Morocco Energy Situation
Capital:
Rabat
Region:
Coordinates:
32.0000° N, 6.0000° W
Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.
446,550
Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.
37,840,044 (2023)
Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.
35 (2023)
GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
141,109,373,209 (2023)
GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population
3,672.11 (2023)
Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.
100.00 (2022)
Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
90.72 (2014)
Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.
88.47 (2014)
Introduction
The Kingdom of Morocco is located on the northwestern boundary of the African continent and the Maghreb region. Besides its western and northern coasts towards the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, it has a border with Algeria in the east, and claims the territory of Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces. Its territory covers 459.000 km2 or an additional 266.000 km2 if the Western Sahara area is included.[1] Morocco has a population of some 33 million[1]. Its diverse climate is Mediterranean in the north and becomes increasingly arid towards the south, with some Mediterranean conditions prevalent also along the Atlas mountain range. Wind tends to be strongest in the very north and south and to some extent in the very east. Solar irradiation tends to be stronger towards the southern and more continental parts of the country.
Energy Situation
Energy
Primary Energy Supply
Moroccos primary energy supply reached 18.80 Mtoe in 2012[2] which translates to 787 PJ or 219 TWh. It has grown significantly and rather steadily from 7.6 Mtoe in 1990 and 11 Mtoe in 2000 to its current value. The share of the various sources of the total primary energy supply in 2012 can be seen in the table below.
| Total primary energy supply 2012 | |||
| Energy Source | ktoe[2] | in PJ | in % |
| Crude Oil and Oil Products |
12702 |
531.81 |
67.6 |
| Coal |
3024 |
126.61 |
16.1 |
| Natural Gas |
1067 |
44.67 |
5.7 |
| Biofuels and Waste |
1386 |
58.03 |
7.4 |
| Hydro |
140 |
5.87 |
0.7 |
| Geothermal, Solar etc. | 63 |
2.64 |
0.3 |
| Electricity (net imports) |
416 |
17.42 |
2.2 |
| TOTAL | 18798 |
787.05 |
100 |
Final Consumption
Energy consumption in Morocco is increasing rapidly. The table below shows a comparison of final energy consumption in 1992 and 2012.
| Comparison of total final consumption 1992 and 2012 (in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)[2] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year |
Coal |
Oil products |
Natural gas |
Biofuels and Waste |
Electricity |
TOTAL |
| 1992 |
366 |
4305 |
18 |
1066 |
819 |
6574 |
| 2012 |
8 |
10537 |
67 |
1358 |
2370 |
14341 |
Import and Export
Morocco depends on imports for 91% of energy supply.[3] Import dependency is particularly serious for oil, which still dominates the country's energy mix. 2011-2013, the main exporters of crude oil to Morocco were Saudi Arabia, Irak and Russia.[4] The vast majority of natural gas is imported from Algeria, while a mere 7% is sourced from local production.[4]. In the electricity sector, imports from Spain have increased sharply over the last decade, and covered 2.2% of Moroccan primary energy supply in 2012 (see above).
All energy imports (crude oil and oil products, coal, natural gas and electricity) amounted to 102.5 billion MAD in 2013 (or 27% of all the countrys imports). This is a slight reduction compared to 2012 (106.6 bn MAD) but a very high increase as compared to 2002 (19.1 bn MAD). Taking into account energy exports of a value of 9.26 bn MAD in 2013, the "energy bill" for net imports amounted to 93.2 bn MAD in 2012.[4] Over the medium to long term, Morocco hopes to be able to increasingly produce electricity from renewable energy also for exports to Europe.
Subsidies
While subsidies have for a long time been relatively lower than in other countries in the region, they nevertheless constituted a major strain on the national budget. Since 2012, the Moroccan government is working towards reforming the country’s „caisse de compensation“ which serves to subsidise a number of food and energy commodities. Energy subsidies, in particular, are reduced. 2014 saw the phase-out of all car fuels, as well as a partial increase of electricity tariffs. The latter, however, remain below generation costs, with households paying between 0.9 and 1.44 MAD per kWh depending on monthly consumption levels (social tariff scheme). Regarding butane gas, the considerable subsidies will – for the moment – continue to allow consumers to pay a mere third of the „real“ price.
