Difference between revisions of "El Salvador Energy Situation"
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{{CES Country|CES Country Name=El Salvador | {{CES Country|CES Country Name=El Salvador | ||
|CES Country Capital=San Salvador | |CES Country Capital=San Salvador | ||
| − | |CES Country Region=Latin America | + | |CES Country Region Latin America =Latin America |
|CES Country Coordinates=13.6667° N, 89.1667° W | |CES Country Coordinates=13.6667° N, 89.1667° W | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | = Introduction = | + | == Introduction == |
| + | '''''NOTE''': This article is being rewrittenn and will be completed soon.'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | El Salvador is a small country in Central America with a territory of only 21,040 km<sup>2</sup>. In 2022, El Salvador's total population was 6.3 million, with 61.7 % of the population living in urban areas and 38.3 % in rural areas. Population density is 301 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>; El Salvador has by far the highest population density among all countries in Central and South America 64.2 % of the total poulation is concentrated in only five of the 14 departments (San Salvador, La Libertad, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate). In 2022, poverty was 26.6%, and extreme poverty (income of less than US$ 2.15 per day) was 8.6%. However, by 2022, extreme poverty had redoubled in comparison with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. The reason for this observation is at least in part attributed to the rise in the cost of living fueled by high inflation rates of 6.1 % in 2021 and 7.3 % in 2022.<ref>Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2022. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. San Salvador (2023); online available at: https://www.bcr.gob.sv/documental/Inicio/vista/0c0aa5ade233aa9a7345923e9329407a.pdf.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Between 2010 and 2022, El Salvador achieved a moderate rate of economic growth averaging 2.4 % per year. 1 In 2020, the gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 7.9 % in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, but recovered in 2021 with growth of 11.2 %, and an additional 2.6 % in 2022. For 2023, the Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador (BCR) expects growth of between 2 % and 3 % and the inflation rate between 3.5 and 4.1 %.<ref><nowiki>https://www.bcr.gob.sv/2023/03/28/la-economia-salvadorena-crecio-2-6-en-2022/</nowiki></ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Energy Situation == | ||
| + | n-grid power generation capacity installed totals 2,848 MW in 2022<ref name=":1">SIGET (2022): Boletín de Estadísticas Eléctricas Año 2022. SIGET (24). Online verfügbar unter <nowiki>https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/siget/documents/556832/download</nowiki>, zuletzt geprüft am 02.05.2024.</ref>; by 2023 it has increased by another 41 MW to 2,889 MW.<ref name=":0">IRENA (2024): Renewable capacity statistics 2024. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Abu Dhabi. Online verfügbar unter <nowiki>https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024</nowiki>, zuletzt geprüft am 30.05.2024.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | In 2022, electric power generation totaled 7.07 TWh from which 5.5 TWh (77.4 %) came from renewable energy sources.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Off-grid capacity totals 5.2 MW. It is basically hydropower (1.1 MW) and solar-photovoltaic (4.1 MW).<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Access to electricity'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Electrification rate is 98.2 % on national average, but there is a significant disparity between urban and rural areas (99.3 % versus 96.4 %, respectively). According to the PEN 2020–2050, the government of El Salvador aims to achieve universal access to electricity with a national electrification rate of 100 % by 2030. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Rural electrification'' | ||
| + | The necessity of huge investments, and high operation and maintenance costs in conjunction with low demand from the potential beneficiaries, have discouraged the private sector from showing interest in electrifying communities outside the concession zones. The local utilities do not consider service provision to last-mile users as a profitable business. So, rural electrification has relied mainly on public investments and subsidies, but these are insufficient to reach the most remote users. | ||
| − | + | In 2021, a geospatial planning model (Plan Georeferenciado de Acceso Universal a la Electricidad, PGAUE) was implemented, identifying homes and other community or productive uses without access to electricity. A total of 8,759 households were identified as lacking access to electricity. The plan considers three possible alternatives for their electrification: (i) extension of the existing local power grid, (ii) isolated systems such as mini grids, and (iii) individual solar-photovoltaic systems (solar home systems). The plan estimates the investments necessary to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030, at approximately US$ 65.7 million. | |
| + | In order to serve this market and close the gap in electricity access, the government of El Salvador, through the CEL, has acquired one of the utilities, namely the Distribuidora Eléctrica Cuscatlán (DEC). | ||
| + | == Renewable Energy == | ||
| − | = | + | == Fossil Fuels == |
| + | == Key Problems of the Energy Sector == | ||
| − | = | + | == Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations == |
| + | == Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector == | ||
