 3.3


Table.28: Egyptian Oil Production in Barrels since 1965[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Prduction (1000 barrels/day) 126 228 882 924 779 672 725 726 691 660


Table.29: Egyptian Oil Consumption since 1965[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Consumption (1000 barrels/day) 131 159 406 463 552 617 766 833 854 816


Table.30: Egyptian Refinery/Oil Products' Production since 1980[10]

Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017
Output (1000 barrels/day) 277 489 497 580 530 509 508


Table.31: Egyptian Refinery/Oil Products' Production Capacity since 1965[10]

Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Capacity (1000 barrels/day) 181 201 433 633 654 810 810 810 810 810


Fig.12: Egyptian Annual Petroleum & Other Oil-Products Production, Consumption, Net Exports & Net Imports (EIA, 2018)


Fig.13: Egyptian Production of Crude Oil & Other Oil-Products (IEA, 2017)


Fig.14: Final Egyptian Consumption of Oil & Oil-Products (IEA, 2017)


Fig.15: Egyptian Oil-Products Consumption By Sector


Natural Gas

Table.32: Egyptian Proved Natural Gas Reserves since 1980 in Tcm[10]
Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017
Estimated Reserves .1 .4 1.4 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.8


Table.33: Egyptian Natural Gas Production in Bcm since 1970[10]
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017
Production Capacity .1 2.1 7.8 20.2 59 42.6 40.3 49


Table.34: Egyptian Natural Gas Consumption since 1965[10]
Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Consumption Capacity (Bcm) <.1 <.1 4.7 12.1 19.3 30.4 43.4 46 49.4 56


Fig.16: Egyptian Natural Gas Production, Consumption, Net Exports, Net Imports (EIA, 2018)


Fig,17: Egyptian Natural Gas Production (IEA, 2017)


Fig.18: Egyptian Natural Gas Consumption (IEA, 2017)


Fig.19: Egyptian Sectorial Natural Gas Consumption (IEA, 2017)



Key Problems of the Energy Sector

The main and utmost challenge that Egypt currently faces, that is mentioned in almost any literature that is related to energy in Egypt, is the un-controlable and continuously increasing population growth. Yet, the Egyptian energy sector has few other challenges that need to be dealt with adequately and seriously, otherwise Egypt will have to deal with a catastrophic energy situation within the few years to come. These challenges can be summarized in the following points:

  1. The decline of Egyptian oil and natural gas reserves; as proved oil reserves have decreased from 4.5 million barrels in 2009 to 4.2 million barrels in 2013, while natural gas reserves have decreased from 78 trillion cubic feet in 2010 to 77.2 trillion cubic feet in 2014[2][3][4][5].
  2. The fact that the current Egyptian energy mixture is not properly diversified, as Egypt, heavily and mainly depends on oil, natural gas and the hydroelectric power from the Nile, with the third being close to nothing and even descending more, then Egypt is left with only both oil and natural gas representing approximately 90.4-94.4% of the total primary energy consumption till 2014[2][3][4].
  3. The gap between supply and demand of oil, since the supply ratio is about 52.7% of the demand[2][3][5].
  4. The majority of the Egyptian imported oil (~4.9 million tons), comes only from three suppliers: Kuwait, Iraq and Oman –according to the Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum- in 2014[2]Such a low variety of oil importers increases the probability of the risk of Egypt being negatively affected by any geopolitical instabilities in one or all of these importers, consequently affecting its ability to secure domestic demands in such situations[2].
  5. The low percentage of private investment in the energy sector (~16% in 2014/15), which in a way confines and hinders the technological aspects of energy production, distribution and consumption[2][3][4].
  6. The aging, un-maintained, low to non-efficient, mal-planned Egyptian infrastructure, especially in the energy sectors, which when faced with any sign of major problem, would lead to catastrophic outcomes, as for example, the daily blackouts of 2013 and 2014 summers, where electricity used to be completely absent allover Egypt for 6-8 hours/day through different times of the day[2][3][4].
  7. The non-existence of clear, to the point and profound strategies to be properly integrated in the Egyptian energy sector, and the un-clarity and complete randomness of the existent mixed ones, which are mostly unreliable, un-applicable strategies designed by totally different and varied institutions and energy-suppliers with different agendas and mentalities, eventually hindering any possible appropriate application or planning a proper solution(s) to secure energy supply[2].



Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

General Information

The combination of increasing demand, decreasing production and high subsidies for fuel have put a strain on the Egyptian energy sector and led to an enormous public deficit. As of June 2014, Egypt owed 7.5 billion USD and counting to foreign oil and gas companies alone [20]. In order help meeting the energy demand and to prevent an Egyptian energy crisis, Gulf countries have been providing financial aid to Egypt. However, this kind of aid is expected to decrease as the Gulf countries are impacted by the falling oil prices of 2015.


One topic dominating energy policy debates in Egypt is the use of coal. In April 2014, the government approved the industrial use of coal. This is especially relevant for cement factories, as these are particularly energy intensive and have occasionally been cut off from the energy supply as the government's priority was to preserve gas for power generation[21].

