Lighting Technologies

Dishna Schwarz

Elmar Dimpl                                                                                                          

George C. Bandlamudi

Michael Blunck

 

updated by E. Dimpl, May 2009

1         Introduction

The rural poor in most developing countries still lack access to basic energy services and are therefore often incapacitated to afford good lighting. It is worthwhile to examine and consider lighting methods that would be both economical in terms of energy consumption and cost, to be successfully disseminated amongst this target group. This paper will give a brief theoretical background on physical aspects of light and frequently used terminologies and physical units (chapter 2), describe and compare different technological options for lighting (chapter 3) and present a useful method for appropriate lighting design (chapter 4).

 

2     Some Facts about Light 

2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation and the Visible Spectrum

 The electromagnetic spectrum implies different types of radiation, ranging from high-energy gamma-rays to low-energy radio waves. However, the human eye is sensitive only to radiation with wavelengths in the range of 0.38 to 0.76 micrometre, which we call ‘the visible spectrum’. The electromagnetic wave spectrum is illustrated in Fig.1.

Radiation is the cause and the visible light is the result. It takes a certain amount of energy to produce a given amount of light.

Light of one fixed wavelength is termed as ‘monochromatic’ light, characterised by its corresponding colour at that wavelength. For instance, if a lamp is producing only radiation of 0.555 micrometre, then the resulting light is monochromatic, with its yellow-green colour. Sensitivity of the human eye is 100% at a wavelength of 0.555 micrometre. Light perceived as white is a mixture of light intensity across the visible spectrum. In display and lighting technology the impression of white light is often created by mixing appropriate intensities of different colours like red, green and blue etc. The number of combinations of light wavelengths that produce this sensation of white light is practically infinite.

Fig.1: The electromagnetic wave spectrum

 

 

2.2 Lighting Terminology

 

2.2.1      Luminous Intensity

 Luminous intensity is a measure of the amount of light originated from the source, its light output, the unit of which is the candela (cd).

2.2.2      Luminance

Luminance is a measure of the brightness of a particular surface if considered as a large light source. A common unit of luminance is cd/m².

2.2.3      Luminous Flux

Luminous flux (or luminous power) is the quantity of light energy emitted in all directions. The unit of luminous flux is lumen (lm). One lumen is the luminous flux of the uniform point light source that has luminous intensity of 1 candela (cd) and is contained in one unit of spatial angle (or 1 steradian).

Steradian is the spatial angle that limits the surface area of the sphere equal to the square of the radius. If the radius of the sphere is 1 metre, which implies its area to be 4πr², then the luminous flux of the point light source of 1 candela is 4π lumens, as shown in Figures 2 & 3.

For instance, a light source can be emitting light with an intensity of one candela in all directions, or one candela in just a narrow beam (as in most LEDs). The intensity is the same but the total energy flux from the lamp, in lumens, is not the same. The output from a lamp is usually quoted in lumens, summed over all directions, together with the distribution diagram in candela.

 

1.1.1      Illuminance 

Illumincance is a measure of the amount of light falling on a particular surface. Its unit is lux (lx), defined as equal to one lumen per metre squared (1 lm/m²). LUX meters are available in the market, which could be used by a lighting designer to measure the light falling on a given surface.

Repetitive summary:

• The intensity of a light source is measured in candelas;
• The total light flux in transit is measured in lumens (1 lumen = 1 candela X steradian);
• The amount of light received per unit of surface area is measured in lux (1 lux = 1 lumen/square meter).

Having considered the various aspects related to lighting terminology, it is important to get an impression about the typical lighting levels that are common in day to day life, as shown in Tab.1.

Tab.1: Typical lighting levels in day to day life

Outdoor	Illuminance (lux)
Bright sun	50,000 – 100,000
Hazy day	10,000 – 50,000
Full moon	0.05 - 0.2
Indoor	Illuminance (lux)
Office or workshop	200 - 300
Reading Area	300 - 500
Class Room	300
Health Centres	Illuminance (lux)
Examination Area (Spot Light)	500
Surgery Room (Spot Light)	2000
Domestic Lighting	Illuminance (lux)
Living Room	100 - 300
Kitchen Working Area	300
Corridors	50 - 100
Good street light	20