Solar Energy for Electricity and Heat in Chile

Overview

Project	Solar energy for electricity and heat
Commissioned by	German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB)
Country	Chile
Lead executing agency	Ministerio de Energía (Ministry of Energy)
Overall term	2012 – 2016

Context

Chile is enjoying a strong economic growth and the power consumption has doubled every 10 years. Construction of additional conventional thermal power plants and increasing consumption of fossil fuels such as coal are resulting in an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. With Chile’s accession to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the country made a commitment to mitigating climate change and announced ambitious GHG reduction goals. The objective of Chile's energy policy is to ensure security of supply at competitive costs considering climate protection criteria. In this endeavor, renewable energy resources are becoming more and more important. In 2008, the quota law for renewables established a basis for their integration into the market. Due to their optimal solar irradiation conditions, Chile has one of the highest solar potentials worldwide. Now, the Chilean Government additionally wishes to promote the use of solar energy.

In order to encourage market development, the Ministry of Energy has implemented the following measures:

• Tax incentives for the use of solar thermal water-heating (solar thermal energy)
• The Net-Billing,law for feeding in self-generated electricity from systems delivering up to 100 kW

 

A start has been made in setting up large scale solar power plants in the north of the country, and the electricity generated through solar energy is competitive compared to the conventional energy generation. Nevertheless, various obstacles, especially for small size installations, have prevented a wider use of solar energy. There are only a few suppliers of PV systems for captive use, and there is also a shortage of qualified specialists. Consequently, the prices for solar installation are still at a high level in comparison with the international market, and the technologies used are not attractive for financial institutions. Banks are cautious when it comes to financing small sized projects and self-consumption system, and there are gaps in the regulatory framework.

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Approach

The project “Solar energy for the production of electricity and heat” from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, supports the Chilean government under the framework of the International Initiative for Climate Protection (IKI), in achieving their goals of reducing Green House Gases (GHG), opening profitable market segments for the use of solar energy.

The first stage involved an improvement of the framework conditions for the installation of such a technology. Innovative business models are being developed for each sector, and installers are being trained in order to strengthen local skills and thus, foster new markets for the use of climate-friendly solar energy technology. The work of the project is located at the intersection between the solar market and energy policy.

Market opportunities for self-supply solutions

The project allows the identification of economic sectors and scopes of application in which the captive use of solar power and solar heat for self-supply is economically viable. The insights gained within the scope of project activities are continually factored into the policy advice for use in developing an enabling environment, and are intensified by means of fact-finding tours, workshops and the exchange of information and experience in a national and international level between solar sector actors.

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Results

Regulatory framework

Support to the Ministry for the completion of the regulatory framework and dissemination of the law for distributed generation (Net-billing / Metering)

The Project participated in the completion of the regulations and technical standards for the distributed generation law. Furthermore, it yielded valuable impetus in the diffusion through a video and a website explaining the operation and administrative processes for connecting an electrical generator under the distributed generation law.

Gesetz 20.571 zum Net-Metering/Billing, 2015 (German)

Übersetzung der FAQ der Website des chilenischen Energieministeriums, 2015 (German)

Support to the Ministry of Energy in the Public Solar Roofs Programme: “Programa Techos Solares Públicos”

Additionally, the project has been supporting the outreach program, both in its creation and implementation, to introduce photovoltaic plants on public property and so in the maturation of the national PV market. The Ministry of Energy in conjunction with the GIZ is developing guides and manuals on best practices in maintenance and installation of photovoltaic systems for the year 2015, thus promoting the use of solar thermal and photovoltaic energy throughout the country.

Manual for prevention of incidents in PV power plants

The document is about the evaluation of fire risk in photovoltaic systems and creation of security concepts to minimize risk. Content of the review is:

• The evaluation of fire risk in PV power plants, as well in case of action of third parties as fire risk occuring within the PV power plant.
  
• Evaluation of risks for fire fighters in case of fire fighting and developing and demonstrating strategies to minimize risks.
• Evaluation of options to minimize fire potential within the PV power plant.
• Derivation of recommendations conceerning components and system design, material and quality assurance concerning production, installation and maintenance.
  

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Market Development 

Identification of “Zona de Foco” highly profitable for the photovoltaic self-consumption

The geographic areas with the most cost-effective conditions for the captive-use of PV installations were identified, taking into account the solar irradiation and the electricity tariff as main variables for the profitability.

