Difference between revisions of "Kazakhstan Energy Situation"

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{| style="float: right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="400" border="1"
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{{CES Country
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|CES Country Name=Kazakhstan
| align="center" colspan="4" | '''Kazakhstan'''
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|CES Country Capital=Astana
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|CES Country Region Europe and Central Asia = Europe & Central Asia
| &nbsp; [[Image:600px-Flag of Kazakhstan svg.png|border|center|200x100px|600px-Flag of Kazakhstan svg.png]] <br>
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|CES Country Coordinates=48.0000° N, 68.0000° E
| &nbsp; [[Image:Location Kazakhstan.png|border|center|100x100px|Location_Kazakhstan.png]]<br>
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}}
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Capital<br>
 
  
|
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<br/>
Astana ([http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kazakhstan&params=51_10_N_71_25_E_type:country 51°10′N 71°25′E])
 
  
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<br/>
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Official language(s)<br>
 
  
|
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<br/>
Kazakh (1st)/Russian (2nd)<br>
 
  
|-
 
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Government<br>
 
 
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Presidential republic<br>
 
 
|-
 
|
 
President<br>
 
 
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Nursultan Nazarbayev<br>
 
 
|-
 
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Prime Minister<br>
 
 
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Karim Massimov<br>
 
 
|-
 
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Total area<br>
 
 
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2,724,900 km<sup>2</sup><br>
 
 
|-
 
|
 
Population<br>
 
 
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16,600,000 (2011 estimate)<br>
 
 
|-
 
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Population - Rural
 
 
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&nbsp;41% (6.4 million
 
 
|-
 
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Population - Urban
 
 
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&nbsp;59% (9.1 million)
 
 
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Population Density
 
 
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&nbsp;6 people/ km² (one of lowest in the world)
 
 
|-
 
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Avg. Household Size
 
 
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&nbsp;6 members
 
 
|-
 
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Literacy Rate
 
 
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&nbsp;99.5%
 
 
|-
 
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GDP (nominal)<br>
 
 
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$180.147 billion<br>
 
 
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GDP per Capita <br>
 
 
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$10,951<br>
 
 
|-
 
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GNI per Capita
 
 
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$ 7769.40
 
 
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Currency<br>
 
 
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Tenge (KZT)<br>
 
 
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Time Zone<br>
 
 
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(UTC+5/6)<br>
 
 
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Calling Code<br>
 
 
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+7-6xx, +7-7xx<br>
 
 
|}
 
 
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="350" align="left" border="0"
 
|-
 
| __TOC__
 
|}
 
<div style="clear: both"></div>
 
 
== Geography and Climatic Conditions ==
 
== Geography and Climatic Conditions ==
  
The Republic of Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia. The neighbooring countries are Russia in the North and West, China China in the East, Kyrgyztan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in the South. The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana and the country is administratively divided into 14 regions.  
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The Republic of Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia. The neighbouring countries are Russia in the North and West, China in the East, and Kyrgyztan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in the South. The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana and the country is administratively divided into 14 regions.
 
 
Forest/steppe and steppe land areas comprise 10% of the territory, 60% semi-desert and desert land and&nbsp;about 5% are categorized as highlands. The percentage of land and water is 98% to 2%.&nbsp;All agricultural lands are characterized by low perception, ranging from 15 to 320 mm annually. The climate is continental with cold dry winters and hot dry summers. The perception ranges between 15 to 320 mm annually. The average minimum is 3.8°C and the average maximum temperature is about&nbsp;14.6°C<ref name="UN Data">http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Kazakhstan</ref>.&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
 
 
<br>
 
 
 
The land covered by forest is 1,2% with decreasing forest coverage by approx. -0,17% annually<ref name="UN FAO">http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/</ref>.
 
 
 
== Socioeconomical Situation  ==
 
 
 
=== Income Sources<ref name="CIA World Factbook" />  ===
 
 
 
Agriculture: 28%, Industry: 18%, Services: 54%
 
 
 
= Energy Situation  =
 
 
 
Type your text here
 
 
 
== Energy Supply  ==
 
 
 
Type your text here
 
 
 
=== Electricity  ===
 
 
 
==== Sources  ====
 
 
 
Biomass and hydropower <ref name="IEA">http://iea.org/stats/renewdata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=KZ</ref>
 
 
 
==== Stability  ====
 
 
 
The losses of energy in the transmission and distribution process are 25–50%.
 