Renewable Energy Policy

In February 2008, the Egyptian government adopted a New National Renewable Energy Strategy. It sets out the ambitious goal to achieve a generation of 20% of the country’s electricity from renewable resources by 2020. 12 percentage points (7,200 MW) are supposed to be covered by wind energy. One-third of the planned RE capacity will be state-owned projects financed through public investments by the New and Renewable Energy Agency (NREA) in cooperation with international financing institutions. Two thirds will be private sector projects, which will be supported by policies structured in three phases:

  • Phase 1 will adopt competitive bids through issuing tenders requesting the private sector to supply electricity from renewable energy sources.
  • In Phase 2, a feed-in-tariff will be implemented, in particular for medium and small size projects.
  • Phase 3 allows investors to build and operate renewable energy power plants to satisfy their electricity needs or to sell electricity to other consumers through the national grid.

Also, an RE support fund is supposed to be established to cover the feed-in tariff payments.

In September 2014, the government approved the issuance of feed-in tariffs for solar PV and wind projects.
The new Presidential Decree 1947/2014 of October 2014 provides for fixed feed-in-tariffs over 25 years for PV and over 20 years for wind. These tariffs will be adjusted as soon as the following ceilings are reached: 300 MW of small PV (< 500 kW), 2000 MW of medium PV (500 kW – 50 MW), and 2000 MW of wind. The tariffs are going to be paid according to plant capacity. The details are outlined in a guiding document published by the Egyptian Electric Utility for Consumer Protection and Regulatory Agency (EgyptERA).


The FIT scheme is complemented by Law 203/2014 of 22 December 2014 whereby the Egyptian TSO (EETC) and the local distribution companies are obliged to connect a RES project to the grid. The costs of the connection shall be borne by the producer, while the government shall fund any extension of the grid. They are also obliged to purchase the electricity generated by qualifying projects and, if this is not feasible, compensate the producer.

Energy Efficiency Policy

Egypt has adopted a National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) (2012-2015) with cumulative energy efficiency targets of 5%. At the Council of Minister's secretariat, there is an EE unit which is the mandated entity for developing and implementing this plan. However, there is no designated energy efficiency agency and no general legal framework for EE measures[22].
Some steps have been taken to improve energy efficiency:

  • Mandatory EE codes for residential buildings (2006), commercial buildings (2009), and government buildings (2011) have been adopted.
  • Minimum performance standards with mandatory labeling schemes have been adopted for refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, air conditioners, CFLs, and electric water heaters.

By 2012, 750,000 m2 of Solar Water Heaters had been installed and 10.25 million Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) had been distributed. However, there are no buildings which are built according to EE building code and no demonstration projects for energy-efficient buildings.

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector

Governmental Bodies, Agencies & Utilities

Table.35: Egyptian Energy-Sector Governmental Bodies/Agencies[23]
Body/Agency Abbreviation Establishment Role
Ministry of Electricity and Energy MOEE 1964
  • Supervising all activities related to energy projects
  • Suggesting electricity prices
  • Publishing data and statistics relating to electricity production
 New and Renewable Energy Authority
NREA 1986, by MOEE
  • Bundling activities aiming to promote both renewable energy soures and energy efficiency
  • Acts as the national focal point for expanding efforts to introduce and develop renewable technologies in Egypt
  • Implementation of related energy conservation programs
  • Responsible for development, ownership and operation of governmental wind projects
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA 1982, and restructured in 1994
  • Executive arm of the Ministry of Environment
  • Formulation of environmental policies
  • Development and monitoring of projects
  • Implementation of pilot projects
  • Tha national autority in charge of promoting environmental topics
Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency  EgyptERA 1997, upon decree
  • Balance the interests of electricity producers, providers and end users
  • Ensure reliable long term supply of electriciy
  • Promoting and supervising environmental protection and operational reliability in the energy sector
  • Licensing the construction and operation of electricity generation, transmission and distribution facilities
  • Electricity trading
Egyptian Electricity Holding Company  EEHC 2000, As a result of major institutional reform tha took place through law 164
  • Coordinates, supervises and monitors the activities of its affiliated companies in the fields of production, transmission and distribution of electric energy.
Egyptian Energy Transmission Company  EETC 1976
  • Responsible for the country-wide transmission of electricity to regional and local distributors.


The current Egyptian electricity market is completely composed of governmental owned utilities, which can be divided into: 6 for generation, 1 for transmission and 9 for distribution[23], which all are operating under the direct management of the EEHC, as shown in the following figure (Fig.20)[23].


Fig.20: Egypt Sectorial Structure (Peter et al., 2015)


On the other hand, the whole petroleum sector in Egypt is run by main five state-owned enterprises, with accordance to the latest EIA's Egypt's analysis brief (2018), which can be summarized in the following table.


