Difference between revisions of "Bolivia Energy Situation"

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{{CES Country
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|CES Country Name=Bolivia
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|CES Country Capital=Sucre
= Overview<br>  =
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|CES Country Region Latin America=Latin America
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|CES Country Coordinates=16.7120° S, 64.6660° W
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<br/>
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| align="center" colspan="4" | '''Plurinational State of Bolivia'''
 
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Capital<br>  
 
  
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= Introduction<br/> =
Sucre (constitutional capital)
 
  
La Paz (seat of government)
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Bolivia, with a population of almost 11 million inhabitants, is considered one of the poorest countries in Latin America. While urban areas such as La Paz and Santa Cruz are modern cities with a relatively good supply of modern energy services, the majority of Bolivia’s rural areas are still experiencing a lack of most basic services, including reliable and affordable access to electricity and improved biomass cookstoves. Thus the national electrification rate in 2014 was 88% with currently 98% in urban areas and only 57% in rural areas (accoding to the Bolivian Statistics Institute). Furthermore, 43% of the rural population uses biomass fuels for their daily cooking and heating needs. In spite of advances made in recent years to reduce rural poverty, there are still regions which have little access to markets, basic public services, and energy. Because of the difficult topography of Bolivia, communication and transport are a challenge in general and there are regions that are completely isolated during the rainy season. This situation is gradually worsening due to the impacts of climate change in Bolivia.<br/>
  
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[[File:Bolivia Electricity Consumption by Sector.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Electricity Consumption by Sector (1970-2006)]] Bolivia is a significant exporter of hydrocarbons, especially natural gas. Due to low levels of investment in the electricity, and oil and gas sectors, energy supply has started to be a concern. Limited gas availability might delay necessary investments in thermo-generation. Additionally, low levels of investment in the oil sector may result in shortages in the supply of diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and other oil derivatives. This situation might have an adverse effect on Bolivia’s ability to meet export commitments to Argentina and Brazil. Due to the absence of refineries Bolivia has to import refined petroleum products as well.<br/>
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Official language(s)<br>  
 
  
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Electricity is nearly exclusively generated by private companies from hydropower (36,3%) and thermal power plants mainly based on gas (59,7%). The total installed capacity is 1645 MW (Balance energético nacional 2000-2010), the installed capacity connected to the National Grid System (SIN) in 2011 was 1,31 GW (Memoria CNDC 2011) and the contribution of other renewable sources than hydropower is almost negligible. 85% of the electricity were produced in the ''Sistema Interconectado Nacional'' (SIN - National Grid System), while 15% were produced in isolated systems (mainly diesel-driven generators). The demand for electricity rose in the last 20 years dramatically and led into a series of outages and unsatisfied demand. There was a significant rise in the household sector.
Arabic<br>
 
  
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
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Government<br>
 
  
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<br/>
Semi-presidential republic<br>  
 
  
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= Energy Situation =
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President<br>
 
  
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Abdelaziz Bouteflika<br>
 
  
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Prime Minister<br>
 
  
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== Rural electrification<br/> ==
Ahmed Ouyahia<br>  
 
  
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Bolivia has one of the lowest rural electrification rates of Latin America. Urban access is estimated to be 98%, rural access is estimated to be 50% in 2007.<ref>IEA: [http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase/ Energy Access Database]</ref>&nbsp;More recent data from the Bolivian Statistics Institute indicate&nbsp;as well 98% for urban areas, but&nbsp;an increase to 75% for rual areas in 2015.&nbsp;<ref name="Instituto Nacional de Estadística. ‘INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Servicios Básicos’, 2017. http://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/educacion-5/vivienda-y-servicios-basicos-3.">Instituto Nacional de Estadística. ‘INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Servicios Básicos’, 2017. http://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/educacion-5/vivienda-y-servicios-basicos-3.
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</ref> The president communicated electrical coverage in rural areas of 73% for 2016.<ref name="Ministerio de Hidrocarburos. ‘Cobertura Eléctrica Alcanza El 90% y Se Plantea El Reto de Exportar Electricidad’, 22 January 2017. http://www2.hidrocarburos.gob.bo/index.php/prensa/noticias/1771-cobertura-el%C3%A9ctrica-alcanza-el-90-y-se-plantea-el-reto-de-exportar-electricidad.html.">Ministerio de Hidrocarburos. ‘Cobertura Eléctrica Alcanza El 90% y Se Plantea El Reto de Exportar Electricidad’, 22 January 2017. http://www2.hidrocarburos.gob.bo/index.php/prensa/noticias/1771-cobertura-el%C3%A9ctrica-alcanza-el-90-y-se-plantea-el-reto-de-exportar-electricidad.html.fckLR</ref>[[File:Bolivia Electrification.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Bolivia´s Electrification ratio (1995-2006)]]
Total area<br>  
 
  
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Traditional biomass (wood, dung, charcoal and green residue) still accounts for 16% of primary energy production and 16,4% of final energy consumption. It is therefore the third most important source of energy after natural gas and petroleum (derivates). This is mainly due to the important role of biomass for the energy supply in the country’s rural areas. In 2007, 70,1% of rural households was still using biomass (firewood or dung) as fuel for cooking (INE 2010).
2,381,741 km<sup>2</sup><br>
 
  
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
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Population<br>
 
  
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35,423,000 (2010 estimate)
 
  
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GDP (nominal)<br>
 
  
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= Electricity Situation =
$158.969 billion<br>
 
  
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Like in other countries, Bolivia’s electricity sector consists of the National Interconnected System (SIN) and off-grid systems (known as the "Aislados"). The Bolivian electricity market is strictly divided into three fields: generation, transmission, distribution. One company is not allowed to work in more than one of this fields. However there is an exception for off-grid systems. Most of the electricity companies have been nationalized.
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GDP Per capita <br>
 
  
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]]
$4,478<br>
 
  
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== Power Generation ==
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Currency<br>
 
  
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In 2011 some 6,611 GWh were generated in the national grid. Currently, there are eight generation companies in the interconnected system. The three largest companies alone represent 70% of the total generation. The largest company serving the SIN is the [http://www.cobee.com/ Compañia Boliviana de Energía Eléctrica (COBEE)], which serves the region surrounding La Paz. Furthermore COBEE is the only company, which has both thermoelectric power plants and hydroelectric ones. The other two bigger companies are Empresa Eléctrica Guarachi (EGSA; thermal) and [http://www.corani.com/ Empresa Eléctrica Corani] (CORANI; hydropower).[[File:Bolivia Grid System.jpg|thumb|right|180px|National grid and isolated power lines]]
Algerian dinar (DZD)<br>
 
  
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<br/>[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
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Time zone<br>  
 
  
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== Transmission ==
CET (UTC+01)<br>
 
  
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All mayor cities -except Tarija and Trinidad- are connected to the national grid. A line to connect Tarija is under construction.<br/>Currently, there are two transmission companies in the SIN, [http://www.tde.com.bo/ Transportadora de Electricidad (TDE)], formerly owned by Spain’s Red Eléctrica de España (REE) and recently nationalized, and [http://www.isa.com.bo/ ISA Bolivia], which was created in 2005. ISA Bolivia, which runs 53% of the transmission network in Bolivia, is a subsidiary of Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. (ISA), a corporation controlled by the government of Colombia. The number of companies is limited due to the existence of institutional entry barriers in this sector.
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Calling code<br>  
 
  
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
+213<br>
 
  
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== Distribution ==
  
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In Bolivia, the seven existing distribution companies enjoy a geographic monopoly in their concession areas. The largest company (in terms of kWh sold) is Electropaz, majority-owned by Spain’s Iberdrola. The second place is occupied by the Empresa de Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica Cochabamba (ELFEC), which was owned by the American PPL Global until 2007,&nbsp;; followed by the [http://www.cre.com.bo/ Rural Electrification Cooperative (CRE)], which operates in the Department of Santa Cruz.<ref name="Wikipedia: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_eléctrico_en_Bolivia">Wikipedia: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_eléctrico_en_Bolivia</ref>
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| __TOC__
 
