Difference between revisions of "Bosnia and Herzegovina Energy Situation"
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==== Greenhouse gas emissions ==== | ==== Greenhouse gas emissions ==== | ||
Greenhouse gas emissions in Bosnia and Herzegovina are (for 2018) around 27,44 million tons of CO2 equivalent. | Greenhouse gas emissions in Bosnia and Herzegovina are (for 2018) around 27,44 million tons of CO2 equivalent. | ||
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| + | <div class="grid stretch-items"> | ||
| + | <div class="width-1-2> | ||
| + | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| + | |+ | ||
| + | ! | ||
| + | !Unit | ||
| + | !Reference Case 2030 | ||
| + | !Remap 2030 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Energy-related CO2 emissions | ||
| + | |[Mt CO2 /yr] | ||
| + | |17.4 | ||
| + | |13.1 | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | <div class="width-1-2> | ||
| + | [[File:Sources of greenhouse gases - Bosnia.png|center|500px|Sources of greenhouse gases - Bosnia]] | ||
| + | <center>Fig 3: Sources of GreenHouse gases</center> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
== Key Problems of the Energy Sector == | == Key Problems of the Energy Sector == | ||
| + | === Challenges on increasing the RES share === | ||
| + | Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) faces specific challenges in increasing the share of renewable energy in its energy mix. As: | ||
== Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations == | == Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations == | ||
Revision as of 15:24, 25 October 2024
Capital:
Sarajevo
Region:
Coordinates:
43.915886° N, 17.779076° E
Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.
51,210
Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.
3,210,847 (2023)
Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.
50 (2023)
GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
27,054,889,363 (2023)
GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population
8,426.09 (2023)
Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.
100.00 (2022)
Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
22.73 (2014)
Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.
77.52 (2014)
Introduction
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula. It borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest. The country has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In the central and eastern regions, the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and in the northeast it is predominantly flat. Herzegovina, the smaller, southern region, has a Mediterranean climate and is mostly mountainous.[1]
Bosnia and Herzegovina is an EU candidate country.[1]
Energy Situation
In 2021, the largest source of energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina was coal (51%), followed by oil with 22% contributing to the total energy supply.[2] In terms of electricity generation, 60% is generated from coal and 37% is generated from hydropower.[3]
Bosnia and Herzegovina has shown interest in increasing its use of renewable energy sources to diversify its energy mix and reduce dependence on conventional energy sources. The country has significant potential for renewable energy, including hydropower, wind, and solar.
Hydropower has historically been the dominant renewable energy source in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and several hydropower plants are in operation. The country has been exploring opportunities to expand its hydropower capacity, but such projects can face environmental and social challenges.
Wind and solar energy have also gained attention, and there were plans for the development of wind and solar projects in various regions. However, progress may depend on regulatory frameworks, investment incentives, and other factors that influence the renewable energy sector's growth.
Installed electricity capacity (MW) by Technology, Grid connection and Year
| Technology | Grid Conn | Year | Cap. (MW) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solar photovoltaic | On-grid | 2022 | 107.47 |
| Onshore wind energy | On-grid | 2022 | 135 |
| Renewable hydropower | On-grid | 2022 | 1836.78 |
| Pumped storage | On-grid | 2022 | 420 |
| Solid biofuels | On-grid | 2022 | 9.22 |
| Biogas | On-grid | 2022 | 0.99 |
| Coal and peat | On-grid | 2022 | 2135.62 |
| Oil | On-grid | 2022 | 21 |
| Natural gas | On-grid | 2022 | 10.23 |
| Fossil fuels n.e.s. | On-grid | 2022 | 57.89 |
Energy Generation and Consumption
| Description of data [unit] | 2020 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity production [GWh] | 15.391 | 17.055 |
| Gross electricity consumption [GWh] | 11.33 | 12.17 |
| Consumption structure [GWh] / industrial, transport, services and other | 5.176 | 5.761 |
| Consumption structure [GWh] / households (residential customers) | 4.795 | 4.911 |
Net Import & Net Export
| Description of data [unit] | 2020 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|
| Net imports [GWh] | 3.266 | 3.312 |
| Net exports [GWh] | 7.327 | 8.197 |
Energy Losses
| Description of data [unit] | 2020 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|
| Losses in transmission [%] | 1,75% | 1.87% |
| Losses in distribution [%] | 9,13% | 9.22% |
Transmission network
| Description of data [unit] | 2020 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|
| Horizontal transmission network [km] | 6.421 | 6.423 |
| Horizontal transmission network [km] / substation capacity [MVA] | 13.045 | 13.066 |
No of consummers
| Description of data [unit] | 2020 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity customers / total | 1.588.773 | 1.570.415 |
| Electricity customers / non-households | 137.629 | 125.895 |
| Eligible customers under national legislation | 1.588.773 | 1.570.415 |
Internal Market
| Description of data [unit] | 2020 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|
| Internal market / electricity supplied to active eligible customers [MWh] | 3.423.615 | 3.851.155 |
| Internal market / share of final consumption [%] | 34% | 36% |
Renewable Energy Potential
| Unit | Reference Case 2030 | Remap 2030 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total installed power generation capacity | MW | 5,103.00 | 6,334.00 |
| Renewable capacity | MW | 3,069.00 | 5,212.00 |
| Hydropower | MW | 2,454.00 | 2,454.00 |
| Wind - onshoore | MW | 548.00 | 1,033.00 |
| Biofuels (solid, liquid, gaseous) | MW | 42.00 | 362.00 |
| Solar PV | MW | 25.00 | 1,363.00 |
| Non-renewable capacity | MW | 2,034.00 | 1,122.00 |
| Coal | MW | 2,034.00 | 1,122.00 |
| Technologies | Technical Potential MW |
|---|---|
| Solar PV | 2,963.7 |
| Wind | 13,141.1 |
| Hydro | 6,110.0 |
| ≤ 10 MW | 860.0 |
| > 10 MW | 5,250.0 |
| Pumping | |
| Biomass | 983.0 |
| Biogas | 150.0 |
| Solid Biomass | 813.0 |
| Biowaste | 20.0 |
| Geothermal el. | 7.1 |
| Total | 23,204.9 |
As we can see, if Bosnia and Herzegovina would use its entire technical potential,ti would increase the generating power by 390%, and would become one of the key net exporter of the WB6
Fossil Fuels
Greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions in Bosnia and Herzegovina are (for 2018) around 27,44 million tons of CO2 equivalent.
