LPG for cooking

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Introduction - What is LPG?

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a by-product of natural gas extraction and crude oil refining. LPG is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, the most common being butane and propane. At room temperature, LPG is a colorless and odorless non-toxic gas. Under modest pressure or cooler conditions, it transforms into a liquid state. This process leads to the reduction of the volume to 1/250 of the gaseous aggregate state and allows to store and transport LPG easily in cylinders. For safety reasons, a LPG cylinder is only filled with 80% liquid while the remaining 20% contains gaseous LPG. A typical LPG cooking system is made up of a steel cylinder filled with LPG, a pressure controller, a tube connecting the cylinder to the pressure controller and the burner, and finally the burner itself.

1 kg of LPG has an useful energy value of 20.7 MJ/kg. In comparison, air-dried firewood has an energy content of around 16 MJ/kg and charcoal of 27 - 33 MJ/kg. Depending on the type of woodfuel, charcoal production, and cook stove, between 7.3 and 29.7kg of woodfuel would be required to provide the same amount of useful cooking energy found in 1 kg of LPG. LPG is heavier than air, e.g. propane is one and a half times heavier than air, and can therefore accumulate above the ground. This may lead to LPG-’lakes’ that potentially can causes explosions. A foul smelling odorant is added to help detect leaks and thus reduce the risk of explosion.

LPG Market – Production, Supply and Consumption  

LPG is separated from raw oil and raw gas during extraction or refining. In order to stabilize the raw oil or gas, the accompanying products are extracted during a cleaning process. The accompanying gases are then either processed or burnt on the spot. The latter process is also known as flaring and approximately 140 billion m³ of potential LPG are burnt every year. Through further processing of the accompanying gasses, propane and butane are gained, which are used as LPG.

A sophisticated infrastructure is required for the distribution of LPG (see figure below). It is delivered from supply points in a liquefied form to primary storage facilities, where it is stored under refrigeration or pressurization. It can then be sold to distributors in its refrigerated or pressurized form.

Typical LPG supply chain

LPG as a by-product of the oil and gas industry is directly dependent on the extraction of fossil fuels. While larger production capacities may open up from the development of new fossil fuel sources, it has to be highlighted that most conventional fossil fuel fields are already being exploited. Additional fossil fuel sources may be harnessed from unconventional sources. However, these are mostly linked to significant environmental risks. More LPG may also be made available from accompanying gases that are currently being flared. This resource offers 70 million tons of gas.

In 2010, LPG consumption amounted to around 249 million tons worldwide. Asia Pacific has also experienced the highest growth rates, around 5% since 2000. The consumption of LPG in Africa is highly clustered in North African countries, comprising around 85% of Africa’s total consumption. Although Nigeria is the largest LPG producer in Sub-Saharan Africa, annual per capita consumption is less than 1kg whereas in countries like Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Libya and Morocco, users consume 45kg of LPG per year. A total of 47% of global demand for LPG is covered by the domestic sector in which households use LPG for cooking, water and room heating; in Africa the domestic sector accounts for more than 88% of the demand.

In industrial countries, LPG is used for heating and cooking, as auto gas and in the Petrochemical industry. In developing countries LPG is mainly used as a cooking fuel. The users are predominately middle- to high-income households in regions with a supply network (mostly urban and peri-urban areas). LPG availability remains scarce, especially in rural areas of developing countries. This is mainly due to lacking supply networks, which are not able to supply households.

Utilization of LPG for Cooking

A mixture of air and LPG can be ignited if the amount of LPG in the air is between 2%-10%. The ignition temperature is above 380°C. The maximum flame temperature for LPG is around 2,000°C. The affordability of LPG is still a substantial barrier for many households that want to use LPG. Evidence shows that subsidies have benefitted wealthier urban users more than low-income users as the former are in a better position to afford the high initial costs, e.g. to purchase the cylinder and the LPG burner. In most countries, access to LPG is limited to urban areas and LPG supply shortages are a frequent occurrence in rural areas. Additionally, due to the low cost of fuelwood and lack of awareness, increased LPG use is currently not viable for most rural areas in developing countries. Nevertheless, in regions with low biomass availability, LPG could lead to a significant relief of biomass resources.

Convenience is one of the main reasons why the use of LPG has been growing worldwide. LPG heats quickly and provides much greater efficiency than even the most improved biomass stoves. LPG stoves can also be controlled more precisely to match the user’s requirements and can save time for cooking and cleaning the kitchen. Additionally, LPG can be transported, stored and used virtually anywhere.

 

The main advantages of LPG in comparison to conventional fuels (wood, charcoal) are:

• LPG is a clean fuel (comparable with biogas); it releases fewer pollutants than any other fuel except electricity, thus protecting the health of women and children.
• LPG emits lower greenhouse gas emissions than alternatives, CO2 emissions are relatively low. Greenhouse gases are reduced by 5-16 times per prepared meal compared to coal.
• If LPG was used, the wood consumption can be substantially reduced - 45 kg of LPG is sufficient to produce the thermic energy of about half a ton of wood (also see figure in chapter “Cooking with Charcoal”).
• LPG is easy to light and provides instant heat after lighting.
• LPG cooks fast. It has a high energy efficiency: about 8 - 9 times that of fuelwood.
• It is convenient to use.
• It is easy to store and to transport.

 

The disadvantages of LPG as a cooking fuel are the following:

• In case of worn out equipment or incorrect use, LPG bears the risk of explosion
• Accessibility in rural areas due to unreliable or missing distribution network.
• Households need to be able to pay the fuel price. A survey exploring the costs of LPG in 20 countries found out that prices vary largely, e.g. 0.40 US$ in Morocco and 3.26 US$ in Turkey for 1kg LPG Due to a small daily available household budget, low-income households often buy small amounts of fuel or even can collect firewood at no monetary costs.
• LPG is a finite resource.

Further Information

• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), article on energypedia
  
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Stoves, article on energypedia
• Senegal: Best Practice Case Studies, article on energypedia
• Website of the World LPG Association
• Statistical Review of Global LP Gas
• Multiple-Household Fuel Use – a balanced choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG by Sepp, S.  (2014)
• Residential market for LPG : a review of experience of 20 developing countries by Matthew, W. and Zeissig, H. (2011)
• Cooking with Gas: Why women in developing countries want LPG and how they can get it by ENERGIA (2014)
• Accelerating uptake of LPG in Maputo for lower income households: Study to support scoping of an intervention by SNV (2013)
• Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Market is Expected to Reach USD 266.41 Billion in 2018 by Transparency Market Research (2013)
• Kerosene to LP Gas Conversion Programme in Indonesia - A Case Study of Domestic Energy by World LPG Association
• Cost-Benefit Analysis of LPG Cookstove Intervention - A Case Study of Nyarugusu Refugee Camp, Tanzania by UNEP-DTU Partnership

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References

This article was originally published by GIZ HERA. It is basically based on experiences, lessons learned and information gathered by GIZ cook stove projects. You can find more information about the authors and experts of the original “Cooking Energy Compendium” in the Imprint.

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