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
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= Energy situation especially in rural areas  =
 
  
== Energy demand and supply in the household sector  ==
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== Off-grid and self-supplying systems ==
  
Bolivia, with a population of approximately 10 million inhabitants, is considered one of the poorest countries in Latin America. While urban areas such as La Paz and Santa Cruz are modern cities with a relatively good supply of modern energy services, the majority of Bolivia’s rural areas are still experiencing a lack of most basic services, including reliable and affordable access to electricity and improved biomass cooking stoves. Thus, in 2005, total access to electricity in Bolivia was 68%, one of the lowest in Latin America. Urban access was 87%, while rural access remained as low as 30%.  
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The departments of Beni, Pando and Tarija and the eastern region of Santa Cruz are not integrated in the SIN. As a result, there are vertically integrated operators that provide the service. <u>The most important operators are:</u>
  
[[Image:Bolivia Electricity Consumption by Sector.JPG|thumb|right|Electricity Consumption by Sector (1970-2006)]] Bolivia is a significant exporter of hydrocarbons, especially natural gas. Due to low levels of investment in the electricity, and oil and gas sectors, energy supply has started to be a concern. Limited gas availability might delay necessary investments in thermo-generation. Additionally, low levels of investment in the oil sector may result in shortages in the supply of diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and other oil derivatives. This situation might have an adverse effect on Bolivia’s ability to meet export commitments to Argentina and Brazil. Due to the absence of refineries Bolivia has to import refined petroleum products as well. <br>Electricity is nearly exclusively generated by private companies from hydropower (40%) and thermal power plants mainly based on gas (60%). The total installed capacity in 2007 was 1,5 GW and the contribution of other renewable sources than hydropower is almost negligible. 85% of the electricity were produced in the ''Sistema Interconectado Nacional'' (SIN - National Grid System), while 15% were produced in isolated systems (mainly diesel-driven generators). The demand for electricity rose in the last 20 years dramatically and led into a series of outages and unsatisfied demand. There was a significant rise in the household sector.  
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*SETAR (Servicios Eléctricos Tarija, S.A.): 44 MW, serves 56,885 clients
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*ENDE (Empresa Nacional de Electricidad): 16.65 MW, serves 16,650 clients
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*CRE (Cooperativa Regional de Electricidad): 14.53 MW, serves 4,940 clients.
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<br/>
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In some cases, especially in the high plateau, cooperatives and community organizations access the distribution companies’ network and sell electricity to small rural communities. Sometimes, those are organized enterprises that provide the service to middle-size towns, but in most cases, they are small organisations that serve family communities. This situation faces a legal vacuum since the consumers benefiting from these scheme, who do not consume the minimum power legally established, cannot be considered as regulated ones. In addition, these consumers are localized outside the distribution companies’ concession areas, so they cannot receive the companies’ service. In practice, the distribution companies are reselling electricity to the mentioned organizations outside the legal framework. Accurate information on the number of organizations that operate in rural areas does not exist. However, there are approximately three in La Paz, twenty in Oruro and three in Potosi.
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
  
== Rural electricity supply  ==
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= Obstacles for Off-grid Energy Technologies and Services =
  
Bolivia has one of the lowest rural electrification ratios of Latin America. While urban access was 87%, rural access is as low as 30%. This situation gets even worse considering that the electrification programmes had no significant effect on the rural electrification ratio in the last 10 years. [[Image:Bolivia Electrification.JPG|thumb|right|Bolivia´s Electrification ratio (1995-2006)]]
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Despite great efforts of the government and foreign donors to improve access to electricity, the majority of the rural poor lacks access to modern energy for lighting, communication etc. Close to 70% of the population have to rely on biomass for their energy needs. Especially wood and other traditional biomass is widely used for cooking in a very inefficient manner. This issue needs to be tackled urgently since biomass has become scarce in some arid areas. Furthermore, indoor air pollution, resulting from traditional combustion technologies and practices, is causing severe health problems, especially among women and children. Moreover, extensive use of wood for cooking is resulting in deforestation and related environmental problems - since forests are often not managed in a sustainable manner. In addition, most schools and health facilities in rural areas are suffering from a lack of hot water, adequate cooking conditions and means to heat their premises. The responsible municipalities are able to cater to the regular budgets; but they have great deficiencies in channeling their increased financial resources into energy related investments. Their human and institutional capacity to improve access to modern energy for households and community-run social infrastructure institutions is very low.
  
Traditional biomass (wood, dung, charcoal and green residue) still accounts for 15% of primary energy consumption and is the third most important source of energy after gas and petroleum. This is mainly due to the important role of biomass for the energy supply in the country’s rural areas. Traditional biomass represents nearly 90% of total energy consumption by rural households and is mainly used for cooking, the remaining 10% are mainly used for Lighting and ICT. <br>Although the electricity consumption rose in the resident sector the consumption in rural households remains very low (less than 40kWh/month/HH).  
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In nearly all national and municipal support programmes for the productive sector, energy related issues such as technology or reliable energy supply are missing. This hampers in many cases the development of better processing facilities and value added products in rural areas.
  
= Policy framework, laws and regulations  =
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
  
== Poverty reduction strategy  ==
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= Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations =
  
Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America and has one of its highest levels of inequality. The reduction in poverty rates experienced in the 1990s when Bolivia had modest but consistent growth rates was reversed by external and internal shocks at the end of the millennium. The per capita Gross National Income (GNI) amounted to US$1,260 in 2007, and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) ranked Bolivia 117th (out of 177 countries) on its Human Development Index. <br>An Interim Strategy Note was signed by the Bolivian Government and the Worldbank in 2009. The mayor focus is on equity. With respect to the energy sector the paper focusses on the development and exploitation of the hydrocarbon resources. the Decentralized Infrastructure for Rural Transformation (US$20 million), which provides alternative energy mechanisms (solar panels) to remote areas, and might help reduce, although not significantly, pressures on energy demand. Depending on performance and Government priorities, a second phase of the programme will be considered.
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== Poverty Reduction Strategy ==
  
== Energy policy  ==
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Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America and has one of its highest levels of inequality. The reduction in poverty rates experienced in the 1990s when Bolivia had modest but consistent growth rates was reversed by external and internal shocks at the end of the millennium. The per capita '''Gross National Income (GNI)''' amounted to US$1,699.5 in 2009(*), and the '''United Nations Development Program (UNDP)''' ranked Bolivia 108th (out of 187 countries) on its [http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/ Human Development Index].
  
The Bolivian government’s efforts to improve delivery of energy services to the poor have been quite intensive in recent years. First, the broad energy sector reform programme that comprised among others the privatisation of state utilities, was implemented in the mid-1990s. The reform improved the overall performance of the electricity sector and achieved important coverage gains in urban areas, connecting and providing access to the grid for about 90% of the urban population. The access rate in rural areas, however, has only grown from 13.7% in 1997 to 30% in 2005.  
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An Interim Strategy Note was signed by the Bolivian Government and the Worldbank in 2009. The mayor focus is on equity. With respect to the energy sector the paper focusses on the development and exploitation of the hydrocarbon resources. The Decentralized Infrastructure for Rural Transformation (US$20 million), which provided alternative energy mechanisms (solar panels) to remote areas, and might help reduce, although not significantly, pressures on energy demand. Depending on performance and Government priorities, a second phase of the programme will be considered.
  
