Mali Energy Situation
Overview
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Energy SituationMali is a net importer of petroleum products. Its energy situation is characterised by the predominance of biomass (87 %) in meeting the needs of households for cooking, and by a very low level of electrification (16 %). Access to Electricity (% of households) 2001: 9%(32% urb.); 2007: 17%.(51% urb.) Extreme poverty denies access to modern energy services to much of the population. The energy supply in Mali is very low. The newest official energy balance available shows that only 2,929 ktoe were consumed in 2000. Thereof 85 % are used as traditional sources (e.g. firewood), 14% are oil and petrol products and the electricity consumption only accounts 1% of the total energy consumption. Mali has an relatively high potential for hydropower. It is estimated in 1,000 MW with an average annual production of 5,000 GWh. But just one quarter of the potential is used. Despite changing temperatures and migrating rainfall patterns, Mali appears well placed to increase the resilience of its hydro and renewable energy systems. Plans for optimised operation of hydro plants under projected flow regimes are in place and siting maps that detail projected changes in windspeed, floodplains, and areas impacted by sea level rise exist. There are three big hydropower stations:
Beside these two bigger thermal power plants exist:
Projects for building of solar thermal plants with a capacity of more than 100 MW are being prepared although climate proofing these installations is not yet considered. Given biomass’s central role in Mali’s energy mix, more work needs to be done on researching and developing drought resistant crops. The development of alternative fuels from biomass residues would help to off-set household energy vulnerability, particularly in rural areas. The off-grid electricity supply is mainly garanteed by small diesel generators (with a capacity between 80kW to 1,220 kW).
Energy Demand and Supply in the Household SectorHouseholds (mostly rural poor) consume 86 % of Mali’s energy, (road) transport 10 %, industry (mainly mining) 3 % and agriculture 1 % (2003 figures). 80 % of total energy consumption is based on firewood and charcoal (increasing by 3 % and 10 % annually, respectively). Oil products account for 16 % (annual increase 10 %), placing a heavy financial burden on the national economy which is wholly dependent on oil imports. Electricity accounts for only 3 % of Mali’s energy consumption and less than 20 % of the total population are connected to the national grid. Mali's power grid covers only a few urban areas, leaving more than 97 % of the rural population without access to electricity. However, only fractions of Mali’s huge renewable power generating potential (hydro, solar) are exploited. In recent years, the necessity of tapping these resources for rural electrification was clearly identified. The total electricity generation in 2006 was about 505 GWh and the installed capacity was 280 MW. Since 1980 the consumption increased constantly, while the installed capacity of all plants remained at the same level in the 1980s and 1990s. Recently at the beginning of the new century the pattern changed and new production facilities were build (see graph). EDM, the state energy utility, is expected to reach only 60 urban locations through the national grid.
Rural ElectrificationMore than 97% of the rural population live without access to electricity. A very small number of households uses automotive batteries for lighting, TV and radio. Their supply is hardly possible and to recharge them long journeys (up to 120 km) to the capital of Bamako or regional and district centres are needed. In addition, the quality of charge is often deplorable. Length of Domestic Transmission and Distribution Lines 4436 km, Transnational Lines 600 km. Number and Length of Power Cuts HV grid: -Number of cuts: 2006 = 56; 2007 =49 -Duration of cuts: 2006 = 35 hours; 2007 = 19 hours -Number of cuts scheduled for works 2006 = 15; 2007 = 19
MV grid: - Number of cuts 2006 = 1251; 2007 = 1134 Institutional Set Up and Actors in the Energy SectorPublic Institutions and ActorsMinistère des mines, de l’énergie et de l’eau
Agence Malienne pour le Développement de l'Energie Domestique et l 'Electrification Rurale (AMADER)
Centre National d’Energie Solaire et des Energies Renouvelables (CNESOLER)
Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et de l'Eau (CREE)The CREE is the regulation authority of the water and electricity sector. The main responsibilities are:
Non Governmental Service Providers for Rural Areas in the Field of EnergyCommercial Service ProvidersESKOM-ENERGIE-MANATALI (EEM)The EEM is a local branch of the South African Eskom SA. Is is responsible for the operation of the Manantali hydroelectric power plant at the Malian-Senegalese-Mauritanian border. The installed capacity is 200 MW.
Société Energie du Mali (EDM-SA)The former state-owned EDM was privatized in 2000 and is now owned by the SAUR-IPS group (60 %), while 40 % of the shares remain with the state. EDM is the only concessionaire for the public electricity supply. Beside the grid-system there are 21 isolated production centres with an installed capacity of 38.4 MW. In 2006 these systems produced 101 million kWh.
Micro-Finance Institutions
GTZ-Publication: Les Associations des Institutions de Microfinance
Policy FrameworkPoverty Reduction StrategyThe Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) was adopted by the previous Government in May 2002 and then reconfirmed by the new Government (GoM) in October 2002. The paper names three main as well as one pre-requisite pillar as follows:
Land ownership and participationLand rights issues are linked to the national decentralised process that has been ongoing for several years. Eight laws cover the creation of municipalities one of which is the development of local government regulations and codes. In principle, rural populations will be able to (and will have to) manage their assets and ensure open land access. Energy PolicyThe general energy strategy of Mali focuses on the development of local resources such as hydropower and solar energy in order to reduce petroleum imports. In 1999, the Government of Mali (GoM) issued a policy letter with the following goals:
The three objectives of the National Energy Policy regarding renewable energy are:
The GoM has restructured the sector by adopting a new Electricity Law and its implementation texts, which ends EDM’s monopoly and has opened the sector to competition, under a regime of transparent regulation by an independent agency. Reform processes and institutions need to be strengthened to foster a lasting competitive business environment attractive to private investors and operators. The imperative to provide energy services to the poor calls for a spectrum of energy services, innovative service delivery mechanisms, with participation by communities, NGOs and the private sector.
Key Problems Hampering Access to Modern Energy Services in Rural AreasObstacles for Grid Based Rural ElectrificationThe existing national electrification policies are not yet ready to close the existing energy gap: EDM, the state energy utility, is expected to reach only 60 urban locations through the national grid. Mali's Agency for Domestic Energy and Rural Electrification (AMADER), whose rural electrification strategy focuses on the creation of a private sector in which public/private partnerships on a local level should take a lead role in the rural electrification process, seems to be completely surpassed by the task to provide the off-grid majority of over 700 rural communes (11.000 villages) with access to electricity. Both central state institutions have neither the capacity nor the resources to achieve their national goal. Most remote rural areas will not be targeted and even if there are no local capacities available who could implement the ambitious programmes. They also insufficiently interlink electricity provision with decentralisation politics and; fail to involve the local municipalities in planning and running the energy facilities which is crucially important to ensure their long-term sustainability. Without tapping this potential of participatory communal development, the national goal of reaching 12 % rural electrification rate by 2012 and 55 % by 2015 will be out of reach.
The key problems for the grid-based electrification are:
Obstacles for Off Grid Energy Technologies and ServicesThere are some key problems for the off-grid electrification as well:
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