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| − | <br> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">This is 'work in progress': Until mid 2011 the compendium will be revised.</span> | + | <br> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">This is 'work in progress': einleitungen von Christa für die "cooking with"- Teile.</span> |
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| − | = [[Preface|Preface]] =
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| − | = Basics about Cooking Energy <br> =
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| − | *[[Facts on cooking energy|Facts on Cooking Energy]]<br>
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| − | *[[Frequently Asked Questions on Cooking Technologies|Frequently Asked Questions]]
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| − | = Policy Advise on Cooking Energy =
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| − | *[[Introduction: Woodfuel Crisis|Background - Cooking Energy Crisis]]
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| − | *[[Policy Challenges in the Woodfuel Sector|Policy Challenges in the Woodfuel Sector]]<br>
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| − | *[[Assessing wood fuel supply potentials|Assessing Woodfuel Supply Potentials]]<br>
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| − | *[[Woodfuel intervention strategy|Cooking Energy Intervention Strategies]]
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| − | = Designing and Implementing Cooking Energy Interventions =
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| − | === '''Scoping and Inception Studies for Cooking Energy Interventions''' ===
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| − | *[[Scoping Cooking Energy Systems|Scoping Cooking Energy Systems]]
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| − | *[[Inception Studies for ICS opportunities|Inception Studies for ICS opportunities ]]
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| − | *[[Inception Studies for Biomass Energy Supply Opportunities|Inception Studies for Biomass Energy Supply Opportunities]]
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| − | *[[Carbon Funding|Carbon Funding for cookstoves<br>]]
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| − | === '''Designing and implementing ICS Supply Interventions''' ===
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| − | *[[Enhancing production of ICS|Enhancing Production of ICS]] siehe alter links: ([[2.2 Production of Woodfuel Stoves|2.2 Production of Woodfuel Stoves]] und [[Intervention A: Market Introduction of Efficient Woodfuel Stoves|Intervention A: Introduction]])<br>(Product devolpment, production and marketing systems (incl. trainers)
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| − | *[[Commercialisation of Cookstoves|Commercialisation of Cookstoves]]
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| − | *[[Creation of Public Awareness|Creation of Public Awareness]]
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| − | *[[User training|User Training]]
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| − | *[[Financing Mechanisms for Cookstove Dissemination|Financing Mechanisms for Cookstove Dissemination]]
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| − | *[[Quality assurance of ICS|Quality Assurance of ICS]]<br>national standards
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| − | *[[Scaling up strategies|Scaling-up Strategies]]
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| − | *[[Result Based Monitoring of Cookstove Projects|Result Based Monitoring]] <br>outcome monitoring, impact assessment, methodology
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| − | *[[Sustainability of cookstoves|Sustainability of Cookstoves]]<br>sustainability assessment, exit
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| − | === Designing and implementing Woodfuel Supply Intervention ===
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| − | *[[Woodfuel Production Options|Woodfuel Production Options]]
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| − | *[[Charcoal Production|Charcoal Production]]<strike>'''<br>'''</strike>
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| | = Cooking Energy Technologies and Practices = | | = Cooking Energy Technologies and Practices = |
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| | = General Cooking Practices = | | = General Cooking Practices = |
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| − | How efficiently cooking can be done in a household not only depends on the stove technology in use. Often the way the fuel is prepared or the stove is used and handled offers an even greater potential to improve efficiency and limit resource use for cooking. One option is for users to '''adjust their''' '''behaviour and adopt efficient cooking practices or techniques'''. <br>
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| − | Another option is to integrate '''other energy saving devices and technologies''' into the household cooking system: <br>
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| − | *'''Pressure cookers''' enhance the cooking process, so that the same cooking can be done faster and with less energy input
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| − | *'''Heat retainers like thermos flasks or 'fireless cookers'''' (also called the heat-retaining box, the hay bag or hot bag) maintain the heat and can do both: keep on cooking without a heat source and keep food or liquids warm over time. <br>
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| − | This section deals with technologies and techniques that can save substantial amounts of energy, regardless of the fuel type and stove that is used. But they cannot substitute a stove. In order to retain heat, that heat needs to be put into the food first! <br>
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| − | == General kitchen management practices ==
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| − | == Cooking with retained heat, without additional fire<br> ==