In 2002, the government of Bolivia developed an ambitious rural electrification plan (PLABER – Plan Bolivia de Electrificación Rural) to increase access to electricity in rural areas from 25% to 45% within five years. However, implementation of the plan has been slow due to the ongoing political and economic crisis.
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[http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Bolivia (Plurinational State of) http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Bolivia (Plurinational State of)]
  
In the National Development Plan 2006 - 2010, electric energy is defined as a strategic sector with four general policies:
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
  
*Development of electric infrastructure in order to comply with national necessities and the generation of excess for export  
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<br/>
*Increased coverage in rural and urban areas, making the service universal&nbsp;
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*Energetic Sovereignty and Independence&nbsp;
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== Energy Policy<br/> ==
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The Bolivian government’s efforts to improve delivery of energy services to the poor have been quite intensive in recent years. First, the broad energy sector reform programme that comprised among others the privatisation of state utilities, was implemented in the mid-1990s. The reform improved the overall performance of the electricity sector and achieved important coverage gains in urban areas, connecting and providing access to the grid for about 98% of the urban population. The access rate in rural areas, however, has grown from 13.7% in 1997 to 46,6% in 2010.
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 +
In 2002, the government of Bolivia developed an ambitious rural electrification plan (PLABER – Plan Bolivia de Electrificación Rural) to increase access to electricity in rural areas from 25% to 45% within five years. However, implementation of the plan has been slow due to the ongoing political and economic crisis.
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<u>In the National Development Plan 2006 - 2010, electric energy is defined as a strategic sector with four general policies:</u>
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*Development of electric infrastructure in order to comply with national necessities and the generation of excess for export
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*Increased coverage in rural and urban areas, making the service universal
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*Energetic Sovereignty and Independence
 
*Consolidation of the State in the development of the electric industry with sovereignty and social equity
 
*Consolidation of the State in the development of the electric industry with sovereignty and social equity
  
Within the National Development Plan grid densification is explicitly mentioned.  
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Within the National Development Plan grid densification is explicitly mentioned.
  
The World Bank financed '''Decentralized Infrastructure for Rural Transformation''' Project (US$20 million) is supporting the Government’s effort to improve the delivery of electricity services in rural areas of the country. More specifically, the project is supporting rural converge expansion through Solar Photovoltaic Systems, grid extension to consumers that are close to the grid (densification) and other forms of energy and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Investments.  
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The World Bank financed '''Decentralized Infrastructure for Rural Transformation''' Project (US$20 million) was supporting the Government’s effort to improve the delivery of electricity services in rural areas of the country. More specifically, the project was supporting rural converge expansion through Solar Photovoltaic Systems, grid extension to consumers that are close to the grid (densification) and other forms of energy and '''Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)''' Investments.<br/>
  
=== '''Laws'''  ===
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<br/>
  
In the new constitution from 2009, the universal access to services such as electricity is a fundamental right. (Art.20).  
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The Bolivian government has not defined any overarching policy goals or objectives related to '''improved cookstoves'''. Recently the government has shown interest in portable cookstove solutions for remote aeras of the country.<br/>
  
The '''Electricity Law '''([http://www.congreso.gov.bo/leyes/1604.htm Ley de Electricidad]) establishes the electricity policy in Bolivia. Article 5 defines that the use of water and other renewable resources has to be multiple, rational, integral and sustainable. To ensure this the government can define a minimum share for hydropower in the total production capacity. Furthermore the responsibilities of the public actors and the institutional set up.  
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&nbsp;The '''“Plan for Universal Energy Access 2010 – 2025”''' published by the VMEEA end of 2010 establishes the overarching objective to reach 100% of Bolivian households with electricity access by 2025.<ref name="https://bit.ly/181iNU0">https://bit.ly/181iNU0</ref> The government subsequently incorporated the target into the “Patriotic Agenda 2025”, which is a plan on how to reach Bolivia’s development goals by 2025. It is foreseen to invest into (1) grid densification, principally in urban areas, into (2) grid extension, and into (3) renewable energy (solar, hydropower, wind, and biomass) to reach isolated communities outside the reach of the national grid.<br/>
  
In 2006 a new Law for '''Universal Access to Electricity''' (Ley de Acceso Universal) was proposed. Under the framework of this Law, the program called ‘Electricity for a Decent Living” has been designed to improve both rural and urban electrification. The short term goal (2006-2010) of the program is to increase rural electrification to 53% (connection of 210,000 new households) and urban electrification to 97% (connection of 460,000 new households). The medium term goal (2010-2015) is to achieve universal access in urban areas and a 70% access in rural ones. In the final stages, rural access would have increased to 87% by 2020 and universal coverage would be reached by 2025. The Law also mandates de creation of a Common Fund for Universal Access to Public Electricity Sevice (FOCO) and creates a co-financing mechanism of the National Government with Prefectures, municipalities and the private sector. However, the Law has not been approved yet, although it is expected that the Law and the mechanisms it creates will be approved soon.
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<br/>
  
A new Rural Electrification Decree was approved in 2005 ([http://www.superele.gov.bo/ml/28567.pdf Supreme Decree No. 28567]). This new decree aims at increasing rural access through the extension and densification of electric networks, development of renewable energy and a change in the energy mix (substitution of diesel by natural gas, biomass and other renewable energies) and an increase in distribution capacity. The Rural Electrification Decree and its associated regulatory framework encourages stakeholders in the energy sector to establish partnerships with other government agencies to implement the rural electrification plan. An agreement between the Ministry of Public Works, Services and Housing and the Ministry of Education will allow for the installation of solar PV systems in rural areas in conjunction with the literacy program, “I can” (Yo sí Puedo).
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<br/>
  
= Institutional set up and actors in the energy sector  =
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
  
== Public institutions  ==
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'''[http://www.hidrocarburos.gov.bo The Viceministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy (VMEEA)]''', within the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (MHE), is in charge of establishing policies and designing the regulation for the electricity sector. The VMEEA and the Viceministerio de Desarrollo Energético (VMDE) are in charge to develop policies to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy. A Working group of VMDE and VMEEA, the "Unidad de Desarrollo Energético", develops the National Plan for Rural Electrification.
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== Laws ==
  
'''[http://www.superele.gov.bo The Superintendencia de Electricidad (SE)]''' is responsible for applying the regulation set by the VMEEA and it grants and supervises concessions. It controls the [http://www.cndc.bo Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC)], which coordinates the activities of the actors in the three markets (generation, transmission and distribution). The CNDC consists of delegates of the relevant companies.  
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In the new constitution from 2009, the universal access to services such as electricity is a fundamental right. (Art.20).
  
The electricity sector in Bolivia was privatized in the early 1990s and was unbundled into generation, transmission and distribution. Like in other countries, Bolivia‘s electricity sector consists of National Interconnected System (SIN) and off-grid systems (known as the Aislados). Other donors within the programme ―Electricity for a life in Dignity‖ are KfW, UNDP (small hydropower), World Bank (grid extension, Solar Home Systems), and the EU (community solar and wind hybrids). Also, EnDev cooperates with the World Bank regarding improved stoves and Pico PV. EnDev will continue to work with governmental institutions on all levels: National, prefectural and municipal, as well as with cooperatives, NGOs and the private sector. Improved stoves will also be part of the National Waterbasin Plan. The counterparts for Biogas plants, small irrigation and product transformation (energy for productive use) usually are entire communities or cooperatives. The connection of social infrastructure to the natural gas grid has been declared national policy by the Ministry for Energy and Hydrocarbons in 2006, while photovoltaic and thermal hot water usually are implemented together with municipalities. EnDev applies the subsidiarity principle according to the need of the partners and structures and the characteristics of the technology. For example, while strengthening the capacities for improved stove dissemination on the community level, municipal and national partners are also being involved. Grid densification usually works with national, prefectural and municipal governments and the private sector (utilities), complementing with training for electricians on the community level.  
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The '''Electricity Law '''([http://www.congreso.gov.bo/leyes/1604.htm Ley de Electricidad]) establishes the electricity policy in Bolivia. Article 5 defines that the use of water and other renewable resources has to be multiple, rational, integral and sustainable. To ensure this the government can define a minimum share for hydropower in the total production capacity. Furthermore the responsibilities of the public actors and the institutional set up.
  