 
 
== Energy Consumption  ==
 
 
 
Type your text here
 
 
 
=== National Level  ===
 
 
 
==== Electricity  ====
 
 
 
=== Household Level  ===
 
 
 
==== Share of Fuel Types  ====
 
 
 
Percentage&nbsp;of energy types&nbsp;used for&nbsp;cooking in urban areas <ref name="WHO 2010">fckLRWHO 2010: WHO Household Energy Database</ref>
 
 
 
<br>
 
 
 
[[Image:Kazakhstan Urban Share.jpg|399x277px|Kazakhstan Urban Share.jpg]]
 
 
 
<br>
 
 
 
Percentage of energy types used for cooking in rural areas<ref name="WHO 2010">WHO 2010: WHO Household Energy Database</ref>
 
 
 
&nbsp;
 
 
 
<br>
 
 
 
[[Image:Kazakhstan Rural Share.jpg|402x290px|Kazakhstan Rural Share.jpg]]<br>
 
 
 
<br>
 
 
 
==== Share of Solid Fuels<ref name="WHO 2007">WHO 2007</ref>  ====
 
 
 
Percentage of population using solid fuels (charcoal, coal, cropwaste, dung and wood)&nbsp;as cooking energy:
 
 
 
National: 11.6%, Urban: 5.5%, Rural: 25.2%&nbsp;
 
 
 
==== Solid Fuel Use Impact on Health<ref name="WHO 2006">WHO (2006): Fuel for Life - Household Energy and Health</ref>  ====
 
 
 
• Total annual deaths attributable to solid fuel use: &lt; 100 persons<br>• Percentage of national burden of diseases attributable to solid fuel use: 0%<br>
 
 
 
&nbsp;
 
 
 
== Access Rate  ==
 
 
 
=== Electrification Rate  ===
 
 
 
72,7%
 
 
 
== Renewable Energies  ==
 
 
 
=== In Use  ===
 
 
 
wind and hydropower
 
 
 
=== Potentials<ref name="INOGATE">http://www.inogate.org/index.php?option=com_inogate&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;view=countrysector&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;id=30&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;Itemid=63&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lang=en</ref>  ===
 
  
Wind energy: Kazakhstan has enormous wind resources but only a small part of the wind potential is used; 500kv out of a potential of 1.3 trillion kWh of electric energy per year at the Jungar Gates.<br>
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Semi-desert and desert land covers 60% of the territory, forest and steppe land areas comprise 10%, and about 5% is categorized as highlands. Forest covers 1.2% of the land but this number is quickly falling as the country experiences decreasing forest coverage of approx. -0.17% annually<ref name="UN FAO">http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/</ref>. The percentage of land to water is 98% to 2%.
  
Despite the very favourable conditions for solar energy, there is little use of the resource.  
+
The climate in Kazakhstan is continental with cold dry winters (below -50°C) and hot dry summers (more than 53°C). The precipitation ranges between 15 to 320 mm annually. The average minimum temperature is 3.8°C and the average maximum temperature is about 14.6°C with regional differences in the north, south and west <ref name="UN Data">http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Kazakhstan</ref>.
  
==== Solar Energy  ====
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Kazakhstan has 220 million hectares of agricultural land, of which 10.8% is arable land, 2.2% is haying land, and 85% is pasturable land.
  
Type your text here
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[[Kazakhstan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
==== Wind Energy  ====
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<br/>
  
Type your text here
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== Socio-economic Development ==
  
==== Biomass  ====
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The population of Kazakhstan is 15.5 million. Population density is 5.7 people per square meter, which is one of the lowest in the world. In terms of the rural to urban population ratio, 52.6% comprises the urban population and 47.7% comprises the rural population. The literacy (age 15+) is 99.5%.
  
Type your text here
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The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) until 2010 was around 149 billion US$, refering to 9,200 US$ per capita. National income sources consist of 5.4% agriculture, 42.8% industry, and 51.8% services. The annual GDP growth rate was about 7% in 2010, 1.2% in 2009, and 3.2% in 2008. Main agricultural export products are grain, flour, cotton (15%), and leather, as well as wool (25%).
  
==== Biogas  ====
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There is a discrepancy between rural and urban population income. While 32% of the rural population lives below the poverty line, the urban rate is 16%.<br/>
  
Type your text here
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[[Kazakhstan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
==== Hydro Power  ====
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<br/>
  
&nbsp;Type your text here
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= Energy Situation =
  
==== Other renewable Sources  ====
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Kazakhstan is rich in reserves of fossil fuel. It owns about 0.5% of the world´s mineral energy resources, equaling 90 billion tons of oil equivalent. This number includes 70% coal, 22% oil, and 8% gas. 99% of its energy needs are covered by fossil sources. The fuel energy sector production contributes about 17% of the GDP.
  
&nbsp;
+
Primary energy in Kazakhstan are fossil fuel resources with the following share in 2006: 19% oil, 49% coal, and 31% gas. The share of renewable energy, mainly hydro power, is about 1%. Data on the use of traditional fuel sources such as firewood for domestic use were not available.
  