Renewable Energy
Solar Energy
Several major concentrated solar power (CPS) plants are foreseen in the Moroccan Solar Plan (MSP), which aims to reach 2 GW of installed solar-based generation capacity by 2020 and is implemented mainly by the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN). Currently under construction, the MSPs first CSP plant of 160 MW parabolic trough technology is scheduled to go online in autumn of 2015. Further plants to be developed at the same site near Ouarzazate will deploy parabolic trough (200 MW), solar tower (100 MW) and photovoltaic (50MW) technologies. Beyond Ouarzazate, four other sites, beginning with Midelt and Tata, will host further solar power plants. A combined gas-solar power plant is already in use near Ain Beni Mathar.
While the share of solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity at the five major MSP sites is not yet determined, additional programmes are under development which will make this a very important generation technology in the future. The national utility ONEE is tasked with implementing a 400-MW programme of medium-sized PV power plants in the 20-30 MW range. A small number of larger PV rooftop installations already exist in Morocco, e.g. at the Casablanca airport, three buildings of the ministry in charge of energy, water and environment (MEMEE), the Moroccan agency for renewable energy and energy efficiency (ADEREE), universities, and the “Technoparc” in Casablanca. PV had first made its entry into the Moroccan market through the rural electrification programme PERG, which from 2003 started to deploy solar home systems in the most isolated areas where grid extension was more difficult to achieve.
Wind Energy
The Moroccan government has established the target of 2000 MW of wind energy to be installed by 2020. This would result in an annual production of some 6600 GWh and avoid C02 emissions of 5.6m tons / year.
Data gathered from a wind energy evaluation programme of CDER, with support from GIZ, confirms that Morocco has several areas with an excellent wind energy potential, particularly in the greater Essaouira, Tanger and Tétouan areas (where average annual wind speeds at a height of 40 m range from 9.5 m/s to 11 m/s) and in the Dakhla, Tarfaya and Taza areas (with average annual wind speeds at a height of 40 m ranging from 7.5 m/s to 9.5 m/s).[5]
Morocco currently (March 2015) has an installed wind power capacity of 787 MW. Three wind farms (250 MW) are operated by ONEE, another four (537 MW) by private companies (under law 13-09). 1000 additional MW will be connected by 2020 at 6 different sites through the Moroccan wind programme (“Plan éolien intégré”), managed by ONEE.[6][7] Two further private wind farms of 100 MW and 120 MW are also under construction.
The Sahara Wind Project, supported by the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme, is looking at developing the wind potential in Northwest Africa in order to supply energy to Europe.[8] Sahara Wind has conducted wind surveys and investigated the possibility of building a high voltage power transmission line between Morocco and Western Europe.
Biomass incl. biogas
In Morocco, the major form of renewable energy is biomass, mostly in the traditional form of fuel, wood or charcoal for heating and cooking purposes. A national programme for the energy use of biomass ("valorisation de la biomasse" is in the planning phase. In terms of power use, there are plans for an installed capacity of 400 MW by 2030. Charcoal production has dropped by almost 13% in the recent past from about 3,398.6 kt in 2010 to about 2,976.8 kt in 2011.[9] Biogas is not yet used much in Morocco, though there are plans for recovery projects at the Agadir, Fes and Marrakech water treatment plants.
Hydro Power
In 2014, 1,360 GWh were produced from hydro power in 26 hydro power stations operated by ONEE. In addition, hydro power comes partly from a 464 MW pumped storage power plant near Beni Mallal/Afourer. In Oued Oum Er Rbia, micro hydro power stations shall be developed in the future. For that purpose, a programme has been set up to identify potential sites of which 200 could be identified. Furthermore, pilot projects are to be operated and evaluated now or soon; the development, financing and construction of more stations will be pursued in the future.
Electricity
Installed Capacity and Generation
In 2013, the amount of electricity produced by the public utility ONEE and independent power producers totaled 27,781 GWh.[10]. 11.5% of generation came from renewable sources (mainly hydro, then wind and others) in 2013, while 38% was based on coal, 18.4% on natural gas and 14.3% on oil.
Total installed capacity at the end of 2013 was 7,892 MW, of which 31% consisted of renewable power capacity.