<br>
+
In 2006 a new Law for '''Universal Access to Electricity''' (Ley de Acceso Universal) was proposed. Under the framework of this Law, the program called ‘Electricity for a Decent Living” has been designed to improve both rural and urban electrification. The short term goal (2006-2010) of the program was to increase rural electrification to 53% (connection of 210,000 new households) and urban electrification to 97% (connection of 460,000 new households). The medium term goal (2010-2015) is to achieve universal access in urban areas and a 70% access in rural ones. In the final stages, rural access would have increased to 87% by 2020 and universal coverage would be reached by 2025. The Law also mandates the creation of a Common Fund for Universal Access to Public Electricity Sevice (FOCO) and creates a co-financing mechanism of the National Government with Prefectures, municipalities and the private sector. However, the Law has not been approved yet, although it is expected that the Law and the mechanisms it creates will be approved soon.
  
== Other major activities in the country financed by BMZ or DGIS  ==
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A new Rural Electrification Decree was approved in 2005 ([http://www.superele.gov.bo/ml/28567.pdf Supreme Decree No. 28567]). This new decree aims at increasing rural access through the extension and densification of electric networks, development of renewable energy and a change in the energy mix (substitution of diesel by natural gas, biomass and other renewable energies) and an increase in distribution capacity. The Rural Electrification Decree and its associated regulatory framework encourages stakeholders in the energy sector to establish partnerships with other government agencies to implement the rural electrification plan. An agreement between the Ministry of Public Works, Services and Housing and the Ministry of Education allowed the installation of solar PV systems in rural areas in conjunction with the literacy program, “I can” (Yo sí Puedo).
  
*DGIS is supporting the National Gas and Petroleum holding YPFB in its restructuring process,
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[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
*DGIS financed the NGOs Energetica and ETC to provide complementary technical assistance as well as awareness campaigns to the Cochabamba prefecture,
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*KfW is financing a small hydroelectric programme which is currently being revised,
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*The BMZ has been asked by the Bolivian Government to support the development of wind energy,
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 +
= Institutional Set-up and Actors in the Energy Sector =
  
== Electricity companies  ==
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== Public Institutions<br/> ==
  
Like in other countries, Bolivia’s electricity sector consists of National Interconnected System (SIN) and off-grid systems (known as the Aislado). The Bolivian electricity market is strictly divided into the three fields: generation, transmission, distribution. One company is not allowed to work in more than one of this fields. However there is an exception for off-grid systems.  
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The energy sector is almost completely nationalised. It is headed by the '''<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255)"></span>[http://www2.hidrocarburos.gob.bo/ Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy],''' with three Vice Ministries: (1) Vice Ministry of Energy Development, (2) Vice Ministry of Electricity and Alternative Energies, (3) Vice Ministry for Exploration and Exploitation of Hydrocarbons. A number of strategic state enterprises are under the direct responsibility of the Minister, including the National Committee for Charge Dispatch (CNDC) and the national electricity utility (ENDE). ENDE has 11 subsidiary companies (electricity generators, transporters and distributors) of which CORANI S.A. (Cochabamba) is responsible for all wind energy projects and Guaracachi (Santa Cruz) is responsible for solar and biomass projects.<br/>
  
=== '''Power Generation'''  ===
+
With regard to ICS, there is no single government entity which promotes these. Also, there is no specific public funding available for ICS. However, departmental and municipal governments may allocate funding in their annual activity budgets<br/>
  
'''&nbsp;'''In 2007 nearly 5,000 GWh were generated in the national grid. Currently, there are eight generation companies in the interconnected system, all of them privately owned. The three largest companies alone represent 70% of the total generation. The largest company serving the SIN is the [http://www.cobee.com/ Compañia Boliviana de Energía Eléctrica (COBEE)], which serves the region surrounding La Paz. Furthermore COBEE is the only company, which has both thermoelectric power plants and hydroelectric ones. The other two bigger companies are Empresa Eléctrica Guarachi (EGSA; thermal) and [http://www.corani.com Empresa Eléctrica Corani] (CORANI; hydropower). [[Image:Bolivia Grid System.jpg|thumb|right|National grid and isolated power lines]]
+
The Bolivian electricity system consists of the national interconnected grid and isolated systems. Every region has its own public electricity distribution company (the abovementioned subsidiaries to ENDE), except for the largest region Santa Cruz where the so-called Rural Electricity Cooperative (CRE) handles electricity distribution.<br/>
  
=== '''Transmission''' ===
+
'''[http://www.ae.gob.bo Energy Authority (AE)]''' (known before as the '''[http://www.superele.gov.bo Superintendencia de Electricidad (SE)]''' is responsible for applying the regulation set by the VMEEA and it grants and supervises concessions. It controls the '''[http://www.cndc.bo Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC)]''', which is the entity responsible for the operation of the Interconnected Electric System (SIN), the management of the Wholesaler Electric Market (MEM) of Bolivia and of the Planning of the Expansion of the SIN following the guidelines of the Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy.The CNDC consists of delegates of the relevant companies.
  
&nbsp;All mayor cities -except Tarija and Trinidad- are connected to the national grid. A line to connect Tarija is projected. <br>Currently, there are two transmission companies in the SIN, [http://www.tde.com.bo Transportadora de Electricidad (TDE)], owned by Spain’s Red Electrica de Espana (REE), and [http://www.isa.com.bo ISA Bolivia], which was created in 2005. ISA Bolivia, which runs 53% of the transmission network in Bolivia, is a subsidiary of Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. (ISA), a corporation controlled by the government of Colombia. The number of companies is limited due to the existence of institutional entry barriers in this sector.  
+
The electricity sector in Bolivia was privatized in the early 1990s and was unbundled into generation, transmission and distribution. Like in other countries, Bolivia‘s electricity sector consists of the National Interconnected System (SIN) and a number of off-grid systems (known as the "Aislados"). Other donors within the programme ―Electricity for a life in Dignity‖ are KfW, UNDP (small hydropower), World Bank (grid extension, Solar Home Systems), and the EU (community solar and wind hybrids). Also, EnDev cooperates with the World Bank regarding improved stoves and Pico PV. EnDev will continue to work with governmental institutions on all levels: National, prefectural and municipal, as well as with cooperatives, NGOs and the private sector. Improved stoves will also be part of the National Watershed Plan. The counterparts for Biogas plants, small irrigation and product transformation (energy for productive use) usually are entire communities or cooperatives. The connection of social infrastructure to the natural gas grid has been declared national policy by the Ministry for Energy and Hydrocarbons in 2006, while photovoltaic and thermal hot water systems usually are implemented together with municipalities. EnDev applies the subsidiarity principle according to the need of the partners and structures and the characteristics of the technology. For example, while strengthening the capacities for improved stove dissemination on the community level, municipal and national partners are also being involved. Grid densification usually works with national, prefectural and municipal governments and the private sector (utilities), complementing with training for electricians on the community level.
  
=== '''Distribution'''  ===
+
<br/>
  
In Bolivia, the six existing distribution companies enjoy a geographic monopoly in their concession areas. The largest company (in terms of sold kWh) is the [http://www.cre.com.bo Rural Electrification Cooperative (CRE)], which operates in the Department of Santa Cruz; followed by Electropaz, majority-owned by Spain’s Iberdrola. The third place is occupied by the Empresa de Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica Cochabamba (ELFEC), which was owned by the American PPL Global until 2007
+
'''ENDE''' (Empresa Nacional de Electricidad):The national electricity enterprise is in charge of the execution of Electric and energy policies. Now it is in charge also of the nationalized enterprises as subsidiaries of the main office. ENDE is in charge of the wind energy studies where the German cooperation is also giving advice, with CINERꞋs experts.
  
=== '''Off-grid and self-supplying systems'''  ===
+
[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
  
The departments of Beni, Pando and Tarija and the eastern region of Santa Cruz are not integrated in the SIN. As a result, there are vertically integrated operators that provide the service. The most important operators are:
+
<br/>
  
*SETAR (Servicios Eléctricos Tarija, S.A.): 44 MW, serves 56,885 clients
+
== Other Major Activities in the Country ==
*ENDE (Empresa Nacional de Electricidad): 16.65 MW, serves 28,554 clients
 
*CRE (Cooperativa Regional de Electricidad): 14.53 MW, serves 4,940 clients.
 