| + | Until the 1990s, the electric power sector in El Salvador maintained a vertically integrated structure. The Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa, CEL) was the only, state-owned electricity company. In 1996, the new General Law of Electricity (Ley General de Electricidad) took effect. It liberalized the electricity market, opened it to other public and private companies.besides the CEL, and introduced free competition in the wholesale and retail market segments. | ||
| − | + | The transmission system is operated by the Empresa Transmisora de El Salvador (ETESAL). ETESAL is a state-owned corporation that also owns the transmission infrastructure. | |
| + | Electricity distribution is concessioned to eight public and private distribution companies (utilities). A transactions unit manages the operation of the transmission system and the wholesale electricity market. | ||
| − | + | The sector regulatory authority is the General Superintendency of Electricity and Telecommunications (Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones, SIGET). SIGET is responsible for enforcement of the General Law of Electricity; among other functions it issues norms and technical standards, determines the rates and charges for using the national transmission system; and supervises compliance with technical standards and the quality.of the services. | |
| + | ==<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span>== | ||
| + | The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) approved on 11 October 2023 a loan of US$ 93 million to the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa, CEL) for the purpose of the implementation of the Universal Energy Access Program in El Salvador. The general objective of the first individual operation is to contribute to the universalization of the electrical energy service in El Salvador, through the implementation of sustainable electrification modes that maximize the use of renewable energies. The specific objectives are: (i) increase access to the electricity service in the country; (ii) strengthen the technical capacity of the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (CEL) to plan and manage electrification projects; and (iii) promote productive uses of energy in the beneficiary communities of electrification projects.<ref>https://www.iadb.org/en/project/ES-L1158</ref> | ||
| − | = | + | == Further Information == |
| + | == References == | ||
| + | <references /> | ||
| − | |||
| − | + | SIGET (2021): Mercado eléctrico de El Salvador 2020 (abril 2021). Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones (SIGET). San Salvador; available online at: https://www.siget.gob.sv/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mercado-Electrico-de-El-Salvador-2020-2.pdf . | |
| + | SIGET: Boletín de Estadísticas eléctricas Año 2022 (No. 24). Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones (SIGET). San Salvador; available online at: https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/siget/documents/556832/download. | ||
[[Category:Latin_America]] | [[Category:Latin_America]] | ||
[[Category:El_Salvador]] | [[Category:El_Salvador]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:10, 11 June 2024
Capital:
San Salvador
Region:
Coordinates:
13.6667° N, 89.1667° W
Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.
21,040
Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.
6,336,392 (2022)
Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.
25 (2022)
GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
324,887,200,002 (2022)
GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population
5,127.32 (2022)
Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.
97.89 (2021)
Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
49.24 (2014)
Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.
48.43 (2014)
Introduction
NOTE: This article is being rewrittenn and will be completed soon.
El Salvador is a small country in Central America with a territory of only 21,040 km2. In 2022, El Salvador's total population was 6.3 million, with 61.7 % of the population living in urban areas and 38.3 % in rural areas. Population density is 301 inhabitants per km2; El Salvador has by far the highest population density among all countries in Central and South America 64.2 % of the total poulation is concentrated in only five of the 14 departments (San Salvador, La Libertad, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate). In 2022, poverty was 26.6%, and extreme poverty (income of less than US$ 2.15 per day) was 8.6%. However, by 2022, extreme poverty had redoubled in comparison with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. The reason for this observation is at least in part attributed to the rise in the cost of living fueled by high inflation rates of 6.1 % in 2021 and 7.3 % in 2022.[1]
Between 2010 and 2022, El Salvador achieved a moderate rate of economic growth averaging 2.4 % per year. 1 In 2020, the gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 7.9 % in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, but recovered in 2021 with growth of 11.2 %, and an additional 2.6 % in 2022. For 2023, the Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador (BCR) expects growth of between 2 % and 3 % and the inflation rate between 3.5 and 4.1 %.[2]
Energy Situation
n-grid power generation capacity installed totals 2,848 MW in 2022[3]; by 2023 it has increased by another 41 MW to 2,889 MW.[4]
In 2022, electric power generation totaled 7.07 TWh from which 5.5 TWh (77.4 %) came from renewable energy sources.[3]
Off-grid capacity totals 5.2 MW. It is basically hydropower (1.1 MW) and solar-photovoltaic (4.1 MW).[4]
Access to electricity
Electrification rate is 98.2 % on national average, but there is a significant disparity between urban and rural areas (99.3 % versus 96.4 %, respectively). According to the PEN 2020–2050, the government of El Salvador aims to achieve universal access to electricity with a national electrification rate of 100 % by 2030.