Consumption
Due to demographic and economic growth, electricity demand grew at an average annual rate of 6.7% from 2003 to 2013, leading to an energy consumption of 32,015 GWh at the end of that year. Annual consumption per capita has steadily increased from 483 kWh in 2002 to 843 kWh (preliminary, estimation) in 2013.
| Electricity Consumption in 2011[11] | in GWh | in % |
| Industry | 9,741 | 38 |
| Transport | 302 | 1.1 |
| Residential | 8,413 | 33 |
| Commercial and Public Services | 5,640 | 22 |
| Agriculture Forestry | 1,538 | 6 |
| TOTAL | 25,635 |
Grid
In 2013, the transmission grid, owned by the state utility ONEE, consisted of almost 23000 km, of which 9220 km of 225 kV lines and 1753 km of 400 kV lines. It covers the entire country and is connected to the Algerian and Spanish power grids via regional links. A connection to Mauritania is being studied. The capacity of the connection between Morocco and Spain is 1,400 MW via two 400 kV subsea cables, with a third interconnection in progress. The connection with Algeria is a 1,500 MW connection via one 400 kV line and two 225 kV lines..[12]
The retail of electricity to the final consumers is in the responsibility of ONEE for most of the territory, seven local municipal authorities (»Régies«) (Marrakech, Fès, Meknes Tétouan Safi, El Jadida-Azemmour and Larache-Ksar El Kébir) and four private companies (»gestion déléguée«) using ONEE’s grid in Casablanca, Rabat-Salé, Tanger, Kénitra.
In recent years, Morocco has made great progress in providing grid power to its population. In 1996, ONE launched a national electrification programme named Programme pour l’Electrification Rurale Global (PERG). The rate of rural electrification was only 18 % in 1995 before the programme started, but rose steadily to 97.4 % by the end of 2011. ONE does not indicate whether the electrification figure is calculated with respect to households or villages, but gives numbers of electrified households and villages: 34,070 villages, or 1,938,747 households, had been provided with an electricity supply by the end of 2011 through the scope of the PERG programme.[13] Even villages situated long distances from the power grid now have a basic decentralised electricity supply, stemming from renewable energy sources. By the end of 2011, 51,559 households in 3,663 villageswere equipped with PV kits.
Prices
Electricity tariffs for final consumers (residential and professional) are fixed by decree from the prime minister. As the government seeks to reduce subsidies and therefore increase prices, tariffs are relatively high by regional standards but remain below generation costs.
Residential tariffs are structured in a way to enable differentiation according to the amount consumed (and thus presumed wealth of the household clients). Prices range from 0.9 MAD per kWh for up to 100 kWh / month to 1.49 MAD per kWh beyond 500 kWh / month. Tariffs were increased for some of the tariff ranges in August 2014, and a change in the calculation method was introduced which - generally speaking - would have clients pay all of their kWh consumed at the cost of their most expensive kWh, i.e. the highest price range reached in a given month.[14]
Professional tariffs are differentiated in a similar way to residential tariffs for low voltage connections, while different tariffs in the medium-voltage level are differentiated according to the time of day and season, ranging from 0.61 MAD per kWh to 1.33 MAD per kWh.[15]
Rural customers have the possibility to participate in a prepaid system based on pre-paid meters. For electrical supply, the customer can purchase the desired amounts via rechargeable cards sold for 20 MAD.
Key Problems of the Energy Sector
- Morocco's energy supply depends to 97.3% on imports (fossil fuels and electricity) and is thus depending on the rising and volatile price for oil, gas and coal.
- In 2008 the energy bill was about 71 billion Dirham (6.5 bn. €), and subsidies for petroleum products of about 23 billion Dirham (2 bn. €).
- Financial Problems of ONE to cover electricity production costs
- To face the energy requirements of Morocco the ONE has to install for the next 10 years 500 to 600 MW annually. This would request an investment of about 10 billion Dirham (1 bn. €) per year.
Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations
The Moroccan Ministry of Energy and Mines reserves the right to act as tutelage for all enterprises that are comprised in the sector of energy, while executing the governmental policies concerning energy, mining and geology.[16]
The ministry defines its function amongst others as:
- taking care of the development of energetic patrimony,
- defining options and implementing the necessary measurements in order to assure a safe and reliable energy supply, assure access to energy services for rural and urban population, and to assure the safety of people working in the energy sector,
- developing and assuring a permanent and strategic vision of the energy and mining sector,
- organising a properly functioning electricity, gas and petrol market.[17]
General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy
Morocco has a National Energy Strategy, presented by the MEMEE in 2009, which also includes a strategy for electricity in general and renewable electricity in particular. The strategy focuses on security of supply, diversification of national energy sources in order to reduce the dependence on imports, accessibility of energy for all, energy at the lowest cost, energy efficiency and environment and safety. The share of renewable energies shall be increased to 10 % of primary energy supply and to 18 % of power generation by 2012. According to the strategy, natural gas could make up 30 % (being 5 % in 2009) of fuel for thermal electricity production in 2030. In return, the share of coal would go down to 19 % from the current 34 % and heavy fuel oil to 8 % from 24 %. In relation to the legal framework, the Royal Decree no. 1-63-226 from 1963 and its amendments set the framework for the electricity market. Here, the creation of ONE as a state-owned utility and grid operator was established. At present, a law about the restructuring of the electricity sector is under discussion, but there is no official deadline fixed for the presentation of the law to parliament. This restructuring law will cover the aspects mentioned under the chapter on liberalization. Renewable energies are not explicitly dealt with in the general law for the electricity market, but a law on renewable energies has passed the Council of Ministers in April 2009. This law, which is still a draft and currently awaits approval by the Parliament, is presented in the chapter on legal conditions for renewables. The Moroccan government has recognized the possibility of meeting the growing electricity demand, at least partly with renewable energies. The further exploitation of renewable energies would also decrease the high dependency on the import of fossil fuels which at this time is as high as 96 %. It has to be mentioned though that the exploitation of gas and oil is also considered as a way to strengthen the national security of supply, and to meet the growing energy demand. However, with the current share of renewables in electricity production being less than 7 %, the government’s aim to reach a 20 % share in 2012 seems very ambitious. This is all the more valid, as the law for renewable energies has not entered into force yet and the market is still not liberalized. The fact that these two aspects are currently being considered might however be taken as a sign that renewable energies are seriously considered in the future of Moroccan energy policy. This is also reflected by the fact that in July 2008, 43 countries from Europe, the Middle East and Africa founded the new Mediterranean Union, which also includes Morocco. They agreed on the important role solar energy should play in the future and will now explore the feasibility, development and realisation of a Solar Action Plan. In January 2009, Morocco was one of 75 founding members of IRENA, the International Renewable Energy Agency. In July 2009, the DESERTEC12 initiative was officially launched by, amongst others, the German utilities Eon and RWE, but also Siemens, Münchener Rück and Deutsche Bank. DESERTEC’s aim is to build concentrating solar thermal power plants (CSP) in deserts to supply renewable electricity to North-African, European and Middle Eastern countries. The plants should be connected to the consumption sites by high voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) lines. According to CDER, Morocco aims at being one of the leading countries in this project and at playing a key role in supplying the electricity.
Specific Strategies (Biomass, Renewable Energies, Rural Electrification, Energy Access Strategy etc.)
Within the National Energy Strategy, separate targets for renewable energies are given. The share of renewable energies shall be increased to 10 % of primary energy supply and to 18 % of power generation by 2012, which is – due to the short time frame and a current share of 7 % in electricity production – a very ambitious target. By 2020 / 2030, the strategy considers it possible to exploit a wind potential of about 7,000 MW, 1,080 MW of solar PV and 400 MW of concentrating solar power (CSP). It is not clearly stated how Morocco intends to reach these targets, but a new law on the electricity market as well as one on renewable energies are under discussion. In addition, some support programmes for renewable energies exist or are in the planning stage. The Ministry of Energy, Mining, Water and the Environment has aggregated its efforts to promote renewable energies in a document named »sector of energy and mining – essential realisations 1999 to 2008, challenges and perspectives«[18] including an outlook until 2015. One aim of this plan is that by 2015 wind farms with a total capacity of 1,440 MW are supposed to be operational. 400,000 m2 of solar collectors are to be installed for producing hot water and 400 MW of small hydro energy are envisaged. In total, these actions are meant to save the energy equivalent of about 500,000 toe (5.8 TWh). In addition, it also includes efforts to promote the use of energy efficient technologies in households, public buildings and industry.
Important Laws and Regulations
- Renewable Energy Law
- Law on Agence for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiecy (ADEREE)
- Law on Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN)
- Law on Energy Efficiency (in preparation)
- Law on the reorganization of the electrical sector (under consideration)
- Consolidation of ONE –ONEP and transformation into “private” corporation
The law regarding renewable energies (n° 13-09) was published in the Official Gazette of March 18, 2010, page 58: http://www.sgg.gov.ma/.
The law provides 4 major advantages:
1.) opening competition for production of electricity from renewable sources.
2.) Acces to medium voltage, high voltage and very high voltage national electricity grid to any power producer from RE sources. This right, however, is subject to the technical capacity of the respective grid and has to be authorized by the grid operator.