  
In some cases, especially in the high plateau, cooperatives and community organizations access the distribution companies’ network and sell electricity to small rural communities. Sometimes, those are organized enterprises that provide the service to middle-size towns, but in most cases, they are small organisations that serve family communities. This situation faces a legal vacuum since the consumers benefiting from these scheme, who do not consume the minimum power established legally established, cannot be considered as regulated ones. In addition, these consumers are localized outside the distribution companies’ concession areas, so they cannot receive the companies’ service. In practice, the distribution companies are reselling electricity to the mentioned organizations outside the legal framework. Accurate information on the number of organizations that operate in rural areas does not exist. However, there are approximately three in La Paz, twenty in Oruro and three in Potosi.
+
*DGIS is supporting the National Gas and Petroleum holding YPFB in its restructuring process,
 +
*DGIS financed the NGOs Energetica and ETC to provide complementary technical assistance as well as awareness campaigns to the Cochabamba regional government,
 +
*KfW is financing a small hydroelectric programme which is currently being revised,
 +
*The BMZ has been asked by the Bolivian Government to support the development of wind energy,
  
<br>
+
[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
  
== Non governmental service providers for rural areas in the field of energy  ==
+
== Non Governmental Service Providers for Rural Areas in the Field of Energy ==
  
'''Projects implementing NGOs:'''
+
<u>Projects implementing NGOs:</u>
  
*Centro de Promoción de Tecnologías Sostenibles (CPTS), La Paz  
+
*Centro de Promoción de Tecnologías Sostenibles (CPTS), La Paz
*[http://www.ciner.org Centro de Información en Energías Renovables (CINER)] seeks to contribute to the conservation of natural resources through the rational use of energy. Thereby orienting, assessing, and promoting the exchange of information, investigation, and techonology between institutions, businesses, and people that work in the field of energy, stimulating a relationship between the use and production of energy. CINER is also a CIM-partner.  
+
*[http://www.ciner.org Centro de Información en Energías Renovables (CINER)] seeks to contribute to the conservation of natural resources through the rational use of energy. Thereby orienting, assessing, and promoting the exchange of information, investigation, and techonology between institutions, enterprises, and people that work in the field of energy, stimulating a relationship between the use and production of energy. CINER is also a CIM-partner.
*[http://www.energetica.org.vo Energética] is a Bolivian NGO which gives technical assistance for the end users, micro-enterprises, government offices and other institutions in many issues like the energy planning, design, execution and evaluation of energy projects, etc. There is a strong cooperation with CINER.  
+
*[http://www.energetica.org.vo Energética] is a Bolivian NGO which gives technical assistance for the end users, micro-enterprises, government offices and other institutions in many issues like the energy planning, design, execution and evaluation of energy projects, etc. .
*[http://www.cedesol.org Cedesol] provides creative market practices to enable the people of Bolivia, regardless of their economic standing, to be able to acquire an ecological stove.  
+
*[http://www.cedesol.org Cedesol] is a Foundation that provides creative market practices to enable the people of Bolivia, regardless of their economic standing, to be able to acquire an ecological stove.
*[http://www.cedesbolivia.org Consejo Empresarial para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CEDES)] works generally on sustainable development and has as well projects on ICS .  
+
*[http://www.cedesbolivia.org Consejo Empresarial para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CEDES)] works generally on sustainable development and has as well projects on ICS .
*[http://www.prolenaecofogon.org/ PROLEÑA - BOLIVIA] is a sister organisation of the Nicaraguan NGO PROLEÑA and works on improved stoves as well.  
+
*[http://www.prolenaecofogon.org/ PROLEÑA - BOLIVIA] is a sister organisation of the Nicaraguan NGO PROLEÑA and used to work on improved stoves as well.
*[http://www.sobrelarocacocinassolares.com/ Sobre la Roca - Energías Alternativas] is a partner organisation of CEDESOL. It focusses on solar cooking and improved stoves.  
+
*[http://www.sobrelarocacocinassolares.com/ Sobre la Roca - Energías Alternativas] is a partner organisation of CEDESOL. It focusses on solar cooking and improved stoves.
*[http://www.tecnologiadesarrollo.tk/ Tecnologías en Desarrollo] a non for profit organisation created in 2000 to promote the use of appropriate technology, focusing particularly on renewable technology, especially in biogas.
+
*[http://www.tecnologiadesarrollo.tk/ Tecnologías en Desarrollo] a non for profit organisation created in 2000 to promote the use of appropriate technology, focusing particularly on biogas.
 +
*[http://www.solucionespracticas.org.pe Practical Action] is a non for profit organization, with the main house in England and an office for Andean region in Peru.
  
'''Commercial service provider:'''
+
<u>Commercial service provider:</u>
  
''Biogas:''  
+
''Biogas:''
  
 
*[http://www.bravotec-srl.com Bravotec], Santa Cruz.
 
*[http://www.bravotec-srl.com Bravotec], Santa Cruz.
  
''Solar:''  
+
''Solar:''
  
*[http://www.batebol.com Batebol]: Batteries for solar appliance  
+
*[http://www.batebol.com Batebol]: Batteries for solar appliance
*[http://www.enersol-sa.com Enersol], Santa Cruz: PV for rural, commercial or refrigeration appliance and solar pumping.  
+
*[http://www.enersol-sa.com Enersol], Santa Cruz: PV for rural, commercial or refrigeration appliance and solar pumping.
*Eco Sol, Cochabamba: Solar collectors
+
*[http://www.ecosol.web.bo/ Eco Sol], Cochabamba: Solar collectors
*[http://www.isofoton.com.bo Isofoton]: Bolivian subsidiary; PV panels
+
*[http://www.phocos.com Phocos]: Bolivian subsidiary; PV and Micro-Hydro
*[http://www.phocos.com Phocos]: Bolivian subsidiary; PV and Micro-Hydro  
+
*[http://www.prosolbolivia.com Pro Sol], Cochabamba: PV
*[http://www.prosolbolivia.com Pro Sol], Cochabamba: PV  
+
*[http://www.rc-limitada.com RC Limitada], Santa Cruz: PV and Wind Energy.
*[http://www.rc-limitada.com RC Limitada], Santa Cruz: PV and Winde Energy.
 
  
''Micro-Hydropower:''  
+
''Micro-Hydropower:''
  
*[http://aesbol.freeyellow.com Alternative Energy Systems (AES)]  
+
*[http://aesbol.freeyellow.com Alternative Energy Systems (AES)]
*[http://www.phocos.com Phocos]: Bolivian subsidiary; PV and Micro-Hydro  
+
*[http://www.phocos.com Phocos]: Bolivian subsidiary; PV and Micro-Hydro
*Ecotecnologías Energéticas y Productivas (ECOTEC), La Paz
+
*[http://ecotecbolivia.org Ecotecnologías Energéticas y Productivas] (ECOTEC), La Paz
  
''Wind Energy:''  
+
''Wind Energy:''
  
 
*[http://www.rc-limitada.com RC Limitada], Santa Cruz: PV and Wind Energy.
 
*[http://www.rc-limitada.com RC Limitada], Santa Cruz: PV and Wind Energy.
  