Type your text here
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In 2006, the electricity generation in Kazakhstan was 71.6 billion kWh. About 70% of the total generation comes from coal, 10.6% from gas, 4.9% from oil, and 14.6% from hydro power. The share of power by consumers is: 68.7% industry, 9.3% households, 8% service sector, 5.6% transportation, and 1.2% agriculture. Electricity prices are 0.067US$/kWh for private consumers and 0.052US$ for the industrial sector.
  
== Key problems of the energy sector  ==
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[[Kazakhstan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
Type your text here
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<br/>
  
== Policy framework, laws and regulations  ==
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== Household Energy Situation ==
  
Type your text here
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Percentage of energy types used for cooking in urban areas and rural areas:<br/>
  
=== General Energy policy, Energy strategy  ===
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[[File:Kazakhstan Urban Share.jpg|left|347px|alt=Kazakhstan Urban Share.jpg]][[File:Kazakhstan Rural Share.jpg|right|339px|Kazakhstan Rural Share.jpg|alt=Kazakhstan Rural Share.jpg]]
  
Type your text here
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<br/>
  
=== Important Laws and regulations  ===
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The percentage of the population using solid fuels (charcoal, coal, cropwaste, dung and wood) as cooking energy:
  
Type your text here
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National: 11.6%, Urban: 5.5%, Rural: 25.2%
  
=== Specific strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.)  ===
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The energy demand for heating is assumed to be high due to the cold winters, but quantitative data are not available as of yet.
  
RE-Law from 2009: 5% of Kazakhstan’s energy balance must by renewable by 2024. The law also uses feed-in tariffs and renewable energy certificates to encourage renewable energy investment.
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<br/>
  
== Institutional set up in the energy sector  ==
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<u>'''Impact of solid fuels on health'''</u>
  
Type your text here
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• Total annual deaths attributable to solid fuel use: < 100 persons<br/>• Percentage of national burden of diseases attributable to solid fuel use: 0%<br/>
  
=== Governmental institutions Private sector (enterprises, NGOs)  ===
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[[Kazakhstan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
Type your text here
 
  
=== Activities of other donors, activities of NGOs  ===
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== Renewable Energy ==
  
Type your text here
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The present share of using renewable energies in Kazakhstan is very small due to the low prices for fossil energy. But the potential is estimated to be high:
  
= Existing projects  =
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'''[[Portal:Wind|Wind energy]]''': Kazakhstan has enormous wind resources due to the location in the northern hemisphere´s wind belt, though only a small part of the wind potential is used; 500kv out of a potential 1.3 trillion kWh of electric energy per year at the Jungar Gates is used.
  
Type your text here
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'''[[Portal:Solar|Solar energy]]''': Kazakhstan has 2,200 - 3,000 sunshine hours anually, which equals 1,300 - 1,800 kW/m² annually. Despite the very favourable conditions for solar energy, there is little use of the resource. Some private households mainly in rural areas use solar-thermal energy, however a market for the equipment is not existent. <br/>
  
= Publications<br> =
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[[Kazakhstan_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
Type your text here
 
  
= External links  =
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= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
  
= References<br> =
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The majority of of the distribution network in Kazakhstan has not been privatized yet. Even the Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operating Company (KEGOC) has granted several management rights to private companies. The policy is focused on energy saving and optimization of current electric plants with fossil energy sources. The main problem people are facing with regard to energy and electricity is the low capacity of the centralized power stations in the south of the country. High transmission losses (25 - 50%) and the deterioration of transmission lines cause electricity shortage in remote rural areas. Only a small fraction of around 3.5% of rural settlements do not have access to energy and electricity. About 1% of the population is not connected to the grid in rural areas.
  
<references />
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[[Kazakhstan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
<references />
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= Further Information =
  
<references />
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*[[Fuel Price Data Kazakhstan|Fuel Price Data Kazakhstan]]<br/>
  
<references />
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<br/>
  
<references />
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= References<br/> =
  
<references />
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*WHO
 +
*CIA factbook
 +
*GIZ (2009): Regional Reports on Renewable Energies - 30 Country Analysis on Potentials and markets in West Africa (17), East Africa (5) and Central Asia (8)
  
<references />
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<references /> <br/>
  
&nbsp;
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[[Kazakhstan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 +
<br/>
  
 
[[Category:Kazakhstan]]
 
[[Category:Kazakhstan]]
 +
[[Category:Europe_and_Central_Asia]]

Latest revision as of 21:22, 10 July 2018

Kazakhstan
Flag of Kazakhstan.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Astana

Region:

Coordinates:

48.0000° N, 68.0000° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

2,724,900

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

19,900,177 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

42 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

261,421,121,086 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

13,136.62 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

100.00 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

-116.89 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

99.17 (2014)

Source: World Bank






Geography and Climatic Conditions

The Republic of Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia. The neighbouring countries are Russia in the North and West, China in the East, and Kyrgyztan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in the South. The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana and the country is administratively divided into 14 regions.