3.) The possibility to export electricity produced from a RE source by using the national electricity grid and the interconnections.
4.) Possibility is given to any developer to build a direct transport line if the national electricity grid or transport interconnection does not suffice.
The law does not introduce fixed tariffs but states that all economic questions, as well as the technical conditions, have to be negotiated on a case by case basis between the grid operator and the power producer. The permission for electricity production from renewable sources is granted for 25 years; after this time, it can be either prolonged for another 25 years, or the production site becomes property of the state. A challenge for wind projects is the fact that projects with a generating capacity of more than 2 MW will only be allowed in zones foreseen for wind projects. These zones, however, have not been announced yet which would mean that at the moment no bigger wind projects would be eligible for authorization. As the law is still a draft, this problem could be solved before the law enters into force. In June 2008, ONE introduced the EnergiPro-programme, which supports the auto-production of renewable energy. Entities with high electricity consumptions can construct wind farms up to 50 MW and connect them to the HV/VHV-ONE grid for transmission to the consumption site. Until 2011, the grid operator will impose a wheeling charge of 0.5 euro cents/kWh (6 cDH/ kWh). After 2011, the charge will rise to 0.7 euro cents/ kWh (8 cDH/kWh). The surplus electricity can be sold to ONE at a price of 50 % of the medium and weighted ONE tariff of the consumer. ONE will guarantee the supply independently from the momentarily production.
Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector
ONE is a public law company answering to the Ministry of Energy, Mining, Water and Environment (MEMEE) and has been responsible for the generation and transmission of electricity in Morocco since 1963. It operates as a single buyer and owns the transmission and most of the distribution grid. Since 1994, power plants with capacities up to 10 MW can also be built and operated by private enterprises, and above 50 MW on the condition that the project was subject to open tendering and all power produced is sold to ONE. This opening of the electricity market is governed by law no. 2-94-503 dated 23 September 1994 and forms part of an attempt to offer electricity to consumers at internationally competitive prices. In a policy decision in 2001, it was determined that this objective was to be achieved through the opening of the Moroccan electricity market with respect to electricity generation, distribution and sale in several stages, but little effort has been made to realise this decision. One measure in 2008 was to allow IPPs to operate power plants of up to 50 MW installed capacity instead of the previous threshold of 10 MW. In 2009 Law 13-09 has passed which specially authorizes private generation of power from renewable source of energy. According to RCREEE, currently the total capacity of IPPs producing renewable energy consitutes 124 MW while the total generation capacity of conventional electricity is 1 704 MW.[19]
Regarding the supporting policies public tendering of large-scale wind and solar power projects constitutes the main mechanisms. There is no obligation to conclude long-term power purchase agreements with private produvers of renewable energiers. Neither feed-in tariffs nor a net-metering policy for small-scale are available for renewable energie projects.[19]
However, IPPs still have to rely on ONE’s cooperation as there is no regulating authority established in Morocco. Currently it is always compulsory to deal with ONE in its role as a single buyer and operator of the transmission network. Another goal of the further opening of the electricity market is to divide the Moroccan electricity market into two parts, an open market segment and a regulated one. Customers will be split into eligible and non-eligible customers, depending on a threshold based on annual consumption. This threshold has not yet been defined. Eligible clients will be able to choose whether to purchase electricity from the open or from the regulated market. Switching will be possible according to rules not yet defined. Those not belonging to the category of eligible customers shall continue to purchase their electricity from the regulated market at officially determined prices in order to secure the supply of power to private households with a low voltage connection at prices set by the state.
There are several funding mechanisms in Morocco. In 2008 an energy investment company for developping renewable energy (SIE) was created by law 40-08. SIE intends to support RE development and contains a capital of 1 million DH. While 71% are endorsed by the state, the Hassan II Fund for Economic and Social Developpent account for 29%. Moreover the Energy Development Fund (FDE) was established in 2010 and contains a capital of 1 billion USD. The Hassen II fund contributes with 200 million, 300 millions are endorsed by UAE and 500 million by Saudi-Arabia. Legally, there is no policy that provides financial guarentee to private investors to ensure payment under power purchase agreement. Morocco also do not offer any fiscal incentives like tax or duty benefits[19] (except for tax deduction for solar water heating appliances).