'''Micro-Finance Institutions:''' The micro-finance sector in Bolivia is well developed. The [http://www.fondesif.gov.bo Fondo de Desarrollo del Sistema Financiero (FONDESIF)] as a public institution is responsible for the development of this sector. There are a lot other institution. Among them the most important are:  
+
'''Micro-Finance Institutions:''' The micro-finance sector in Bolivia is well developed. The [http://www.fondesif.gov.bo Fondo de Desarrollo del Sistema Financiero (FONDESIF)] as a public institution is responsible for the development of this sector. There are a lot of other institutions. Among them the most important are:
  
*[http://www.prodemffp.com/ Prodem] is the oldest private micro-finance institute. It has subsidiaries in all departments.  
+
*[http://www.prodemffp.com/ Prodem] is the oldest private micro-finance institute. It has subsidiaries in all the Departments of Bolivia.
*[http://www.bancosol.com.bo Banco Solidario (BancoSol)] is the biggest private micro-finance institute in Bolivia.  
+
*[http://www.bancosol.com.bo Banco Solidario (BancoSol)] is the biggest private micro-finance institution in Bolivia.
*[http://www.ffpfie.com.bo FIE] is another important private micro-finance institute. It is specialised in micro-entrepreneurs.  
+
*[http://www.ffpfie.com.bo FIE] is another important private micro-finance institute. It is specialised in micro-entrepreneurs.
*[http://www.losandesprocredit.com.bo Banco Los Andes ProCredit] is the forth private institute, which grants credits to micro- and small entrepreneurs.  
+
*[http://www.losandesprocredit.com.bo Banco Los Andes ProCredit] is the forth private institute, which grants credits to micro- and small entrepreneurs.
*[http://www.fundapro-bol.org Fundación para la Producción (FUNDA-PRÓ)] gives micro-credits to small entrepreneurs using biomass.  
+
*[http://www.fundapro-bol.org Fundación para la Producción (FUNDA-PRÓ)] gives micro-credits to small entrepreneurs using biomass.
 
*[http://www.fondeco.org/ Fondo de Desarrollo Comunal (FONDECO)] is specialised in financial services in rural areas.
 
*[http://www.fondeco.org/ Fondo de Desarrollo Comunal (FONDECO)] is specialised in financial services in rural areas.
 +
*[http://www.bnamericas.com/company-profile/es/Banco_de_Desarrollo_Productivo_S,A,M,-BDP_S,A,M, Banco de Desarrollo Productivo (BDP)] is the country's largest securitization specialist and has approximately 80% of the local market for bond financing. BDP began operations in 1996 as a second-floor financial institution. BDP is indirectly owned by the Andean Development Corporation (CAF) and the Bolivian state.
 +
 +
[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 +
 +
<br/>
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
= Further Information =
  
=== Key problems hampering access to modern energy services in rural areas  ===
+
*[http://www.endev-bolivia.org/ EnDev-Bolivia]
 +
*[[Renewable Energies in Bolivia|Renewable Energies in Bolivia]]
 +
*[http://en.microsol-int.com/microsol/our-work Analysis of the potential to foster electricity and lighting access in the Andean region, thanks to carbon mechanism] - Microsol and Rexel Foundation, study led from June 2013 to May 2014. The study provides an overview of access to electricity and lighting in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile.<br/>
 +
*[https://www.ptb.de/cms/en.html PTB] project "[[:File:PTB project LAC Energy 95309 EN.pdf|Quality Infrastructure for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy]]" in Latin America and the Caribbean
  
==== Obstacles for grid based rural electrification  ====
+
[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
  
==== Obstacles for off grid energy technologies and services  ====
 
  
Despite great efforts of the government and foreign donors to improve access to electricity, the majority of the rural poor lacks access to modern energy for lighting, communication etc. . Close to 70% of the population have to rely on biomass for their energy needs. Especially wood and other traditional biomass is widely used for cooking in a very inefficient manner. This issue needs to be tackled urgently since biomass has become scarce in some arid areas. Furthermore, indoor air pollution, resulting from traditional combustion technologies and practices, is causing severe health problems, especially among women and children. Moreover, extensive use of wood for cooking is resulting in deforestation and related environmental problems - since forests are often not managed in a sustainable manner. In addition, most schools and health facilities in rural areas are suffering from a lack of warm water, adequate cooking conditions and means to heat their premises. The responsible municipalities are able to cater to the regular budgets; but they have great deficiencies in channeling their increased financial resources into energy related investments. Their human and institutional capacity to improve access to modern energy for households and community-run social infrastructure institutions is very low.
+
= References =
  
In nearly all national and municipal support programmes for the productive sector, energy related issues such as technology or reliable energy supply, are missing. This hampers in many cases the development of better processing facilities and value added products in rural areas.
+
<references /><br/>
  
<br>[[EnDev-Bolivia|EnDev-Bolivia]]
+
<br/>
  
|}
+
[[Bolivia Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
  
[[Category:Bolivia]] [[Category:Country_Situation]]
+
[[Category:Bolivia]]
 +
[[Category:Latin_America]]

Latest revision as of 13:55, 11 September 2020

Bolivia
Flag of Bolivia.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Sucre

Region:

Coordinates:

16.7120° S, 64.6660° W

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

1,098,580

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

12,388,571 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

29 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

45,849,832,906 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

3,700.98 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

99.90 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

-177.99 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

84.15 (2014)

Source: World Bank




Introduction

Bolivia, with a population of almost 11 million inhabitants, is considered one of the poorest countries in Latin America. While urban areas such as La Paz and Santa Cruz are modern cities with a relatively good supply of modern energy services, the majority of Bolivia’s rural areas are still experiencing a lack of most basic services, including reliable and affordable access to electricity and improved biomass cookstoves. Thus the national electrification rate in 2014 was 88% with currently 98% in urban areas and only 57% in rural areas (accoding to the Bolivian Statistics Institute). Furthermore, 43% of the rural population uses biomass fuels for their daily cooking and heating needs. In spite of advances made in recent years to reduce rural poverty, there are still regions which have little access to markets, basic public services, and energy. Because of the difficult topography of Bolivia, communication and transport are a challenge in general and there are regions that are completely isolated during the rainy season. This situation is gradually worsening due to the impacts of climate change in Bolivia.

Electricity Consumption by Sector (1970-2006)

Bolivia is a significant exporter of hydrocarbons, especially natural gas. Due to low levels of investment in the electricity, and oil and gas sectors, energy supply has started to be a concern. Limited gas availability might delay necessary investments in thermo-generation. Additionally, low levels of investment in the oil sector may result in shortages in the supply of diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and other oil derivatives. This situation might have an adverse effect on Bolivia’s ability to meet export commitments to Argentina and Brazil. Due to the absence of refineries Bolivia has to import refined petroleum products as well.

Electricity is nearly exclusively generated by private companies from hydropower (36,3%) and thermal power plants mainly based on gas (59,7%). The total installed capacity is 1645 MW (Balance energético nacional 2000-2010), the installed capacity connected to the National Grid System (SIN) in 2011 was 1,31 GW (Memoria CNDC 2011) and the contribution of other renewable sources than hydropower is almost negligible. 85% of the electricity were produced in the Sistema Interconectado Nacional (SIN - National Grid System), while 15% were produced in isolated systems (mainly diesel-driven generators). The demand for electricity rose in the last 20 years dramatically and led into a series of outages and unsatisfied demand. There was a significant rise in the household sector.

►Go To Top


Energy Situation

Rural electrification

Bolivia has one of the lowest rural electrification rates of Latin America. Urban access is estimated to be 98%, rural access is estimated to be 50% in 2007.[1] More recent data from the Bolivian Statistics Institute indicate as well 98% for urban areas, but an increase to 75% for rual areas in 2015. [2] The president communicated electrical coverage in rural areas of 73% for 2016.[3]

Bolivia´s Electrification ratio (1995-2006)

Traditional biomass (wood, dung, charcoal and green residue) still accounts for 16% of primary energy production and 16,4% of final energy consumption. It is therefore the third most important source of energy after natural gas and petroleum (derivates). This is mainly due to the important role of biomass for the energy supply in the country’s rural areas. In 2007, 70,1% of rural households was still using biomass (firewood or dung) as fuel for cooking (INE 2010).

►Go To Top



Electricity Situation

Like in other countries, Bolivia’s electricity sector consists of the National Interconnected System (SIN) and off-grid systems (known as the "Aislados"). The Bolivian electricity market is strictly divided into three fields: generation, transmission, distribution. One company is not allowed to work in more than one of this fields. However there is an exception for off-grid systems. Most of the electricity companies have been nationalized.

