Difference between revisions of "Lamps and Electric Appliances"

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'''Fluorescent lamps''' of the tube or compact type are 5 times more efficient and can last 5,000 hours and more. They need a good and efficient electronic ballast for operation. Fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts cost about 10 € for [[Alternating current|AC]] and 20 € for DC (prices as of 2002).  
 
'''Fluorescent lamps''' of the tube or compact type are 5 times more efficient and can last 5,000 hours and more. They need a good and efficient electronic ballast for operation. Fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts cost about 10 € for [[Alternating current|AC]] and 20 € for DC (prices as of 2002).  
 
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= Audio and video devices  =
 
= Audio and video devices  =
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Transistor radios and cassette players are operated by batteries at a voltage below 12 V. Since batteries are expensive, such appliances should also be connected to the solar system through a voltage converter.  
 
Transistor radios and cassette players are operated by batteries at a voltage below 12 V. Since batteries are expensive, such appliances should also be connected to the solar system through a voltage converter.  
  
For mobile operation, rechargeable NiCad batteries can be applied that are charged with a 12 V NiCad charger.
 
  
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= Water pumps  =
 
= Water pumps  =
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E [kWh] = h [m] x Q [m³/d] / 367 / η  
 
E [kWh] = h [m] x Q [m³/d] / 367 / η  
  
The reliability varies widely. Some pumps only work for a few hundred hours of operation. Poor water quality will cause problems. Simple pumps for typical demands such as 1 m³/h over small heads will cost about 100 - 200 € (prices as of 2002).
 
  
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= Refrigerators  =
 
= Refrigerators  =
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Refrigerators are available for AC and DC. DC refrigerators are more expensive. They cost more than 600 €. The size has only a small effect on the price. Only low-consumption refrigerators of the compressor type are suitable for solar systems. A 100 l high-quality refrigerator without an icebox may consume approximately 300 Wh at 24°C and 450 Wh at 32°C. Ice production, a high demand for cold drinks and a low-efficiency type can easily double or triple this figure. Box types are more efficient. Special types are available for vaccine storage'''. '''Starting at low voltage levels (<11.5 V) is a problem for many refrigerators.  
 
Refrigerators are available for AC and DC. DC refrigerators are more expensive. They cost more than 600 €. The size has only a small effect on the price. Only low-consumption refrigerators of the compressor type are suitable for solar systems. A 100 l high-quality refrigerator without an icebox may consume approximately 300 Wh at 24°C and 450 Wh at 32°C. Ice production, a high demand for cold drinks and a low-efficiency type can easily double or triple this figure. Box types are more efficient. Special types are available for vaccine storage'''. '''Starting at low voltage levels (<11.5 V) is a problem for many refrigerators.  
  
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Source: [http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-electricity-from-sunlight.pdf Klaus Haars, GATE-ID technical brief: Electricity from Sunlight, Solar Energy Supply for Homes and Buildings,&nbsp;Eschborn, 2002.]
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'''⇒ '''[[Solar Main Page|'''Back to Solar Section''']]
 
'''⇒ '''[[Solar Main Page|'''Back to Solar Section''']]
  
 
[[Category:Solar]]
 
[[Category:Solar]]

Revision as of 14:48, 6 July 2009

Lamps

Bulbs have an efficiency of only 5%. Halogen lamps are only slightly more efficient. They are, therefore, not suitable for solar systems.

Fluorescent lamps of the tube or compact type are 5 times more efficient and can last 5,000 hours and more. They need a good and efficient electronic ballast for operation. Fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts cost about 10 € for AC and 20 € for DC (prices as of 2002).

Audio and video devices

Most appliances such as TVs, receivers or video recorders operate on AC. There are a few exceptions including some DC TVs. Color TVs consume more than black & white ones. There are considerable differences between individual brands. TVs should not be operated in stand-by. Controllers and inverters may disturb operation of TVs and radios.

Power demand of color TVs
Size Power
17 cm 20 W
25 cm 40 W
37 cm 60 W


Transistor radios and cassette players are operated by batteries at a voltage below 12 V. Since batteries are expensive, such appliances should also be connected to the solar system through a voltage converter.


Water pumps

Some tens of thousands of pumps powered by solar generators are currently in use worldwide. A variety of pumps for low water demand are available on the market. These include single-stage centrifugal pumps for lifting heads < 10m and diaphragm pumps for larger heads, both DC- and AC-operated. They are surfacemounted, floating or submerged pumps. DC pumps with brushes need regular replacements.

The energy requirement (E) for a daily water demand (Q), a pumping head (h, water level to tank inlet or pipe outlet) and a pump efficiency (η = 0.2-0.4, depending on type and pumping head) is

E [kWh] = h [m] x Q [m³/d] / 367 / η


Refrigerators

Refrigerators are available for AC and DC. DC refrigerators are more expensive. They cost more than 600 €. The size has only a small effect on the price. Only low-consumption refrigerators of the compressor type are suitable for solar systems. A 100 l high-quality refrigerator without an icebox may consume approximately 300 Wh at 24°C and 450 Wh at 32°C. Ice production, a high demand for cold drinks and a low-efficiency type can easily double or triple this figure. Box types are more efficient. Special types are available for vaccine storage. Starting at low voltage levels (<11.5 V) is a problem for many refrigerators.



Source: Klaus Haars, GATE-ID technical brief: Electricity from Sunlight, Solar Energy Supply for Homes and Buildings, Eschborn, 2002.


Back to Solar Section