Governmental Institutions Private Sector (enterprises, NGOs)
- Ministry of Energy, Mining, Water and Environment
- Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER)
- Agence Nationale pour le Développement des Energies Renouvelables et l'Efficacité Energetique (ADEREE)
- Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN)
- L’Association Marocaine des Industries Solaires et Eoliennes (AMISOLE)
- Office National de l’Electricité (ONE)
- Jorf Lasfar Electricity Company (JLEC)
- Théolia
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST) Unité des Technologies et Economie des Energies Renouvelables (TEER)
- Delattre Levivier Maroc (DLM)
Activities of Other Donors, Activities of NGOs
GIZ activities in Morocco started in the 1990s with a wind energy programme which offers different services:
- Performing surveys and measurements to determine the wind potential
- Elaboration and improvement of conditions for feeding wind-generated electricity into power grids
- Creation and consolidation of energy-sector framework conditions for renewable energy resources
- Fostering knowledge among experts and managers in private and state-owned institutions to assess the wind energy potential, to plan wind energy projects and to improve the energy policy framework for renewable energies
This wind energy programme was one of the very first renewable energy programmes in Morocco. It greatly contributed to establishing renewable energy as an important topic in the country and served as a basis for all following activities, like for instance the construction of the 60 MW wind farm at Essaouira.
Currently, GIZ is working with the Government of Morocco on a programme for renewable energy and energy efficiency promotion. The project is pursuing an integrated concept that combines policy advisory services, sectoral and technical support and institutional promotion. It also includes knowledge transfer and networking of applied research on renewable energy and energy efficiency. Its efforts focus on different aspects:
- The project advises the Moroccan Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water and the Environment on developing and implementing the nation’s Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Act and secondary regulation in the form of, for example, ordinances and decrees.
- Furthermore support to its partner organisation, Morocco’s Centre for Development of Renewable Energy (CDER), in its transformation process is provided.
- Efforts to develop regional utilisation strategies for renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in selected regions of Morocco represent a further aspect of the project.
- Through the cooperation with industry and research partners, like for instance the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research or the German Aerospace Center the project supports the development of renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Results achieved so far:
- Training events have improved the technical know-how of the partner organisation, particularly with regard to energy efficiency;
- In 2010 and 2011, Morocco has adopted laws and decrees related to RE and EE and the transformation of the former CDER into the ADEREE, whose extended mission includes also energy efficiency and energy services.
Morocco is a priority partner country of German Development Cooperation. Since 1961, a total of 1.6 billion € of German promotion funds has flown to Morocco. Today, cooperation is also targeted to the energy sector (in particular wind and solar energy). Since February 2008, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) has been advising CDER and MEMEE in Morocco on developing the law on renewable energies. Between 1997 and 2000, GIZ’s TERNA Wind Energy programme carried out wind measurements at three different sites that have lead to concrete investment projects. The Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) has been active in various wind farm projects. KfW’s Tanger wind farm project with a capacity of 3.5 MW, commissioned in 2001, was the first donor-financed wind energy scheme in Morocco. Until now, KfW has also supported the wind farm Essaouira with a capacity of 60 MW, commissioned in 2007, and is engaged in a second wind farm in the Tanger region (140 MW). KfW also promoted PV projects to realise rural electrification, in which private companies were involved at an early stage in order to maintain the systems. Other international assistance organisations are also active in Morocco. The World Bank, for example, is promoting modernisation of the energy sector with a loan of 100 million US$. The World Bank together with the African Development Bank is also involved in the financing of a solar thermal combined-cycle power plant whose overall project costs accounts to around US$800 million.[20]
In 2010, Morocco launched an ambitious integrated project which is set up to exploit its enormous solar energy resources in order to produce clean electricity. GIZ has been accompanying the development of Renewable Energies policy in Morocco for a long time. By enforcing the cooperation, the two countries intensify their interaction in this field. This partnership contains, amongst others, the co-funding of the thermal Power Station in Ouarzazate as well as technical assistance of the Moroccan Solar Energy Plan. The supporting project « Accompagnement du Plan Solaire Marocain (APSM) » aims to enable the development of industrial capacities and scientific research in the solar energy sector within Morocco.