►Go To Top]

Power Generation

In 2011 some 6,611 GWh were generated in the national grid. Currently, there are eight generation companies in the interconnected system. The three largest companies alone represent 70% of the total generation. The largest company serving the SIN is the Compañia Boliviana de Energía Eléctrica (COBEE), which serves the region surrounding La Paz. Furthermore COBEE is the only company, which has both thermoelectric power plants and hydroelectric ones. The other two bigger companies are Empresa Eléctrica Guarachi (EGSA; thermal) and Empresa Eléctrica Corani (CORANI; hydropower).

National grid and isolated power lines


►Go To Top

Transmission

All mayor cities -except Tarija and Trinidad- are connected to the national grid. A line to connect Tarija is under construction.
Currently, there are two transmission companies in the SIN, Transportadora de Electricidad (TDE), formerly owned by Spain’s Red Eléctrica de España (REE) and recently nationalized, and ISA Bolivia, which was created in 2005. ISA Bolivia, which runs 53% of the transmission network in Bolivia, is a subsidiary of Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. (ISA), a corporation controlled by the government of Colombia. The number of companies is limited due to the existence of institutional entry barriers in this sector.

►Go To Top

Distribution

In Bolivia, the seven existing distribution companies enjoy a geographic monopoly in their concession areas. The largest company (in terms of kWh sold) is Electropaz, majority-owned by Spain’s Iberdrola. The second place is occupied by the Empresa de Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica Cochabamba (ELFEC), which was owned by the American PPL Global until 2007, ; followed by the Rural Electrification Cooperative (CRE), which operates in the Department of Santa Cruz.[4]

►Go To Top

Off-grid and self-supplying systems

The departments of Beni, Pando and Tarija and the eastern region of Santa Cruz are not integrated in the SIN. As a result, there are vertically integrated operators that provide the service. The most important operators are:

  • SETAR (Servicios Eléctricos Tarija, S.A.): 44 MW, serves 56,885 clients
  • ENDE (Empresa Nacional de Electricidad): 16.65 MW, serves 16,650 clients
  • CRE (Cooperativa Regional de Electricidad): 14.53 MW, serves 4,940 clients.


In some cases, especially in the high plateau, cooperatives and community organizations access the distribution companies’ network and sell electricity to small rural communities. Sometimes, those are organized enterprises that provide the service to middle-size towns, but in most cases, they are small organisations that serve family communities. This situation faces a legal vacuum since the consumers benefiting from these scheme, who do not consume the minimum power legally established, cannot be considered as regulated ones. In addition, these consumers are localized outside the distribution companies’ concession areas, so they cannot receive the companies’ service. In practice, the distribution companies are reselling electricity to the mentioned organizations outside the legal framework. Accurate information on the number of organizations that operate in rural areas does not exist. However, there are approximately three in La Paz, twenty in Oruro and three in Potosi.

►Go To Top

Obstacles for Off-grid Energy Technologies and Services

Despite great efforts of the government and foreign donors to improve access to electricity, the majority of the rural poor lacks access to modern energy for lighting, communication etc. Close to 70% of the population have to rely on biomass for their energy needs. Especially wood and other traditional biomass is widely used for cooking in a very inefficient manner. This issue needs to be tackled urgently since biomass has become scarce in some arid areas. Furthermore, indoor air pollution, resulting from traditional combustion technologies and practices, is causing severe health problems, especially among women and children. Moreover, extensive use of wood for cooking is resulting in deforestation and related environmental problems - since forests are often not managed in a sustainable manner. In addition, most schools and health facilities in rural areas are suffering from a lack of hot water, adequate cooking conditions and means to heat their premises. The responsible municipalities are able to cater to the regular budgets; but they have great deficiencies in channeling their increased financial resources into energy related investments. Their human and institutional capacity to improve access to modern energy for households and community-run social infrastructure institutions is very low.

In nearly all national and municipal support programmes for the productive sector, energy related issues such as technology or reliable energy supply are missing. This hampers in many cases the development of better processing facilities and value added products in rural areas.

►Go To Top

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

Poverty Reduction Strategy

Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America and has one of its highest levels of inequality. The reduction in poverty rates experienced in the 1990s when Bolivia had modest but consistent growth rates was reversed by external and internal shocks at the end of the millennium. The per capita Gross National Income (GNI) amounted to US$1,699.5 in 2009(*), and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) ranked Bolivia 108th (out of 187 countries) on its Human Development Index.

An Interim Strategy Note was signed by the Bolivian Government and the Worldbank in 2009. The mayor focus is on equity. With respect to the energy sector the paper focusses on the development and exploitation of the hydrocarbon resources. The Decentralized Infrastructure for Rural Transformation (US$20 million), which provided alternative energy mechanisms (solar panels) to remote areas, and might help reduce, although not significantly, pressures on energy demand. Depending on performance and Government priorities, a second phase of the programme will be considered.

(Plurinational State of) http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

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Energy Policy

The Bolivian government’s efforts to improve delivery of energy services to the poor have been quite intensive in recent years. First, the broad energy sector reform programme that comprised among others the privatisation of state utilities, was implemented in the mid-1990s. The reform improved the overall performance of the electricity sector and achieved important coverage gains in urban areas, connecting and providing access to the grid for about 98% of the urban population. The access rate in rural areas, however, has grown from 13.7% in 1997 to 46,6% in 2010.

In 2002, the government of Bolivia developed an ambitious rural electrification plan (PLABER – Plan Bolivia de Electrificación Rural) to increase access to electricity in rural areas from 25% to 45% within five years. However, implementation of the plan has been slow due to the ongoing political and economic crisis.

In the National Development Plan 2006 - 2010, electric energy is defined as a strategic sector with four general policies:

  • Development of electric infrastructure in order to comply with national necessities and the generation of excess for export
  • Increased coverage in rural and urban areas, making the service universal
  • Energetic Sovereignty and Independence
  • Consolidation of the State in the development of the electric industry with sovereignty and social equity

Within the National Development Plan grid densification is explicitly mentioned.

The World Bank financed Decentralized Infrastructure for Rural Transformation Project (US$20 million) was supporting the Government’s effort to improve the delivery of electricity services in rural areas of the country. More specifically, the project was supporting rural converge expansion through Solar Photovoltaic Systems, grid extension to consumers that are close to the grid (densification) and other forms of energy and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Investments.


The Bolivian government has not defined any overarching policy goals or objectives related to improved cookstoves. Recently the government has shown interest in portable cookstove solutions for remote aeras of the country.

 The “Plan for Universal Energy Access 2010 – 2025” published by the VMEEA end of 2010 establishes the overarching objective to reach 100% of Bolivian households with electricity access by 2025.[5] The government subsequently incorporated the target into the “Patriotic Agenda 2025”, which is a plan on how to reach Bolivia’s development goals by 2025. It is foreseen to invest into (1) grid densification, principally in urban areas, into (2) grid extension, and into (3) renewable energy (solar, hydropower, wind, and biomass) to reach isolated communities outside the reach of the national grid.



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Laws

In the new constitution from 2009, the universal access to services such as electricity is a fundamental right. (Art.20).

The Electricity Law (Ley de Electricidad) establishes the electricity policy in Bolivia. Article 5 defines that the use of water and other renewable resources has to be multiple, rational, integral and sustainable. To ensure this the government can define a minimum share for hydropower in the total production capacity. Furthermore the responsibilities of the public actors and the institutional set up.

In 2006 a new Law for Universal Access to Electricity (Ley de Acceso Universal) was proposed. Under the framework of this Law, the program called ‘Electricity for a Decent Living” has been designed to improve both rural and urban electrification. The short term goal (2006-2010) of the program was to increase rural electrification to 53% (connection of 210,000 new households) and urban electrification to 97% (connection of 460,000 new households). The medium term goal (2010-2015) is to achieve universal access in urban areas and a 70% access in rural ones. In the final stages, rural access would have increased to 87% by 2020 and universal coverage would be reached by 2025. The Law also mandates the creation of a Common Fund for Universal Access to Public Electricity Sevice (FOCO) and creates a co-financing mechanism of the National Government with Prefectures, municipalities and the private sector. However, the Law has not been approved yet, although it is expected that the Law and the mechanisms it creates will be approved soon.