Price Index of photovoltaic systems

Together with the Association of the Photovoltaic Industry in Chile (ACESOL), a price index of the system costs for PV installations ranging from 1 kilowatt to 1 megawatt in capacity has been created and is updated every six months, comparing the costs with those of Germany as a mature market. 

ESCO guide and standard contract for PV self-supply

The objective of the guide is to analyze ESCO and define a business model that allows an Energy Service Company (ESCO) to install and operate a photovoltaic plant and supply the power generated to their customer.

Technical and economic feasibility analysis

Technical and economic feasibility studies have been produced for different size captive-use PV applications such as agriculture, viticulture, industry and the public sector.

Cadastre of PV rooftops in Calama

The first solar roof register in Latin America with a calculator for working out the cost-efficiency of PV and ST installations and storage batteries was developed and published for the city of Calama. Methodology for the Cadastre elaboration, 2013 (Spanish)

Link: Cadastre of PV rooftops in Calama

Analysis of the Agro-industrial sector

An analysis of the agro-industrial sector in Chile made by the consultant Ing. Carlos Campos Núñez, researcher at the Centre CIE USM, evaluating both, the energy requirements and the feasibility of diversifying the energy sources by incorporating renewable energy, in particular, solar thermal and photovoltaic technologies under 100 kW. 

 Uploading solar radiation database of Chile in PVSol software

Explorador Solar is a tool of the Ministry of Energy and the Department of Geophysics of the University of Chile in Santiago which gives information about solar radiation for a specific geographic location in Chile and allows simulating a PV-system. 

Although Explorador Solar is able to determine the potential, the azimuth and the inclination of the PV-system, it does not allow to design the general system. Therefore this needs to be done with another software - i.e. PV*Sol. Following on this, GIZ has developed an Excel tool which converts .CSV files of Explorador Solar into a .DAT file (format required for PV*Sol) for a specific location in Chile. The converted data file (.DAT) can be uploaded into PV*Sol. By doing so, it is possible to design a PV-system by using Explorador Solar's database. The following two documents will help with these steps.

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Technical Training and Research

Solar laboratories for technical training

The project has set up solar laboratories at six vocational training institutions and universities in the country intending to promote sufficient well-trained installers. The objective is to encourage in higher education institutions, the training of professionals and technicians to meet the demand for specialists in the design, selection, installation and maintenance of solar photovoltaic plants.It is expected to have about 50 technicians-professionals trained annually in these laboratories.

Solar measurements

The project continued the measurement campaign initiated in 2008 to determine the solar potential in northern Chile and made DNI measurements (Direct Normal Irradiation) in the Station "Crucero II" using measuring instruments of high precision.

Study of PV solar panels orientation

Study of PV solar panels orientation  in Chile for economic maximization of energy generation and its coupling with the demand profile.

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Expected Impacts

The use of solar energy can partly replace electricity generation in conventional power plants, which contributes to achieving the goals of reducing emissions and energy dependence in Chile. A more sustainable and secure energy mix contributes to improving the international competitiveness of the Chilean economy.

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Further Information

Information about the current energy market and mixture in Chile:

• Chile Energy Situation

Presentations and conference contributions:

KIT Alumni Expert Seminar - Renewable Energy in Chile - Concepción, November 26th, 2015

• Renewable Energy in Chile
  

CIREC Week - Energy for the Furture - Santiago de Chile, October 26th - 29th, 2015

• Roof-top PV - the new market in Chile
  

MATELEC Latinoamérica 2015 - Salón Internacional de Soluciones para la Industria Eléctrica y Electrónica - Santiago de Chile, October 7th, 2015

• Experience of market development of Renewable Energies in Germany (spanish)
  

USACH Ahu Newen - Información y Desarrollo de Negocios Sustentables - January 7th, 2015

• Conclusions of the market development of PV-Energy in Germany (spanish)
  

Intersolar Summit Chile 2014 - Energía Solar para le Generación de Electricidad y Calor - Santiago de Chile - June 19th, 2014

• PV-Self-Consumption in Chile - Potential and Barriers (spanish)
  

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References

• http://www.4echile.cl/energia-solar-para-el-autoconsumo/ (Spanish)