Semi-desert and desert land covers 60% of the territory, forest and steppe land areas comprise 10%, and about 5% is categorized as highlands. Forest covers 1.2% of the land but this number is quickly falling as the country experiences decreasing forest coverage of approx. -0.17% annually[1]. The percentage of land to water is 98% to 2%.

The climate in Kazakhstan is continental with cold dry winters (below -50°C) and hot dry summers (more than 53°C). The precipitation ranges between 15 to 320 mm annually. The average minimum temperature is 3.8°C and the average maximum temperature is about 14.6°C with regional differences in the north, south and west [2].

Kazakhstan has 220 million hectares of agricultural land, of which 10.8% is arable land, 2.2% is haying land, and 85% is pasturable land.

►Go to Top


Socio-economic Development

The population of Kazakhstan is 15.5 million. Population density is 5.7 people per square meter, which is one of the lowest in the world. In terms of the rural to urban population ratio, 52.6% comprises the urban population and 47.7% comprises the rural population. The literacy (age 15+) is 99.5%.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) until 2010 was around 149 billion US$, refering to 9,200 US$ per capita. National income sources consist of 5.4% agriculture, 42.8% industry, and 51.8% services. The annual GDP growth rate was about 7% in 2010, 1.2% in 2009, and 3.2% in 2008. Main agricultural export products are grain, flour, cotton (15%), and leather, as well as wool (25%).

There is a discrepancy between rural and urban population income. While 32% of the rural population lives below the poverty line, the urban rate is 16%.

►Go to Top


Energy Situation

Kazakhstan is rich in reserves of fossil fuel. It owns about 0.5% of the world´s mineral energy resources, equaling 90 billion tons of oil equivalent. This number includes 70% coal, 22% oil, and 8% gas. 99% of its energy needs are covered by fossil sources. The fuel energy sector production contributes about 17% of the GDP.

Primary energy in Kazakhstan are fossil fuel resources with the following share in 2006: 19% oil, 49% coal, and 31% gas. The share of renewable energy, mainly hydro power, is about 1%. Data on the use of traditional fuel sources such as firewood for domestic use were not available.

In 2006, the electricity generation in Kazakhstan was 71.6 billion kWh. About 70% of the total generation comes from coal, 10.6% from gas, 4.9% from oil, and 14.6% from hydro power. The share of power by consumers is: 68.7% industry, 9.3% households, 8% service sector, 5.6% transportation, and 1.2% agriculture. Electricity prices are 0.067US$/kWh for private consumers and 0.052US$ for the industrial sector.

►Go to Top


Household Energy Situation

Percentage of energy types used for cooking in urban areas and rural areas:

Kazakhstan Urban Share.jpg
Kazakhstan Rural Share.jpg


The percentage of the population using solid fuels (charcoal, coal, cropwaste, dung and wood) as cooking energy:

National: 11.6%, Urban: 5.5%, Rural: 25.2%

The energy demand for heating is assumed to be high due to the cold winters, but quantitative data are not available as of yet.


Impact of solid fuels on health

• Total annual deaths attributable to solid fuel use: < 100 persons
• Percentage of national burden of diseases attributable to solid fuel use: 0%

►Go to Top


Renewable Energy

The present share of using renewable energies in Kazakhstan is very small due to the low prices for fossil energy. But the potential is estimated to be high:

Wind energy: Kazakhstan has enormous wind resources due to the location in the northern hemisphere´s wind belt, though only a small part of the wind potential is used; 500kv out of a potential 1.3 trillion kWh of electric energy per year at the Jungar Gates is used.

Solar energy: Kazakhstan has 2,200 - 3,000 sunshine hours anually, which equals 1,300 - 1,800 kW/m² annually. Despite the very favourable conditions for solar energy, there is little use of the resource. Some private households mainly in rural areas use solar-thermal energy, however a market for the equipment is not existent.

►Go to Top


Key Problems of the Energy Sector

The majority of of the distribution network in Kazakhstan has not been privatized yet. Even the Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operating Company (KEGOC) has granted several management rights to private companies. The policy is focused on energy saving and optimization of current electric plants with fossil energy sources. The main problem people are facing with regard to energy and electricity is the low capacity of the centralized power stations in the south of the country. High transmission losses (25 - 50%) and the deterioration of transmission lines cause electricity shortage in remote rural areas. Only a small fraction of around 3.5% of rural settlements do not have access to energy and electricity. About 1% of the population is not connected to the grid in rural areas.

►Go to Top

Further Information


References

  • WHO
  • CIA factbook
  • GIZ (2009): Regional Reports on Renewable Energies - 30 Country Analysis on Potentials and markets in West Africa (17), East Africa (5) and Central Asia (8)


►Go to Top