The two countries agreed on the following:
- facilitate an innovation cluster which involves industry, research and training in the field of renewable energies
- establish an international network of solar energy technologies
- set-up of a platform for knowledge interchange in the domain of solar energies
- strengthen innovation capabilities in the field of renewable energies within Moroccan research institutions and enforce companies´ capacities to respond to needs of the Moroccan Solar Plan
The general objective of the APSM project is the integration of the Moroccan industry and research in the solar energy sector (Moroccan Solar Energy Plan). The project duration is foreseen to be from January 2012 until June 2014.[21]
Existing Projects
Solar Energy: Case Study
Morocco’s National Electricity Office, ONE, has developed a programme for the electrification of areas through solar power by a joint venture with EDF, Total and Tenesol.The programme aims to increase access and reduce poverty in peri-urban areas through adopted solutions, including demand side management projects. In regions where housing is scattered, it is impossible for the electricity grid to reach each individual house in a cost-effective way, but by using solar power the inhabitants of these regions can also enjoy the benefits of electricity.
The project’s objectives are to:
- Provide affordable and sustainable rural electrification
- Improve rural local conditions to decrease rural-urban migration
- Develop rural economies
- Increase use of renewable energy
In order to generate its own electricity, each house is fitted with a solar home system in which the solar panel turns the sun’s rays into electricity that is stored in a solar battery that provides electricity at night, and stores enough power to last up to five days. The electronic controller automatically manages the charging and discharging of the battery[22].
For more information on the project, click here.
- Biogas technology in Morocco (region of Souss-Massa)
- Solar energy in Morocco: best practice case study
Publications
Further Information
- Kingdom of Morocco (official portal)
- Morocco entry at The World Factbook
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Auswärtiges Amt, Länderinformationen Marokko, Stand: Dezember 2014 (retrieved on 10 March 2015): http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/Marokko_node.html
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=MOROCCO&product=Balances
- ↑ International Energy Agency (2014), Morocco In-Depth Energy Review
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ministère de l'Énergie, des Mines, de l'Eau et de l'Environnement: chiffres clés du secteur de l'énergie http://www.mem.gov.ma/SitePages/ChiffresCles1/ChCleEnAnnuels.aspx Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Moroccan Energy Ministry" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ UNESCO 2007: Les énergies renouvelables au Maroc – Le débat est lancé Rabat, Morocco 2007
- ↑ Moroccan Energy Ministry MEMEE (retrieved on 30 March 2015): http://www.mem.gov.ma/SitePages/GrandsChantiers/DEEREnergieEolienne.aspx
- ↑ Moroccan state-owned utility ONEE (retrieved on 30 March 2015): http://www.one.org.ma/FR/pages/interne.asp?esp=2&id1=5&id2=54&id3=44&t2=1&t3=1
- ↑ For further information: www.saharawind.com
- ↑ Ministère de l'Energie, des Mines, de l'Eau et de environmental; Département de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Statistique Energetiques", pg. 4
- ↑ Cf. 'chiffres clés 2013' on ONEE website (retrieved 30.03.2015) at http://www.one.org.ma/FR/pages/interne.asp?esp=2&id1=4&id2=52&t2=1
- ↑ 2011 Electrictiy and Heat for Morocco http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?&country=MOROCCO&year=2011&product=ElectricityandHeat
- ↑ For further information, see ONEE, at http://www.one.org.ma/FR/pages/interne.asp?esp=2&id1=4&id2=53&id3=40&t2=1&t3=1
- ↑ http://www.one.org.ma/FR/pdf/Rapport_ONE_2009.pdf
- ↑ For more detailed information on residential tariffs, see ONEE website at http://www.one.org.ma/FR/pages/interne.asp?esp=1&id1=3&id2=113&t2=1
- ↑ For more detailed information on professional tariffs, see ONEE website at http://www.one.org.ma/FR/pages/interne.asp?esp=1&id1=2&id2=35&t2=1
- ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Le Ministère - Présentation", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 21, 2011, URL: http://www.mem.gov.ma/Ministere/presentation.htm
- ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Le Ministère - Présentation", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 21, 2011, URL: http://www.mem.gov.ma/Ministere/presentation.htm
- ↑ MEMEE 2008: Ministère de l‘Energie, des Mines, de l’Eau et de l’Environment (MEMEE): Secteur de l’Energie et des Mines – Principales réalisations (1999 – 2008) Défis et Perspectives, October 2008 Internet: www.mem.gov.ma
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 RCREEE Morocco Energy Profile 2012: http://www.rcreee.org/morocco/
- ↑ http://www.one.org.ma/FRfckLR/pdf/Rapport_ONE_2009.pdf
- ↑ GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: VII - Best Practice Case Studies.