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| − | === Thermos flasks<br> ===
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| − | Thermos flasks are an inexpensive way to maintain water, beverages or liquid food hot over time. In places, where food preparation is based on pouring hot water over food items like e.g. in Tibet, thermos flasks can be a major game-changer in the cooking system of a household: Alongside solar cookers, families own up to five thermos flasks and store the water heated by the solar cooker during the day. The hot water is used for preparing both morning and evening meals (mainly soup and porridge) enabling the solar cooker to fulfil almost all the household energy needs. However, this represents a rather specific case, which may not be transferable to many other countries. Yet, thermos flasks are currently underutilised and could probably play a more important role.<br>
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| − | === Retained Heat Cookers or 'Fireless Cookers'<br> ===
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| − | The fuel consumption in the process of food preparation on a fire is not constant. A lot of fuel is required to heat up the content of a cooking pot. Once it is boiling, it only takes little energy to keep it hot and maintain the temperature at boiling point. Some foods like legumes, (sweet) potatoes, cassava or rice etc. do not require any stirring. The content of the pot has to be heated once to the boiling point and then kept at simmering level on a little flame without having to open the lid of the pot. If you open the lid of the pot and stir the content, the temperature goes down quickly and more fuel is needed to get it back to boil.<br>The small fire basically replaces the heat that is lost to the environment through the surface of the cooking pot and the closed lid. If you don’t use a lid, the heat loss will be even bigger and you need more fuel.<br>So there are two ways of maintaining the heat in the cooking pot: <br>
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| − | *either by keeping the pot on a slow fire and constantly adding energy<br>
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| − | *or by preventing the heat to escape from the cooking pot: instead of keeping the pot for a long time on a small fire, you can also wrap the cooking pot in an insulative cover ('''heat retainer = fireless cooker''') which retains the heat in the pot. The simmering process of the food continues inside the wrapping. '''No further external heat supply or 'fire' is required.''' This is why this is called 'fireless cooking'. Based on the experience of the cook with cooking times of the specific foods, the food stays in the heat retainer (fireless cooker) until it is served.<br>
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| − | How to do this: Bring food such as rice, beans or meat stews to the boil, then transfer the entire pot with the lid quickly into the insulated box or bag, where it is left undisturbed for several hours to finish 'cooking'.
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| − | '''[[Image:Fireless.JPG|left|Fireless.JPG]]'''
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| − | Food can be kept warm for up to 6 hours, e.g. if people come back late home from the field or the market. Construction and functionality of the heat-retaining box (fireless cooker, hay box, hot bag etc. ) depend on the insulative properties of the material used. The underlying principle of insulation is that air does not conduct heat as well as solid metal (e.g. a cooking pot), water or soil. The more insulated pockets of air you can create between the cooking pot and the outside, the more heat will be retained inside the pot. Insulative materials can be locally available organic residues such as hay, sawdust, cotton waste, or dried leaves, e.g. from banana plants. Other materials are waste paper, polystyrene beads, or vermiculite. An insulated lid or cushion closes the box or bag.
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| − | Photo: ''C. Roth/GIZ''
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| − | For more information on how to make and use this low-cost technology to save household energy consult the document with examples from Malawi (link <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">How to make and use a fireless cooker</span><br>
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| − | Depending on the type of food cooked and the traditional cooking practices, using hot bags can reduce fuelwood consumption to a great extent. Some people report that they can save up to 80 % of their fuel, depending on the food and the efficiency of the insulation. An added benefit is that slow cooking retains many more of the food’s nutrients and vitamins than if prepared on a constantly hot fire. The following case study from Tanzania claims average savings of 50% of fuel: http://www.sunseedtanzania.org/home.php<br><br>
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| − | {| width="63%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1"
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| − | | bgcolor="#e0e0e0" colspan="4" | '''Hot bag cooking in Tanzania<br>'''A pilot project implemented by the organisation Sunseed in Tanzania showed the '''advantages '''of heat retention cooking using a hot bag:
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| − | *Women spend less time cooking and are less exposed to smoke.
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| − | *There is a saving of about half the fuel.
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| − | *Food cannot burn.
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| − | *Food can be left unattended in the hot bag, leaving women more time for other activities.
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| − | *Food can be kept warm for more than 24 hours.
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| − | *Women can reduce the frequency of cooking by preparing enough food for two meals and putting half of it in the hay box to keep warm.