Rural electrification
The necessity of huge investments, and high operation and maintenance costs in conjunction with low demand from the potential beneficiaries, have discouraged the private sector from showing interest in electrifying communities outside the concession zones. The local utilities do not consider service provision to last-mile users as a profitable business. So, rural electrification has relied mainly on public investments and subsidies, but these are insufficient to reach the most remote users.
In 2021, a geospatial planning model (Plan Georeferenciado de Acceso Universal a la Electricidad, PGAUE) was implemented, identifying homes and other community or productive uses without access to electricity. A total of 8,759 households were identified as lacking access to electricity. The plan considers three possible alternatives for their electrification: (i) extension of the existing local power grid, (ii) isolated systems such as mini grids, and (iii) individual solar-photovoltaic systems (solar home systems). The plan estimates the investments necessary to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030, at approximately US$ 65.7 million.
In order to serve this market and close the gap in electricity access, the government of El Salvador, through the CEL, has acquired one of the utilities, namely the Distribuidora Eléctrica Cuscatlán (DEC).
Renewable Energy
Fossil Fuels
Key Problems of the Energy Sector
Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations
Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector
Until the 1990s, the electric power sector in El Salvador maintained a vertically integrated structure. The Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa, CEL) was the only, state-owned electricity company. In 1996, the new General Law of Electricity (Ley General de Electricidad) took effect. It liberalized the electricity market, opened it to other public and private companies.besides the CEL, and introduced free competition in the wholesale and retail market segments.
The transmission system is operated by the Empresa Transmisora de El Salvador (ETESAL). ETESAL is a state-owned corporation that also owns the transmission infrastructure.
Electricity distribution is concessioned to eight public and private distribution companies (utilities). A transactions unit manages the operation of the transmission system and the wholesale electricity market.
The sector regulatory authority is the General Superintendency of Electricity and Telecommunications (Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones, SIGET). SIGET is responsible for enforcement of the General Law of Electricity; among other functions it issues norms and technical standards, determines the rates and charges for using the national transmission system; and supervises compliance with technical standards and the quality.of the services.
Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) approved on 11 October 2023 a loan of US$ 93 million to the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa, CEL) for the purpose of the implementation of the Universal Energy Access Program in El Salvador. The general objective of the first individual operation is to contribute to the universalization of the electrical energy service in El Salvador, through the implementation of sustainable electrification modes that maximize the use of renewable energies. The specific objectives are: (i) increase access to the electricity service in the country; (ii) strengthen the technical capacity of the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (CEL) to plan and manage electrification projects; and (iii) promote productive uses of energy in the beneficiary communities of electrification projects.[5]
Further Information
References
- ↑ Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2022. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. San Salvador (2023); online available at: https://www.bcr.gob.sv/documental/Inicio/vista/0c0aa5ade233aa9a7345923e9329407a.pdf.
- ↑ https://www.bcr.gob.sv/2023/03/28/la-economia-salvadorena-crecio-2-6-en-2022/
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 SIGET (2022): Boletín de Estadísticas Eléctricas Año 2022. SIGET (24). Online verfügbar unter https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/siget/documents/556832/download, zuletzt geprüft am 02.05.2024.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 IRENA (2024): Renewable capacity statistics 2024. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Abu Dhabi. Online verfügbar unter https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024, zuletzt geprüft am 30.05.2024.
- ↑ https://www.iadb.org/en/project/ES-L1158
SIGET (2021): Mercado eléctrico de El Salvador 2020 (abril 2021). Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones (SIGET). San Salvador; available online at: https://www.siget.gob.sv/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mercado-Electrico-de-El-Salvador-2020-2.pdf .
SIGET: Boletín de Estadísticas eléctricas Año 2022 (No. 24). Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones (SIGET). San Salvador; available online at: https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/siget/documents/556832/download.