A new Rural Electrification Decree was approved in 2005 (Supreme Decree No. 28567). This new decree aims at increasing rural access through the extension and densification of electric networks, development of renewable energy and a change in the energy mix (substitution of diesel by natural gas, biomass and other renewable energies) and an increase in distribution capacity. The Rural Electrification Decree and its associated regulatory framework encourages stakeholders in the energy sector to establish partnerships with other government agencies to implement the rural electrification plan. An agreement between the Ministry of Public Works, Services and Housing and the Ministry of Education allowed the installation of solar PV systems in rural areas in conjunction with the literacy program, “I can” (Yo sí Puedo).

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Institutional Set-up and Actors in the Energy Sector

Public Institutions

The energy sector is almost completely nationalised. It is headed by the Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy, with three Vice Ministries: (1) Vice Ministry of Energy Development, (2) Vice Ministry of Electricity and Alternative Energies, (3) Vice Ministry for Exploration and Exploitation of Hydrocarbons. A number of strategic state enterprises are under the direct responsibility of the Minister, including the National Committee for Charge Dispatch (CNDC) and the national electricity utility (ENDE). ENDE has 11 subsidiary companies (electricity generators, transporters and distributors) of which CORANI S.A. (Cochabamba) is responsible for all wind energy projects and Guaracachi (Santa Cruz) is responsible for solar and biomass projects.

With regard to ICS, there is no single government entity which promotes these. Also, there is no specific public funding available for ICS. However, departmental and municipal governments may allocate funding in their annual activity budgets

The Bolivian electricity system consists of the national interconnected grid and isolated systems. Every region has its own public electricity distribution company (the abovementioned subsidiaries to ENDE), except for the largest region Santa Cruz where the so-called Rural Electricity Cooperative (CRE) handles electricity distribution.

Energy Authority (AE) (known before as the Superintendencia de Electricidad (SE) is responsible for applying the regulation set by the VMEEA and it grants and supervises concessions. It controls the Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC), which is the entity responsible for the operation of the Interconnected Electric System (SIN), the management of the Wholesaler Electric Market (MEM) of Bolivia and of the Planning of the Expansion of the SIN following the guidelines of the Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy.The CNDC consists of delegates of the relevant companies.

The electricity sector in Bolivia was privatized in the early 1990s and was unbundled into generation, transmission and distribution. Like in other countries, Bolivia‘s electricity sector consists of the National Interconnected System (SIN) and a number of off-grid systems (known as the "Aislados"). Other donors within the programme ―Electricity for a life in Dignity‖ are KfW, UNDP (small hydropower), World Bank (grid extension, Solar Home Systems), and the EU (community solar and wind hybrids). Also, EnDev cooperates with the World Bank regarding improved stoves and Pico PV. EnDev will continue to work with governmental institutions on all levels: National, prefectural and municipal, as well as with cooperatives, NGOs and the private sector. Improved stoves will also be part of the National Watershed Plan. The counterparts for Biogas plants, small irrigation and product transformation (energy for productive use) usually are entire communities or cooperatives. The connection of social infrastructure to the natural gas grid has been declared national policy by the Ministry for Energy and Hydrocarbons in 2006, while photovoltaic and thermal hot water systems usually are implemented together with municipalities. EnDev applies the subsidiarity principle according to the need of the partners and structures and the characteristics of the technology. For example, while strengthening the capacities for improved stove dissemination on the community level, municipal and national partners are also being involved. Grid densification usually works with national, prefectural and municipal governments and the private sector (utilities), complementing with training for electricians on the community level.


ENDE (Empresa Nacional de Electricidad):The national electricity enterprise is in charge of the execution of Electric and energy policies. Now it is in charge also of the nationalized enterprises as subsidiaries of the main office. ENDE is in charge of the wind energy studies where the German cooperation is also giving advice, with CINERꞋs experts.

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Other Major Activities in the Country

  • DGIS is supporting the National Gas and Petroleum holding YPFB in its restructuring process,
  • DGIS financed the NGOs Energetica and ETC to provide complementary technical assistance as well as awareness campaigns to the Cochabamba regional government,
  • KfW is financing a small hydroelectric programme which is currently being revised,
  • The BMZ has been asked by the Bolivian Government to support the development of wind energy,

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Non Governmental Service Providers for Rural Areas in the Field of Energy

Projects implementing NGOs:

  • Centro de Promoción de Tecnologías Sostenibles (CPTS), La Paz
  • Centro de Información en Energías Renovables (CINER) seeks to contribute to the conservation of natural resources through the rational use of energy. Thereby orienting, assessing, and promoting the exchange of information, investigation, and techonology between institutions, enterprises, and people that work in the field of energy, stimulating a relationship between the use and production of energy. CINER is also a CIM-partner.
  • Energética is a Bolivian NGO which gives technical assistance for the end users, micro-enterprises, government offices and other institutions in many issues like the energy planning, design, execution and evaluation of energy projects, etc. .
  • Cedesol is a Foundation that provides creative market practices to enable the people of Bolivia, regardless of their economic standing, to be able to acquire an ecological stove.
  • Consejo Empresarial para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CEDES) works generally on sustainable development and has as well projects on ICS .
  • PROLEÑA - BOLIVIA is a sister organisation of the Nicaraguan NGO PROLEÑA and used to work on improved stoves as well.
  • Sobre la Roca - Energías Alternativas is a partner organisation of CEDESOL. It focusses on solar cooking and improved stoves.
  • Tecnologías en Desarrollo a non for profit organisation created in 2000 to promote the use of appropriate technology, focusing particularly on biogas.
  • Practical Action is a non for profit organization, with the main house in England and an office for Andean region in Peru.

Commercial service provider:

Biogas:

Solar:

  • Batebol: Batteries for solar appliance
  • Enersol, Santa Cruz: PV for rural, commercial or refrigeration appliance and solar pumping.
  • Eco Sol, Cochabamba: Solar collectors
  • Phocos: Bolivian subsidiary; PV and Micro-Hydro
  • Pro Sol, Cochabamba: PV
  • RC Limitada, Santa Cruz: PV and Wind Energy.

Micro-Hydropower:

Wind Energy:

Micro-Finance Institutions: The micro-finance sector in Bolivia is well developed. The Fondo de Desarrollo del Sistema Financiero (FONDESIF) as a public institution is responsible for the development of this sector. There are a lot of other institutions. Among them the most important are:

  • Prodem is the oldest private micro-finance institute. It has subsidiaries in all the Departments of Bolivia.
  • Banco Solidario (BancoSol) is the biggest private micro-finance institution in Bolivia.
  • FIE is another important private micro-finance institute. It is specialised in micro-entrepreneurs.
  • Banco Los Andes ProCredit is the forth private institute, which grants credits to micro- and small entrepreneurs.
  • Fundación para la Producción (FUNDA-PRÓ) gives micro-credits to small entrepreneurs using biomass.
  • Fondo de Desarrollo Comunal (FONDECO) is specialised in financial services in rural areas.
  • Banco de Desarrollo Productivo (BDP) is the country's largest securitization specialist and has approximately 80% of the local market for bond financing. BDP began operations in 1996 as a second-floor financial institution. BDP is indirectly owned by the Andean Development Corporation (CAF) and the Bolivian state.

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Further Information

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References

  1. IEA: Energy Access Database
  2. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. ‘INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Servicios Básicos’, 2017. http://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/educacion-5/vivienda-y-servicios-basicos-3.
  3. Ministerio de Hidrocarburos. ‘Cobertura Eléctrica Alcanza El 90% y Se Plantea El Reto de Exportar Electricidad’, 22 January 2017. http://www2.hidrocarburos.gob.bo/index.php/prensa/noticias/1771-cobertura-el%C3%A9ctrica-alcanza-el-90-y-se-plantea-el-reto-de-exportar-electricidad.html.fckLR
  4. Wikipedia: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_eléctrico_en_Bolivia
  5. https://bit.ly/181iNU0



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