| Unit | Reference Case 2030 | Remap 2030 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy-related CO2 emissions | [Mt CO2 /yr] | 17.4 | 13.1 |
Key Problems of the Energy Sector
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) faces specific challenges in increasing the share of renewable energy in its energy mix. As:
Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations
Since the Dayton Agreement from 1995 the country is largely decentralized and is constituted of the two entities “Federation of Bosnia and Hercegovina” (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) and the “Republika Srpska”. The promotion of renewable energy sources is regulated on the entity level.
In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the production of electricity from renewable energy sources is mainly promoted through a feed-in tariff.
In the Republika Srpska, the production of electricity from renewable energy sources is mainly promoted through a feed-in tariff.
Renewable energy matters are regulated in special provisions; however the connection to the grid is basically regulated by the general legislation. Electricity from renewable energy sources is given priority.
Support schemes
The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina promotes power production from renewable energy sources mainly through a feed-in tariff.
The Republic of Srpska promotes the power production from renewable energy sources mainly through a feed-in tariff.
| Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Feed-in tariff (Guaranteed Price) | In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the main support scheme for the production of electricity from renewable energy sources is a feed- in tariff, regulated by the RES Law FBiH and special Decrees and Rulebooks. The plant operators need to obtain the status of a „privileged power producer“ („privilegovani proizvođač električne energije“) and in order to acquire the right to a price support for the generated electricity under the legal requirements. |
| Republic of Srpska: Feed-in tariff | In the Republic of Srpska, the main support schemes for the production of electricity from renewable energy sources are feed-in tariff (”Право на гарантовану откупну цијену”, Art. 20 § 1 lit. г RES Law RS) and premium, regulated by the Energy Law RS, Electricity Law RS and above all the RES Law RS, special Decrees and Rulebooks. Firstly, the plant operator needs to obtain a RES Certificate and a Decision on the Right to Support by applying to the Energy Regulator |
Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector
The energy sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina involves various key actors responsible for the generation, transmission, distribution, and regulation of energy. These key actors work together within the regulatory framework to ensure the efficient functioning, sustainability, and development of the energy market in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Collaboration among these stakeholders is essential for achieving energy security, promoting renewable energy, and meeting the country's energy goals.
| 1. Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations: | The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations plays a role in formulating and implementing energy policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is involved in international energy agreements and collaboration. |
| 2. Energy Regulatory Commission (RKE/FERK): | The Energy Regulatory Commission regulates and oversees the energy sector, ensuring fair competition, consumer protection, and adherence to legal and regulatory standards. |
| 3. Transmission System Operator (Elektroprenos BiH): | The Transmission System Operator manages the high- voltage electricity transmission system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is responsible for the operation, maintenance, and development of the transmission infrastructure. |
| 4. Distribution System Operators (Elektroprivreda BiH & Elektroprivreda RS): | Elektroprivreda BiH and Elektroprivreda RS are the state- owned companies responsible for electricity generation, distribution, and retail in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, respectively. |
| 5. Independent System Operator (NOSBiH): | The Independent System Operator operates independently from generation and supply activities and is responsible for ensuring nondiscriminatory access to the transmission network. |
| 6. Independent Power Producers (IPPs): | Independent Power Producers are private entities involved in electricity generation. They contribute to the diversification of the generation mix and may operate renewable or conventional power plants. |
| 7. Electric Power Industry of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Elektroprivreda BiH): | Elektroprivreda BiH is a state-owned power utility in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is involved in electricity generation, distribution, and supply. |
| 8. Electric Power Industry of Republika Srpska (Elektroprivreda RS): | Elektroprivreda RS is a state-owned power utility in Republika Srpska. Similar to Elektroprivreda BiH, it is involved in electricity generation, distribution, and supply. |
| 9. Investors and Financing Institutions: | Investors, both domestic and foreign, play a crucial role in funding and developing energy projects. Financing institutions, such as banks and international financial organizations, provide funding and support for energy infrastructure projects. |
| 10. International Organizations and Donors: | International organizations and donor agencies may provide support, technical assistance, and funding for energy sector development projects, especially those focused on sustainability, renewable energy, and regulatory reforms. |
| 11. Consumers and Industrial Users: | End-users, including residential, commercial, and industrial consumers, are essential actors in the energy market. Their energy consumption patterns and demand influence market dynamics. |
| 12. Government Agencies and Local Authorities: | Various government agencies and local authorities are involved in permitting, land-use planning, and environmental assessments for energy projects. They also play a role in setting policies that impact the energy sector. |
Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations
Further Information
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wikipedia: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved September 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
- ↑ https://www.iea.org/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/energy-mix
- ↑ https://www.iea.org/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/electricity