Table.36: Egypt's Petroleum Sector Main Enterprises[5]
Enterprise Abbreviaton Establishment Role
Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation EGPC 1956
  • Manage upstream oil activities
  • Issue upstream licenses

(Focus on activities the country, except Southern)

Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company EGAS 2001
  • Oversees the development, production and marketing of natural gas
  • Organizing international exploration bid rounds
  • Awarding natural gas exploration licenses
Egyptian Petrochemicals Holding Company ECHEM 2002
  • Developing the petrochemical sector
Egyptian Mineral Resources Authority EMRA 1896
  • Mineral resources assessment
  • Geological mapping of the country
Ganoub El-Wadi Holding Company Ganope 2003
  • Manage upstream oil activities
  • Issue upstream licenses

(Focus on activities in the Southern Region) 



Others

In the area of fossil power plants, Egypt already works with Independent Power Producers (IPPs). The first contract under a power purchase agreement (PPA) was signed in 1998.[24]In 2012/13, the following IPPs feed a total 33 GWh into the Egyptian electricity grid: Petrochemicals (15 GWh), Carbon Black (1 GWh), Talkha Fertilizerand Ghazl El-Mahaala (17 GWh)[14].


The private sector is also involved via the “Build-Own-Operate-Transfer” (BOOT) scheme. Four steam power plants were operated with the BOOT model in 2012/13 and provided a total of 14,264 GWh. According to EgyptERA[25], the companies under the BOOT model are Suez Gulf Power Company (4,576 GWh), Port Said East Power Company (4,983 GWh) and Sidi Krir Generating Company (4,705 GWh). The power plants operated by these companies were built in 2001-2003, with an installed capacity of 682.5 MW each. All three BOOT companies were acquired by the Malaysian Powertek Energy in 2006/2007[26].


The Egyptian Wind Energy Association (EGWEA) is the umbrella organisation, representing the wind energy sector in Egypt. It assists interaction and co-operation between all relevant players with professional involvement in the field of wind energy. The EGWEA is organised in a global network of wind associations. It aims at promoting and supporting the development of wind energy in Egypt by providing the means to facilitate the exchange of technical information, expertise and experience in the wind energy sector. It conducts studies, provides information on tenders and conferences and organises workshops for interested parties. EGWEA is particularly interested in bringing forward wind energy interests of Egypt.

However, the association is also engaged in the promotion of wind energy in developing countries in general.


Energy Cooperation

At the European level, a Memorandum of Understanding to enhance EU-Egypt energy cooperation was signed in December 2008. The priority areas covered are, among others, the development of the Egyptian energy strategy, including the market reform, the convergence of Egypt’s energy market with that of the EU, the promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency, the development of energy grids as well as technological and industrial cooperation.


Bilateral Energy Cooperation with Germany

Along with the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the United States, France, the EU and Japan, Germany is Egypt’s leading partner in terms of official development assistance. Egypt is one of the priority partner countries of the German development policy. Since 1963, Egypt has received approximately 6 billion EUR of aggregate commitments from Germany. The current focus areas of the bilateral cooperation are water management, renewable energies, energy efficiency and climate change.[27]


Within the framework of the German development cooperation, two initiatives to promote renewable energies and energy efficiency were launched in 2008:

  • The Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE), based in Cairo. Besides Egypt, other Arab members of the RCREEE are Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. RCREEE formulates and disseminates policies in support of RE and EE in the region and provides a platform for the regional exchange on policy issues and technological questions. In addition, RCREEE encourages the participation of the private sector to promote the establishment of a regional RE and EE industry.
  • The Egyptian-German High-Level Committee on Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Protection JCEE, is a bilateral Egyptian-German initiative. The JCEE is a platform for energy policy discussion, for developing initiatives for investment as well as institutional projects, awareness, and capacity building activities and establishing contacts and exchange between the two countries. The project is financed by the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Energy and the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The implementing partners of the cooperation are NREA and GIZ.


Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations


Further Information

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Obukhov. S. & Ibrahim A. (2017). Analysis of the Energy Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Egypt. MATEC Web Conference 141, 01035. Retrieved From: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/55/matecconf_smartgrids2017_01035.pdf
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Atlam, B. and Rapiea, A. (2016). Assessing the Future of Energy Security in Egypt. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Vol, 6(4): 684-700. Retrieved From: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/2777/1930
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf
  4. 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf
  5. 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf
  6. http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2011&country=EGYPT&product=Balances
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf
  10. 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html
  11. http://www.iisd.org/GSI/sites/default/files/ffs_egypt_update_august_2014.pdf
  12. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9da3cb08-007d-11e4-a3f2-00144feab7de.html#axzz3PwcopOCd
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf
  15. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf
  17. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/2014/07/04/Minister-Egypt-raises-electricity-prices-.html
  18. http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=EGYPT&product=ElectricityandHeat
  19. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1
  20. http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=eg
  21. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/05/egypt-cement-coal-idUSL6N0SU2YB20141105
  22. http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/egypt_ee_fact_sheet_print.pdf
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 Meier, P. Vagliasindi, M. Imran, M. Eberhard, A. & Siyambalapitiya, T. (2015). The Design and Sustainability of Renewable Energy Incentives: An Economic Analysis. Retrieved From: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1
  24. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1
  25. http://egyptera.org/en/curr_egy.aspx
  26. http://www.powertek.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=70
  27. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes/Aegypten_node.html


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