Guatemala Energy Situation

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Guatemala
Flag of Guatemala.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Guatemala City

Region:

Latin America

Coordinates:

14.38°N, 90.30°W

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

108,890

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

17,602,431 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

47 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

102,050,473,864 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

5,797.52 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

99.10 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

32.84 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

37.38 (2014)

Source: World Bank


Introduction

Guatemala is located in Central America[1]. It shares its borders with Mexico in the north, Belize and Honduras in the east, and El Salavador in the south[1][2]. On the west, the country borders the Pacific, with a much shorter northeastern Caribbean coastline[1][2]. The country's major cities are: Guatemala city -the capital-, Quetzaltenango, Escuintla, Livingston and Puerto Barrios[1]. 


Guatemala is divided topographily into four general regions: central-western highlands, southern volcanic regions of the Sierra Madre, tropical coastal lowlands, and the low northern plateau, which is mainly jungle[1][2].


Guatemalan Borders


Predominantly, Guatemala is an agricultural socitey, where farming is the major economic activiy, with forestry and mining close behind[1]. The best soils suitable for farming are located on the Pacific coastal line, while the soil in the Peten tends to erode quickly, and highland soils are better protected because of coffee cultivation[1].


Guatemalan climate varies with accordance to the altitude of the region, and the proximity to the coasts[1][2]. The tierra caliente (hot country), which extends from the sea level into 750m above sea level, and its temperature is around 29°-32°C[1]. The tierra templada (temperate country) extends from 750-1660m above sea level, with day temperature 24°-26°C, and night temperatures 15.5°-21°C[1].The tierra fria (cold country) extends above 1660m above sea level with an average temperature of 26°C at day, and 10°C at night[1].


The country's main natural resources are predominantly: petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle and hydropower, with approximately 41.2% of the land used for agriculture (14.2% arable land - 8.8% permanent crops - 18.2% permanent pasture), while forest represents 33.6% of the land[3]. 


In terms of energy, Guatemala comes as the second largest Central American power market, with a total generating capacity of 4.2GW[4]. Guatemala total energy generation capacity in 2016 was 10.9TWh, of which 41% came from fossil-based generation, 24% from large hydro, and 35% was from renewables (small hydro, wind, solar, biomass and geothermal)[4].


Energy Situation

Overview 

Guatemala shows high dependency on firewood, especially for residential demand[5][6]. Though the country has a high potential of natural resources for energy generation and production, with approximately 34% of forestry richness of the total national territory, yet Guatemala still highly depends on hydrocarbons for supplying industrial and productivity sectors[3][5].


Due to this high dependency on hydrocarbons, Guatemala categorizes as a net energy importer[5]. However, the Guatemalan authorities have planned and implemented significant measures to change the country's energy mix, and promote further energy production sources, including renewables[5].


Guatemala Energy Flow Chart (Espinasa et al., 2013)


Though firewood represents the main source of energy for household/residential across the country (app. 63%), yet, biomass has started to gain significant importance to meet the continuously increasing energy demand[5]. Thus being encouraged by the domestic investment by local sugar industry, which has started producing biodiesel and energy from sugar-cane pulp[5].


Table.1: Other Guatemalan Sources of Energy[5]
Source Diesel Gasoline Fuel Oil Biodiesel from Sugar Cane Pulp + Propane
Percentage  12% 8% 4% 3%


Forced by the continued power supply constraints to meet the increasing demand, the Guatemalan government had to issue more power supply contracts with private companies, which allowed the growth of the installed thermal generation capacity[5]. Thus being nearly 400% during the period 1993-2002, with other facilities being built as well to add more generation capacity to the country's scheme during the same period[5]. Two geothermal-powered plants in particular were installed: Calderas (5MW) in 1998, and Zunil (24MW) in 1999[5]. 


Guatemala has many natural reserves of both oil and gas[5], yet both are under-utilized. There exist approximately 153 oil wells, however only 58 are currently utilized for oil production[5].


The country enjoys a wealth of renewable resources, though they are not yet utilized to their full potential[5]. For example; out of possible 5000MW hydroelectric power potential, Guatemala uses only 853 MW (17.06%), and of 1000MW potential of geothermal energy, the country uses just 49.2MW (4.92%)[5]. 


Table.2: Guatemalan Evolution of the Energy Matrix 1971-2008[6]