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| − | Disadvantages of fireless cooking:
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| − | *The technology is not applicable to all types of food; it is limited to dishes that are cooked slowly in liquid. (beans, rice etc.).
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| − | *Change of taste: if beans are prepared in a fireless cooker, theý don't aquire the smokey taste as if they were cooked on a fire. They might be healthier, but they taste different and are sometimes rejected for that reason.
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| − | *It is not advisable to keep the food warm longer than six hours. Otherwise it might promote the growth of microorganisms in the food which puts the health at risk.<br>
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| − | Fireless cookers have been successfully introduced for taking care of sick people. Patients often can not eat one big meal but have to eat or even drink often small portions of food or tea. Without a fireless cooker, this would require frequent food preparation. In a retained heat cooker, food can be kept warm near the bed of a sick person who can take hot food or tea at a time of his convenience for a periode of 3-4 hours. This has particular relevance for taking care of HIV/AIDS patients.
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| − | By combining the fireless cookers with any other energy-efficient technology it can increase the energy efficiency by up to a further 50 %. <br>
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| − | In the case of solar cookers, the technology reduces the time needed for using the cooker, and thus can extend its use to those days when the weather would not allow pure solar cooking. It can also allow the solar cooker to be used for food eaten in the evening, if the hot food from the solar cooker is transferred to the fireless cooker and left till evening.<br>
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| − | An example from South Africa shows that with a clever usage metering device, retained heat cookers can qualify to generate carbon credits. More information on
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| − | http://www.naturalbalancesa.com/<br>
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| − | Further information: <br>
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| − | Retained Heat Cooker Guide<br>The Guide to Designing Retained Heat Cookers was written by Don O'Neal, Vice President of HELPS International and Special Projects Director. The development of the HELPS International Retained Heat Cooker was funded by a grant from the United States Environmental Protection Agency to further the mission of the Partnership for Clean Indoor Air, to improve health, livelihood, and quality of life by reducing exposure to air pollution, primarily among women and children, from household energy use. You can download an electronic copy in PDF format by clicking on the link below. If needed, you can download the current version of Adobe Acrobat reader free from Adobe's website.
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| − | You may order a free copy of the Guide to Designing Retained Heat Cookers, EPA-402-K-06-004, on-line at www.epa.gov/epahome/publications.htm. You may also order by fax at 513-489-8695. You will need to provide the publication name and number, your complete mailing address (i.e., name, organization, street address, city, state, zip code, country) and phone number.
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| − | Attachment Size<br>Guide to Designing Retained Heat Cookers (Spanish) 2.05 MB<br>RHC Guide English.pdf 600.54 KB<br>
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| − | Other links:
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| − | http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Integrated_Cooking_Method
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| − | http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Heat-retention_cooking<br>
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| − | http://solarcooking.org/heat-retention/ (with examples from Tamil Nadu)<br>
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| − | http://www.bioenergylists.org/en/node/245 with reference to many more examples on retained heat cooking from Bolivia,
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| − | http://cookinginabasket.blogspot.com/ with examples from Kenya<br>
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| − | === Additional information resources ===
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| − | {| width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="left" style=""
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| − | | Roth, Christa: '''Foodwarmer'''<u>'''[[Image:Foodwarmer malawi croth-2004.pdf|thumb|left|Foodwarmer malawi croth-2004.pdf]]'''</u>
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| − | | An illustrated step-by-step description from Malawi showing how to build a food warmer/fireless cooker using a basket, cloth and dried banana leaves. Two recipes for local dishes are included. It is a very helpful document.
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| − | | Pan Africa Conservation Education: [http://www.paceproject.net/UserFiles/File/Energy/make%20a%20fireless%20cooker.pdf '''Make a fireless cooker''']
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| − | | This step-by step instruction for building a fireless cooker is supplemented with background information on the cooker and its use. It can be downloaded under [http://www.paceproject.net www.paceproject.net]. This homepage provides a number of other helpful documents on resource protection at grassroots level.
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| − | = Extra/ Bonus tracks =
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| − | ==== Cooking Energy in Refugee Situations<br> ====
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| − | ==== Space Heating with Stoves<br> ====
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| − | = [[6 Glossary|Glossary]] =
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| − | = [[Imprint|Imprint]] =
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| | [[Category:Cooking]] [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium]] | | [[Category:Cooking]] [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium]] |