1971-1974 1984-1987 1999-2002 2005-2008
Fuel Oil Products Hydro Bio-Combustibles Liquid Fuels Hydro Bio-Combustibles Coal Oil Products Hydro Bio-Combustibles Coal Oil Products Hydro Bio-Combustibles
Input Percentage 80% 11% 9% 54% 30% 16% 10% 49% 14% 27% 22% 48% 25% 38%
General Outlines
  • Beginning of the 1970s, Guatemala had a very simple energy matrix - completely composed to meet residential consumption needs
  • Two major energy sources: firewood for residential consumption & imported crude oil that was refined in the country 
  • Guatemalan energy matrix experienced important changes 1974-1984
  • Beginning of national crude oil production during early 80s -> Reduction of net imported petroleum products
  • Beginning of crude oil exploration
  • Growth of hydraulic infrastructure
  • The dominance of firewood consumption for the residential sector continued, specially in rural areas
  • At the beginning of the new millennium, the country achieved the most dramatic change in its energy matrix
  • Guatemala became both producer and exporter of crude oil
  • Consumption of biofuels increased
  • Consumption of hydraulic energy doubled
  • Oil derivatives' imports were quadrupled
  • The conutry started importing coal
  • Near the end of the first decade of the 2000s, the country reduced its production of crude oil 
  • Start of importing more oil derivatives
  • Consumption of hydraulic energy almost doubled
  • Coal imports quadrupled
  • Biofuels held their position as the most dominant source  

 

Energy Access

Guatemalan Total Electricity Access 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)


Guatemalan Electricity Access in Urban and Rural Areas 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)


Table.3: Guatemalan Total, Urban & Rural Access to Electricity 2000-2016[7]

Total Access Urban Rural
Year 2000 2010 2014 2016 2016 2016
 % Population 73 84 85 92 97 86


Access to Clean Cooking in Guatemala 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)


Table.4: Clean Cooking Access Percentages in Guatemala 2000-2016[7]
Year 2000 2010 2014 2016
 % Population 39 43 45 45


Production

Guatemalan total energy production reached approximately 9.6Mtoe by the year 2016[8].


Total Primary Energy Supply 1990-2016 from Different Energy Sources (IEA, 2018)


Installed Capcity

The total installled power capacity of the country is about 4.21GW with renewables representing approximately 32% share[4].


Guatemalan Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources (ClimateScope, 2018)


For more details on the graph Click Here. 

Consumption


Guatemala's Final Energy Consumption from Different Energy Sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)


Guatemalan Sectorial Shares of Final Energy Consumption (IEA, 2018)


Import and Export


Guatemala's Net Energy Imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)


The most recent Guatemalan imports were led by refined petroleum (~10.8%) of the total imports, while petroleum gas represented approximately 1.4%, and coal briquettes about 0.92%[9].


Table.5: Guatemala's Major Energy Exports[3]
Source Electricity Crude Oil Refined Petroleum Products
Exporting Capacity 1.858 billion kWh 7,783 bbl/day 8,178 bbl/day


Electricity

Table.6: Guatemala's General Electricity Data in 2017[3]
Indicator Production Consumption Exports  Imports Total Installed Capacity
Capacity 11.49 billion kWh 10.02 billion kWh 1.858 billion kWh 891.4 million kWh 4.072 million kW
World Ranking 98 95 48 70 86


Table.7: Guatemala's Electricity's Installed Capacity by Source[3]
Source Fossil Fuels Nuclear Fuels Hydroelectric Plants Renewables
 % of Total Installed Capacity 57.9 0 35.3 6.8
World Ranking 135 104 61 82


Guatemala's Total Electricity Consumtion 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018)


Guatemalan Electricity Generation by Different Fuels 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018)


Shares of Different Fuels in Generating Electricity in Guatemala in 2016 (EIA, 2018)


Energy Security

Since Guatemala is a developing country, that is emerging from a civil war which lasted for 36 years, with more than 50% of its population living in poverty, the country faces several social and economic challenges[10]. These challenges cannot be overcome without the improvement of electricity access for supporting basic services and boosting up labor productivity[10]. In that regard, the Ministry of Energy has proposed an expansion of the electricity generating capacity 2014-2028 to meet the increasing energy demand, while reducing dependency on fossil fuels (e.g. oil products), diversifying the energy mix from fossil fuels to renewables, and reducing electricity costs[10].


On one hand, attempting cost optimization in the energy sector could provide opportunities to improve social capital[10]. On the other hand, increasing energy intensity could make societies highly vulnerable to any supply disruption, which demands better strategies for enhancing security of electricity supply[10]. Within that context, energy security is to be defined with accordance to to the electricity supply, taking into account needs and objectives of the country's energy policy[10]. The key aspects of the energy security perspective in Guatemala are: adequacy, resilience and sovereignty[11].



Renewable Energy

Fossil Fuels

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector

Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

Further Information

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-GuatemalaHandbook.pdf
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/4474.pdf
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 http://global-climatescope.org/en/country/guatemala/#/enabling-framework
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7 the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf
  8. ↑ International Energy Agency (IEA). (2018). Key World Energy Statistics – A Wealth of Energy Stats at your Fingertips. Retrieved From: https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2291?fileName=Key_World_2018.pdf
  9. ↑ https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gtm/
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Ochaeta, K. (2014). Energy Security and Sustainable Development Implications for Guatemala of the Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2014-2028. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University. Retrieved From: http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:749642/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  11. ↑ Ochaeta, K. (2014). Energy Security and Sustainable Development Implications for Guatemala of the Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2014-2028. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University. Retrieved From: http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:749642/FULLTEXT01.pdf


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